P a r n e a r l y 50 years, effluents from pulp and paper mills have been known to be t o x i o to f i x h and o t h e r a q u a t i c animals. L e t h a l concentrations have been determined for several species of f i s h and other organisms, Mally factors--such as water temperature,

" L age uf t s h , and a2dit.ioiiai stresses--af:fect the ability nf f i sh . to witl ls tar id polllitioll. KraGt mill. w a s - k e s are generally more t o x i c t h a n sulfite :!i.;iastes, Tile high bioZngical oxygen demar-~d of ~ 1 3 ~ k f i t e wastes i s often more serious than t he chemical toxicity s J .at a, ,.-

a .f * . ~ ~ k t ~ p - e ' f f l ~ e ~ ~ t s , St12dies on khe effect a9 kraft e f f B u e r l t ~ on iravertebr*at:e~ g h s ~ ~ t h a t none s f them an2 nore sensitive than j uvcn i l ' e aainisaids and some species are more res i . r ; tan t . F i s h hakjita-t: may also .he 3fEeeted by m i . l l S ~ ~ G J ; emissions. fIigh concenf:rationr o f s u l f u r d i o x i d e may damage or k i l l trees and oi:iic-:r vege t a t i on . The e f f e c t o f l o g g i n g camps on fish habi.tah i s l a r g e l y unknown*

KEYWpRDS: Pulpjpaper industry, t ox ic e f f e c t s (biocide),, wood wastc:s, f i s h habitat, water quality.

T h i s i s one of a series of publications summarizing knowLedgs about [-.he i n f l u e n c e s of forest and rangeland management: on ariadronous Fish habitat in t h e Western Uni ted S t a t e s , This paper addresses the

rz In eirrects o f processing n i l i s and camps on ansdrcmous f i : ;h h a b i t a t . Our i r t e n t i s to provide managers and u s e r s o f the f o r e s t s and xa~gelands of the Western U n i t e d S t a t e s with the rnos.t-. c=3mpl<?t:e information available f o r estimating the consequences o f various management a l t e r n a - t i v e s ,

X n this ser ies o f papers , we s2~mmarize published and anpublished repur*i;s and d,ata as well as observation% of resource s e i e ~ ~ t i s t s and

6 1 8 Inanay'ers, ihese cs.rnpi%atis~-ns s h o u l d he valkrable to rc:source managers i n planning uses o f forest and rangeland resources, and to scientists in planning future researcdk7_, The erten,.i;i.rp.e l i s t s of --elfere;rrceg serv.2 as G. b i b i i o g r s l ~ h : ~ on fo res t and r a n g e l a n d resourcc-:s a:nd their u s e s .

P r e v i o u s publications in this series include:

1 , t g a 1- tat -; ~ e q u i r e m e i - i t s of a-xaadro~~ous sa.lmoni.ds, 4"

by D. W. Keiser and T . C . Bjornn.

2, " 11fipscts o f natural even.t;; ,p '"by Dorsglies M, 2;wanstc?.rs,

4 . t " Pl-adznlng farest roads 4x1 pro tec t aal-mor. i d llaL2it.at "

by C+:arIlmton S , Uee ajld T e r r y O, Rs~lafc,

PROCESSXNG 24%$LS . . , , . . . , . , . , . , . , . , , , . , . . . f l . - , + = i ~ j x ~ c r t y of Ef f i u e r i t s . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxygen De~m.and . . , . . . .* s, , . . . . , . . ,. . . .. . Suspended Set t leable Materials . . + . . . . . . . . W i r F e l l u i c i o n , * a li

C I S p ? . * 3 a ~ . a ~ n ~ ~ o a ~ t s e ~ . s o e s r a o e s w e 9 Gravel Een:eva% a a ,p .. . 10 P i s h i n g b y R e s i d e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !I O t h e r E f f c e t s a f Camps . . ,? , . . . . . . . . . 12

SU?iU@.R\! AND CQNCEUSIONS . . *, . "i I3

Many p u l p and paper mills i n >Jcr$--h a ~ e x i c a a are eikhL-- -.* """L On ax: 17eac k i d a l es$t.aa~:i,es or an riyers ad~clcent to e s t i r a n i ~ h ; . T% .ne anadramous f i s h t .hs t m i g r a t e k h r o u ~ f n these estkaaxies and r i rbrez:g 3x2 v a l u a b l e f a r c:ssnmere% cia1 42~*lcl s p o r t f i ~ f i ~ . h : q , 111- ~vitahxy some of these f i s h contac t i n i l l eff lueitlit:s at soif~~e ~:g>r:"8cetl[:p:akj 02-1 *

