United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division

Millennium Development Goals

Poverty and Gender

UNECE

Workshop on Gender statistics

Geneva, 17-18 March 2014

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 2

Content

Millennium Development Goals

Poverty & Gender and MDGs in UNECE

Region

Gender and MDGs in UNECE Region

Challenges & Lessons Learned from

monitoring MDGs in UNECE Region

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 3

Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs)

Millennium Declaration adopted by the

General Assembly in September 2000 at the

Millennium Summit

Main output: Initiation of the MDGs

Largest international effort to reduce poverty

8 Goals set with 21 time-bound and quantified targets

Indicators to monitor progress (130+)

Base year: situation in 1990, deadline 2015

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 4

8 Millennium Development Goals

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 5

MDGs: Integrated framework of

development

Multidimensional approach: Integrated framework stressing the interrelation between the various Goals & Target

E.g. Poverty reduction: gender equality education and labour market productivity growth poverty reduction

MDG 1 on Poverty, MDG 3 on Gender, but also mainstreaming in other MDGs:

• Indicators & reporting by sex

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Statistical Division

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Goal 1 - Eradicate extreme

poverty and hunger:

Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day

Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Global Goals and Targets, but to do be Adapted to national situation

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 7

UNECE MDG Database

UNECE MDG Database:

• Official national and international data for monitoring

MDGs

• Additional indicators and disaggregated data used in

UNECE region

• All metadata available provided

Non-developed countries:

• 2000: 29 (9 low, 14 lower-middle, 6 upper-middle)

• 2013: 21 (2 low, 6 lower-middle, 13 upper-middle)

• High: 2000 – 20, 2013 – 30 (MDG 8)

UNECE

Statistical Division

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Official poverty indicators and

coverage in National MDG monitoring:

1.01 Population below $1.25 (PPP) per day

• 29% (at least 3 data points: 25%)

1.02 Poverty gap ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP)

• 21% (at least 3: 13%)

1.03 Poorest quintile's share in national

income or consumption

• 50% (at least 3: 50%)

National poverty line: 100% (at least 3:

97%)

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 9

Additional indicators used

frequently for MDG Target 1a

National Poverty Lines: 29 (100%): •Relative national poverty line: 18 (62%)

•Basic needs based national poverty line: 14 (48%)

• Food basket based national poverty line: 11 (38%)

• $4.30 or $5.00 (PPP) per day: 7 (24%)

•Unspecified national poverty line, unspecified : 7 (24%)

Income poorest quintile to the income of the richest quintile 6 (21%)

Gini coefficient 13 (45%) N=29

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Statistical Division

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Gender component in Poverty:

Collected at household level (consumption at household level) • only single and single headed households can

make the difference

• Share in total household consumption by sex difficult to measure, share in income could be sign of vulnerability to or at-risk-of poverty

MDG 1 also: • Employment-to-population ratio & Own-account and

contributing family workers in total employment

• Underweight children & Population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

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Statistical Division

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Additional indicators MDG Target

1a, Coverage by sex

National Poverty Lines: 29 (100%): •Relative national poverty line: 18 (62%)

•Basic needs based national poverty line: 14 (48%)

• Food basket based national poverty line: 11 (38%)

• $4.30 or $5.00 (PPP) per day: 7 (24%)

•Unspecified national poverty line, unspecified : 7 (24%)

Income poorest quintile to the income of the richest quintile 6 (21%)

Gini coefficient 13 (45%) N=29

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Statistical Division

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Additional indicators MDG Target

1a, Coverage by sex

National Poverty Lines: (29), 4 by Sex: •Relative national poverty line: (18) 2 by Sex

•Basic needs based national poverty line: (14) 1 by Sex

• Food basket based national poverty line: (11) 2 by Sex

• $4.30 or $5.00 (PPP) per day: (7) 1 by Sex

•Unspecified national poverty line, unspecified: (7)

Income poorest quintile to the income of the richest quintile (6) 0 by sex

Gini coefficient (13) 0 by sex N=29

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Statistical Division

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Coverage of MDG indicators in

National Reporting ECE region

Most Indicators have very low coverage:

• Indicators: Countries:

6 per cent >75%

8 per cent 50-75%

10 per cent 25-50%

65 per cent < 25%

31 per cent < 10%

N=29 countries

Not always according to internationally recommended definition and/or methodology

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Statistical Division

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Gender and other MDG indicators

in UNECE MDG database

104 MDG Indicators refer to

persons/population, of which:

• 6 sex ratio or share females

• 30 also available by sex

• 13 female-only indicators

22 do not have person as unit

However, data coverage limited for data by

sex

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Statistical Division

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Coverage Sex ratio/share MDG

indicators

2.03.02.0 Women to men parity index, as ratio of literacy rates, 15-24 years old

3.01.01.0 Gender Parity Index in primary level enrolment

3.01.02.0 Gender Parity Index in secondary level enrolment

3.01.03.0 Gender Parity Index in tertiary level enrolment

3.02.01.0 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

3.03.01.0 Seats held by women in national parliament, percentage

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Female-only MDG Indicators

5.01.01.0 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births

5.01.02.0 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 women at fertile age

5.02.01.0 Births attended by skilled health personnel, percentage

5.03.01.0 Current contraceptive use among married women 15-49 years old, any method, percentage

5.03.02.0 Current contraceptive use among married women 15-49 years old, modern methods, percentage

5.03.03.0 Current contraceptive use among married women 15-49 years old, condom, percentage

5.04.01.0 Adolescent birth rate, per 1,000 women

5.05.01.0 Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit, percentage

5.05.02.0 Antenatal care coverage, at least four visits, percentage

5.06.01.0 Unmet need for family planning, total, percentage

5.30.01.0 Abortion rate of women at fertile ages (15-44)

5.30.02.0 Abortion rate among adolescents (15-19)

5.30.03.0 Abortion rate per 1,000 life births

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Statistical Division

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Coverage Indicators MDG 1 by