-- F o r n e a x i y 50 years* w e haw;? kknowar: t:ka-k e f f 1 u e n t s f r c m i pulp and paper mills may be t.,oxic i ~ k s h and o?,%er aqua t i c c Ef:Clu@nt:s frc~rn bt2kh lp..vaf$ 1% - arha gjCJf fLte m:j-l 1s arc2 i:on-ipl.t?x n!i.xt ures that di f Eer y r e a t 1 . y irr i tc?xicr.il-ky, clependi~,~g or2 many f acko LX: 'Fhe tc ix i i i i ty s f i;nilU 1 e? f 3 i l e n + t ~ c e s u l ts froR! t 11 k c; $-dbfj i LJ j. C,#+L~ 22 c: t: j.A , "i- t2{ 0 .t 2

1 - 4

j'l :jfl,"jr& " t- f ~:1:,3]l;"t.~i~*j" 2 Yaln@ ~f

i.ji-iic:h i*j,av~ 17o-k I~ee r r c;*n:p%eteiir j ~ , j c ~ a ) f - 4 ~j pg=i ;~?di,:iion "0

Y 1 c: l.4 L> i+>:kf 1" <:: "i f: ;i p (<I -1 p ;*$ i-1 cj p;?, I? w * - " 1 ' 3

n :xL . \ c:l:tioc.r14;:: may be !:arin:l-t~.li - * to j : c ~ n r ! cji:t\i?i. i ~ c . u , ~ t : i c : . E ~ ~ x ~ + _ ~ I . B , ~ ~ z7 ~ J < * ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f3-f:" ?,kaeixv !~~.ii<a-** i 2 " " I . t.-:.ig!i <:<s><\t::*~r;f:r;$~i:jL<>21L; C j f \#Jf>c3<-1 3iJ"c;j':trs

in m i 3 . 1 v~astes re< .airs O:KapgClr t a u r i n g dec ~ m p o s i t i u ~ ? ; ?ie:nce, as q cne a s u g a r s are s tah i i - i zeC, d i s so lved exygen i n the re- c e i v i n g water i s r a p i d l y de- p l e t e d . Dissolved oxygr3:n i s req ju ixed by. a i l aquat ic snim~als excepz anaerobic bacteri,:k,

'The d j f f i .cul ty of S1Dkja.1--

r a t i n g e f f e c t s of chemie,2l t o x i c i t y from e f f ec t s of hie- 1.ogrcal oxygen demand, a.nd t h e i n a b i l i . t y t ; ~ i d e n t i f y ",lte ~ h e ~ " d ~ i ~ a 9 ecnsti tuen3:s o f e f -*

f luenirs , have cosnplicateifi pol lution eva lua t i on szudies in TL he - pas t , T h e recent develop- ment and t e s t i n g of repri3dueible bioassay procedures has dramat- bcal ly changed this s i t u t a * k i o n , Simpl5 , accurate, and scr .si t ivf: bioloy i ca l assessments arc now poss ib le (Waiden i 9 1 6 ) ,

T h e acute t o x i c i t y of var ions pu lp and paper m i l ? e f f l i ~ e n t s i s aften q u i t e law, Despite their low t o x i c i t y , pulp and paper d i scharges may h a ~ ~ e a h igh impact on r e c e i v i n g water3 beeatrse of the tremenw dcus volumes d i s c h a r g e d ,

ConsiCerable technological prei.;ress in the pas t decade has reduced harmfu l e f fl uen-ks , Madern mills t h a t meet Fede1:~3T and S ta te r c q u i x e m e n t ~ f o r pol 'atskiion ab i tement d i f f e r ~i~bstc;rit:-ial. i y from t h ; ~ : mi? 18 t h a t operated 20 or 30 years sgo,

Marly o f t i l e locjcjincj ea,nEjs in Alaska a n d 13ritis,a~ C o l uxnbiz are c3.on::i y ast;or:S.ak-i:d w i t i t ~ 3 ~ l i p a n d paper i i i . ~ l ? s heccru~;c rraisch of the he.~rves;4:t3sr'.I tirg\Ije~j: goes; i ,o t J 3 c - r m i , l i : % , E+t:c:;~~~~,t~~ IF 4Jr:i:; r:$ ( 3 3 2 . : ; ; ~ d ~ < : i ; ~ t Q T I , a discixs s i ~ l i c f cilrnps i l i i t l t:ilc..*i, i j>ui:t:ri.it-j7ul. -,ECi(-.c::t+s can alr~~~cE;-ot:1t3r.fis

-* 0

3:3,$-;l"i k3-43-i t " * i s !"$I - i s y : < : i , ~ l * < - i q y ; j i ] t i - i i s ra;Ppei. r ,

j $ f f l u s e n t s frce8rfi 1~0th k - ~ a f t &?id s u i f i t e milic: are coisplex i n i x t u r e ~ .;that d.ffer g r e a t l y in

r i;p~,cx.c~.ty iiep~ind:ltirj ijri inzp;:; 5 a c ~ - I B ~ C ~ U E E + aa$ X d-jki&rn.-sc:aP cons i : i cuen t s have! n o t been i den - kified the e f f e c ~ t s m u s k be agsc2ssed bjologj-cal ly, Several spec i i :~ [ o f f lsl? a.n.1 mEny a the r aquat i c organisiris hsve been used far. tent p - u r ~ c s e c ( U i m i c k and Maydu 1952, L a s a t e x $953),

B Z Laboratory nhoassays have heen ~ i s e d t u p red ic t t o x i c i t y unde r cvndi t i o n s i n n a t u r a l ecosystens . - The d e f i n i t i o n of reproducible

-%%- -*------>

b,jse:s;.:av ~ . . - o @ e d u ~ e s has been a(- ---..-- - -&.. &.z2------ j"In ? ( + - - Lant s tep i n making S i a -

, *s u s e f u l (Walberl 99"?), S e accurate, and sensii-ive bioassays are now possible, Data are conver ted i n t o t o x i c units, w k ~ i c l ~ may be compzred d i r e c t l y , even though bioassay procedures may vary. Maxiaur~ accuracy i s achieved w i t h 5 0 percent f i s h s u r v i v a l , Most toxFci.iry tests r e q u i r z at l eas t 2 4 h s u r s h a x - a poslJre t+ime (Pja1den.s 1976 j ,

For p u l p r ~ i l l e f f luen+:s, ehe~i ica l arjsnys are n o t feasible. Soil~e t o x i c a ~ l t s have nc t y e t bee11 iden-k i f ieb; consequea-ly, they c a n n o t be assayed chsnically. Chemical assays would anly be useful i f they could be carre- Pated w i t h b iological zesponv5es.

13ecause a f the low con- c~:nkj:at isn o f taxicak2ts in e . fE lue~~C:s froiri pulp and pape~. I - 1s I2rge irrncullts of e f f lu.c.r?t m u s t be used fn saJ+t:$in~/s eta $C

r C i ~ i ~ d ~ t 2 d ~ ~ : ! d . XklE? IiLcjjk ~ 3 ! s ~ ~ J v < ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ : ; 2 ~ ~ c,g.:<;lcrexn, df3njatici o f t!~c:sc ~ ~ ~ l i ~ ~ ; : ~ j . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;

r b 9 - ? i ~ u ~ : c ? s oxyy ellatior! ~ro nrakn t v c i i i~ f i :;h G' r.pqiji +". J" -- we r q t i o f i + . ij,ui il*kg t l l c ~ P-es ;:

.+-

( W $ ~ ~ ? L i i , . 1 2 :l!1?6) *

.-+ ~ e p o r t e d t o x i c i t y $2 '-- KA- aft - 8 +~asLzs j -~g jh d , s k ~ s j--0 ~khe

work :7f J3beI-i;plg (193?.) in Sweden, fi4any warkers since then have eorijiirined that . coneent,,ra$iorns sf T~~ i , e -- af4; m i 1 '1 e f f ? g ~ n j : ~ r.seed?.-sd to k i l I . f ~ j s - - . . c2~i <4b ranged fron; 1 6 ta %00 pe.ccen%,