Sex 1.01.01.2 Population below $1 (PPP) per day, female, percentage

1.01.31.2 Population below relative national poverty line, female, percentage

1.01.32.2 Population below basic needs based national poverty line, female, percentage

1.01.33.2 Population below the foodbasket based national poverty line, female, percentage

1.01.34.2 Population below social exclusion based national poverty line, female, percentage

1.01.35.2 Population below $4.30 or $5.00 (PPP) per day, female, percentage

1.05.01.2 Employment-to-population ratio, females, percentage

1.07.01.2 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment, female, percentage

1.08.01.2 Children under 5 moderately or severely underweight, female, percentage

1.08.02.2 Children under 5 severely underweight, female, percentage

1.20.01.2 Youth unemployment rate, aged 15-24, females

1.20.02.2 Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate, females

1.20.03.2 Share of youth unemployed in total unemployed, females

1.20.04.2 Share of youth unemployed in youth population, females

1.31.01.2 Unemployed as a percentage of the labour force, females

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Statistical Division

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Coverage indicators MDG 2-7 by

Sex 2.01.01.2 Total net enrolment ratio in primary education, females

2.01.30.2 Total Net enrolment ratio in secondary education, females

2.01.31.2 Total Net enrolment ratio in tertiary education, female

2.02.01.2 Percentage of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary, females

2.02.02.2 Primary completion rate, females

2.03.01.2 Literacy rates of 15-24 years old, females, percentage

3.03.02.2 Seats held by women in national parliament

4.01.01.2 Female children under five mortality rate per 1,000 live births

4.02.01.2 Female infant mortality rate (0-1 year) per 1,000 live births

6.01.21.2 HIV prevalence rate, women 15-49 years old

6.01.23.2 HIV incidence rate, women 15-49 years old per 100,000

6.02.01.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex, 15-24 years old, women, percentage

6.03.01.2 Women 15-24 years old with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS, percentage

6.05.01.2 Antiretroviral therapy coverage among females with advanced HIV infection, percentage

UNECE

Statistical Division

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MDG 1.3: Poorest quintile’s share in

national income or consumption (%) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Albania na na na na na na na i na na na na 4.9 na i 0.4 na na 1.1 na na na

Azerbaijan na na na na na i na na na na na i n n na na na na 9.3 n n n

Armenia na na na na na na i na na -1 na -1 -1 -0.8 1.4 0.1 -0.2 -1.4 -0.3 n 1.3 n

Bosnia and Herzegovina na na na na na na na na na na n 0.5 na na i na na 0.5 na na na na

Bulgaria na na i na i i na i na na na i na i na na na i na na na na

Belarus na na na i na 1.1 n n 0.8 n 0.8 0.9 0.9 n 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.5 0 0.5 0.4 -0.2

Croatia na na na na na na na na i i i i na na i na na na i na na na

Cyprus na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Czech Republic na na na i na na i na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Estonia na na na i na i na na i na i i i i i na na na na na na na

Georgia na na na na na na i i i i 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 n i i i i na i na

Hungary na na na i na na na na i i i i i na i na na i na na na na

Kazakhstan na na na i na na i na na na na i i 0.5 0.4 n -0.4 -0.2 0 0.6 n na

Kyrgyzstan na n n 4.4 n n n n -2.6 n n n -3.2 n -2.3 -1.1 -2.7 -3.6 0.4 -0.4 -0.4 i

Latvia na na na i na i i i i na na na i i i na na i i i na na

Lithuania na na na i na na i na i na i i i na i na na na i na na na

Malta na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Moldova, Republic of na na i na na na na i i i n -0.2 0 0 -0.1 -0.3 1.3 1 1.7 0.6 0.3 na

Montenegro n na na na na na na na na na n na na na na 0.3 i 0.8 1 na i na

Poland na na i i na na i na i i i i i na i i i i i i i i

Romania na na i na i na na na i na i i i -4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.6 -4.4 -4.5 -4.6 i i

Russian Federation n na na i na n 1.7 n n -0.2 n -0.5 -1.2 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -0.4 -0.6 -0.9 -1.4 na na

Serbia na na na na na na na na na na na na i i i i i i i i i na

Slovakia na na i na na na i na na na na na na na i i i i i i na na

Slovenia na na na i na na na na i na na na i i i na na na na na na na

Tajikistan na na na na na na na na na i na na na i i na na i na i na na

Turkey na na na na 2.7 na na na na na na na 3.7 3.4 3.8 4 3.7 3.4 3.4 na i na

Turkmenistan na na na i na na na na i na na na na na na na na na na na na na

Ukraine na na i na na i i na na i na na i i i i i i i i i na

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia na na na na na na na na i na i na i i i i i na i i i na

Uzbekistan na na na na na na na na i na na na i i na na na na na na na na

UNECE

Statistical Division

Slide 20

Conclusions/Lessons Learned

official monitoring MDGs

Poverty measured at household level, gender best:

• If by household type

• Through Causal or Outcome indicators

• In-depth to reveal confounding factors and gender bias

Indicators:

• Data (core) indicators should be widely available

• Primary data source should exist and be sustainable

• Use international recommended definitions if possible

• Challenge: comparability versus relevance for national policies

Provide (sufficient) metadata