T h e f j - r s t stsadies ~ { j i t h saZ akonids (Uimick and i i iy2.u 195 2 ) demor,strated j-i:at sodium tly- j r ~ x i d e , faes; iy l mercapkan, sodium su l f i de , and hydrogen ~ ~ ~ P f i d o V J ~ T ~ &ox i@ { tab3-e 1 1 ,

Seven pulpmills were man- i t o i e d ddily f o r 40 days to det..zrmi.aine .the aamotmnt and ddur- a t i u i : i i i el:ifiucint t o x i c i t y , All seF~Je:cs in. the kraf-k mills c o n - k a i r ~ e d t o x i c chemical. s, arid s u b s t a n t i a l daix y variation in t o x i c i t y was comn~on. ?- ~ . o x i c i t y -t

:Levels 02 e f f l u e n ~ k s ~cldom remained c o n s t a n t more than 12 I r o u ~ s and s f t e n var ied more fxq3quentLy [Howard and NaEden 1971,),

g u p p i e s , Pueciiia r e t l c u l a k a U*lli(*aC- I waI-7~ mil T t C I* m* -w.r-%b- ?,T--*-----*a-- "-

E pe te r s $, and. soc:keye salirts~ in f 2:egh l$jat,er a$ neu-bra1 pH, AS 1:iitcl-1 ;is 75 percent o f the l n o ~ t n : i. l;y reported by previous a u t h o r s was caused by an im- ba'larice i-n pFi, P i . s i ~ 2;f-:elimai-rsci

to i ncxeas ix rg conc~n-Lr-a+~. ians s f effz-uewts in a fey1 d a y s , T ~ G $ - f i s h ~ x p o s e d to gradually in- c r e a s i n g effluent c o ~ l d s u r v i v e csx.lclentsa-@ions conside.rabl y kighesr. .than the values demon- st-,rat<:d as l e t h a l in the k>icJ- assays , Thus, coi?cent.rai:ion ltralues re la ted to .dar.is>us . ra tes uf mortality, such as LC53 (50 p e r c e n t of the t e s t ani~f?als are killed), can be misleading. Lengti2 of expasure, o@l-n,er stresscs on Slie f i s h , pi3 and teraperatlire o f the water , aye o f t h e f i s h , and nraray other fact.sws can significantly a f f e c t pollution c o n c e n t r a t i o n s necessary to cause f i s h mortality,

Ef fepzts sf k r a f t eCf l u ~ 2 n t s g t A ~ l . i j e ~ : kebrates indic:ia!:e tk~-ia t none are more s e n s i t i v e t h a n j u v e n i l e salmonids and some species are much more resistant QWalden 19761,

w i l l $ m t s et 29, ( 1 4 5 3 ) f i x s t demanstratec'J t h a t s u l f i t e war; te liquids ;icj-ji-el y to:i.jde tc f i sh , Prc2viorjs wol:kel:s had ii i f f i cn i . - ky demonstrat in? to::- i c i t y , other t han the e f i s c t s o f heavy oxygen d m a n d , Kando et al, ( 2 9 7 3 1 , working w i t h n e u t r ~ l s u l f i te scinichernicai l r lastes, showed that they were about one- t t l i x d as t o x i c as ktyaf t wastes, r- rcm3.xxcr.ty " " d i d r lut di iuini .sh ' i l l

sf:oraa~q? ns l.t d i d wi-th I%xk2f t

w l e a e '4-9 kin.~sgn s ~ j 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ . : ~ ,- 1- 'E oE p u l ; ~ 2nd paper erc~uenzs are

a t t r i b ~ ~ t a h t z to conj-Je--- Le .,!- L,~ :J. c f ibcrs, hvdrogec s c i f i d$? , and r j o r a ~ * ? ~ . l a k j ~ l e s ~ l u i ~ i ~ 2 t - ~ x i s subt,+. - a

c2<$;Ant;c:$ ;7Jalkfeyl 39":743) , ?= 2.;d:10 I* .. _ -__ 1 A - $3 ,--.- L,

y::<>up is ~2 ri.la-jo3: e ~ v ' -*onmeq,dzai #

corlcern a

I'?" S " , j.ne abrlixi;-y o f f i s h 'i-0 swl.m i s afifectedl by pulpjni; 2 wastes %*

{ H G v ~ ~ I ~ ~ 1973, 1975j, Bvkqard and V : & j den (1 9 7 4 ) developed tech- ~-nl.q~l:js 20 mrasurc swinmi:ly; s$per:cj dild :;t;iiiiina deereased a f ce r c f fl ~i+eii"d s reached a t h r e s h - o l d c s r j . c e n t r a t i . ~ n ,

F i s h g r ~ w t h may be a d v e r s e l y a f f ec ted by moderate to h igh csncentra4:~ions o f k r a f t m i l l e f f l u e n t s -. & , " E>U$ Z-OW C O I ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ $ X ~ ~ ~

t-i+oris stini i i laized growth (VJebb and Brett %972),

Schaumburg et ax, (1964) stsu6ii?d t h e e f f ec$s sf s u l ~ l e

n--. <zon@ent~ations of k r a r ' c e f z f uent on - f i s h r e s p i r a t i o n , They found thst: ::k~t?saed f i s h reversed the FLOW sf vater pas t their gills; chis was d e s i g n a t e d as ' coughing." Cc_iv*~g.hirrg i r7.creased i;alith inereas- 'i ncj csc;~-cenils-at. Lrsns of e f f :-ueg.ins,

P:vj-dence 0.f effects of C. -3 3~4blet:ki,a& concentrations of wastes from pu lp and papex m i l l s orr o r g a n i s m s other than fish i . ~ n a - t e x k e n s k v e , Avai lzb: le data " +'a * i,rniL~~-cate t h a t .the , threehold at 2yghieh ~ , u b % e t f ]a,$, eoncenk ra t j , ong s4 r t p r p k rnve r t eh ra t e s corresponds i-ngghly to t l iat a f f e c t i n g f i s h ($t$;:I.den 1976 $ .

High concentrations of wood s u g a r s in s u l f i t e wastes r e q u i r e $a i ) i i ( j e ~ 2- P k-g -+ d u r i n g decarr;positbon, P'"7 i h e oxygen requirements f o r szab.i*l ization a f the suaars

? result i n 2 Iiigh b ioioylcal axygerl demand which can resu9 t. in rapj:d depleti~n of dissolved oxygen in the r e c e i v i n g water QWaPdichGk 1960) ,

Kuaft. mill 9;aates af so c o n t a i n h i g h concentrations of argani .c mzteria:, b u t not n e a r l y a s much as in ite liquor,

pla j j en ( 1976 9 s$at2d $-hat d i . . f ' f i cu l t i e s ir-? s e g r e g a t j - r ~ q t;c~xj.::: e~ . f feci:-s froi~it $hose caused by ~icyger i tGeinantl emphasize the 1 Lrz~it:ed ~~~~ t ~ ~ j - c i t y - p l a y s in n a t u r a l - s i t u a t i o n s , c o m p a r e d do

I * prubJg2ms arxsl.ng from ;io'centiai. U1

oxygen dep?etkon. Thus, the p ri.1~3 r\f R F f ~ c t of s;ri f ' i f i t ? iusster; i.s appar i?nt ly to increase Bio- l o g ic<j!. oxygen d e i ~ ~ a n d .

IT i r i ~ 2 L dissolved oxygen level sei2uiceti - to i s i i s t a in f i s h var ies @ 0 j ~ ~ A" 4 ( i i ~ *, .- ,-a131 L + ~ ~ + y , because it depends on athex: f ac tor s such. as water b---crat;uro, L b31a 2 s a l i n i t y , pW, f i s h g J dnd o t h e r s t resses or! t h s f i s h , Despi te efforts to decrease the bio log ica l oxygen ~j~$fga?;ld f-jf €.-- u u s t e s from p u l p and p a p e r m i , ~ l s , t h e eEfect o f these wastes d% ssolve6 oxygen remains a problem in scime I*ecei j~ iwry tz;iakerrs.

Bark, ch ips , arid p ~ l p fibers conce rn f i s h e r y bioio- g i s t s and others because they have long- te rn efffects ~n t h e a q u a t i c enviromnt5n"c Pis trhese materials beg in to covsr t h z b s t k m m , the . r ich f a u n a o:Eten found there i s either dest royed or fareed t ; ~ r r ~ v e , l~id-.. t-liat n o r ~ ~ a l ly feed on or near the bottom axso fi,nd t h e area yln-

a t t r a c t i v e and move 62% s ~ ~ ~ d h e r c ~ , A s -i:,he organ ic makerials start "co decor:-aposc. and dissc~"%."%.'i~c.d oxygen i n the water i s used up, hydiroqeil si i lf i d e i s re?easi.d, r 3 Siic I~ot tuir i Sayer o f wi;ter:, ~$.i.u.i-~ low d?: r;sol~~{=.d-o:xygex~ .Ic:vc!ls, mav i-:tccame vexy t h i c k and, thi l :~,

~ . lnsu i -kab le ,.+Jr mziiy : j l~ , .c ies i>f

food f i ~ i ~ . 'Chis i .~ ;ispec.i.- I Iy t;~::.are j-12 - j 1 2 % k z t s and" ~~:~~~~ sk."rj-c:tr63c3 Aclc2lt:.ic~l3s \41\:2Yt*: : J i b . ~ + t L l l J t J - 6 t i 3 t iushing cloes nc,t 0 ~ : ~ 2 1 1 . . - ,

Y'artic! es of Sark, chips , and f l h e r s come mainly from drum an? hydraulic bark.ers, paper machines, and from t r a n s f e r r i f i g c h i p a E r c m scaskbjs ' r ; ~ mill, Nz.;ck a l s o s l o u g h s o z f logs d u r i n g r a f t t r a n s p o r t and d i ~ r i n g s torage in h o l d i n g ponds. ri09*-5 j",'ifl:," c(*!j: - (j-i te;; $J'/:~*G)-~ c ~ j l b ; z i r ~ heavy acctsinul.ations ot ha rk and ather wood Ycbris (Sch<?crgburg 3,973 1,

Row and ( 9 99 3- ) found that most of the t o x i c i t y from mechanical pu lp i :~g e f flnents waj caused by resin ac id soaps. Wilson ( 1 6 7 5 ) s tud ied the kax- ; (w; -,,ty 3 f effiucnt~ from news-

" ' 1." L H L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i j LLuiis, 1 3 i o t r ~ a t e d e f f liwten$ had nc adverse reaction on any of! t h e zooplankLon and inver*kebxfz=$es $es$6?d,

Bark ~ C C I ~ I ~ U ? ~ t i o r l ~ ma;? c.cntarni.ii;te .:sa?.mcin. spawning grlounds ( S c r v i z i et a l e I Y 6 0 ) , S p rlri and kjvis eac.,rox]<ek-s found h r x a ' f S f . ;

2- 7 ~ n a t !:.he oxygen d e r ~ s n d af bark i s g r e a t enough and o f long enough di l ra t i t rn t h a t e g g s can be e Pino bark part.Feles can a l s e r:'%og the g r a v e l , c a u s i n g e g g nlc3rtaB .i t y r . These au*k,'s1c>~:s ?st::irrjat:~4 %bat: 1:jii.l-k c@cjneefp,-- +T+t-j;"-i$;l ;*4;; f-Jf pp-p-:4z;-jl: fij<;--J-fil$

were Like2-y t-o i i . i c ~ ~ ~ ? ; ; t : uyij--a!.~~- fry morta:! i t.y because of awygerk (3 ~p i? (: i s j r i a i: c? 1 ikt;r, l: i i-,n $&re % 0 - e i t i ~ : - ! s of 5 c m / % i , Even ba:fk ; ~ ~ - i ~ j c i ~ : ~ ; . j - dt i o r ~ s r ~ f 1 per:ce~~t: ajld

(3 k+(e;;gci:l+ c:[; j[Jit. j yet"?3rcl {~fQ(~y:gt2l~cj t~$*

g;y!q moi:'c.ii i . 1 - i i i*x!c~~eai:ed tzi; bar!+: , ~ - ~ ~ c I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ c I I L ~ ~ ~ i 1 l i 3 ~ . e c ~ , s ~ + d di-~ii x;.sa$eg; yj-cIw d;'?~;"1--1*2 - 4 a L A Z ~ . ~ Q ~ bt

Even thau$h b a r k leachates are t o x i c , s Z1udies by SCh.a~~i~iburg { 1.973 ) s h s b ~ e d t h a t leachates from 109s in natuxaH wta te r s had little t c x i ~ e f f e c t , i n a study of v~oodroam e f f l ~ ~ e n t s , Howax6 an6 Leach (1973) found that , scjftir.cod species tended t-0 be more t o x i c than har6~~+~.lcr~cj, species.

Lsachates from logs a l so conjza in wood s u g a r and other biodegradable materials t h a t exer t a la rge biochemical oxygen demand (Schaumburg 19731, Extracts o f spruce (Picea s p . ) and hemlcck ---- (Tsuga sp,) bark are also t o x i c to - -- f isk, shrimp (Pandalus sp. ) , and --.--- duriqeness crab (Cancer ~maaister ---- ----- Dana) (Buehanan et al, 1.996) , Toxic e f f e c t s on salmon f r y were obse.a:ved. as sovn as 3 k1su.r~ a f t e r exposure to hemllsck baxk e x t r a c t s , ?if der a 36~-kioux expasure at a concentration of 5 6 milligrams per l i t e r , 50 percent of the salmon f r y were - k i -$ l ed , Sp ruce bark extracts were consistently t o x i c to a l l

G"aacerstrati.an~ 0 2 leachates great enough ko be toxic are u n l i k e l y except in c e r t a i ~ %se;~ti@ib~.;.,s w.ikh I l . t t$e sr i-m

t i d a l f l u s h i n g , such as l o g - --+-acyk> a reas , h a n d l i n g anld s t l ~ ~ . ~ ,

S-taclr. em.issians frnm pulp axit! paper r n j . 1 1 ~ cnnka in niany c'EzemicaP s , Sorr~e, s u c h as su% f u r

D - dio:a.de (SDij , c a n damage p l a n t s

d -I r l )

;. t cl;on~r&.e;t t . r~~tw:: l s u f r .scien"i-a_y and i f cxgjssu;.e con"i-,~uet=, long enough (Fal:].~.-t-, .... - 1373,, Z,j.nzsn e"t-, a l e 1972,

g:ar*B ~ a _ g g ~ If_ 9 7 4 1 ,

j" ;LJ7Lfl :~* <:$+):*;i.ii~ a $%yJlJk)]"e q a u r e a d i l y absorbed hy fo?.iage t h r o u g h tj-ic. stor\i.:ii:a. Absoro!:ii,n c:.ati c l l i 3 0 ~cr - .u . r th rough w e t l e a f :*il-i-Iace?z: [Ti'4.larnas eB: a l , 2950). , - F ' : " *

. A I ~ - is "at rcinoved f r n r i ~ the ~ L T , i t ~ x i d i z e s to Sa3 and Isccr2nres a sulfux i s : ac id mis-re f6)iE &: 11-1 ;̂ j

* a u~~~ "..4 %a al2cj call c7tau~e PLes icjnsi QTB p l a n t t i s s t ~ e ,

Canfirnation a f demsse to n e e d i e s by SD2 requires that f o l i a g e samples be anal-yzed fcr sulfur, Histolo;jrhca:! ~~arni_r~,a~t.rl.oz~ o f needles shaws a distinctive syndrome unlike I:hz~t caused by pa thogens , d r cug I l t , ar f rceziny , Several i n v e s t i g a t o r s have establishec? t h a t h i g h sr.11 f ~..;r d i o x i d e concentrations can i n j u r e or kill p l a n t s (Thomas eC al. 1950, F a l l e r 1971, Linzon et ax, 6972, R a t s c h 1 9 7 - i ) ,

Hhen mil 1s ;are Hacag:ed i-~ear r ivers used by szalnzon and other anadromous fish, they can a f f e c t f i s h h a b i t a t through air pol- l u t i o n t h a t kiLXs ripari2n v e g e t a t i o n , Sevesai s t u d i e s have shown the importance oE s t r e m s i d e vegetcit ion in roe- %--

ducing stream terg.peratures, producing logs i n the stream f o r cover, and forming poo! .~ [Fdeekan et ax, h 9 5 7 ) , Trees a l o n g streambanks a l so harbor i n s e c t s t h a t drop i n t o stresms and are eaten by fish and otzher a q u 3 t i c : c~rgar.isms.

The e x t e n t and severicy o f i.n jairy to riparian veget:atkon r e s u l t i n g F r o m pulpmills depend on wind p a t t e r n s and suri ' i iuildirrg $errzj-n as well, as the a a ~ n ~ u n t of pol 1 - u t a n t s e m i t t e d f r o m the 1 i'l?he pxasel2ce o f a plxbp- mil L does i l o t guaraaatae t h a t nearby t rees d.11 d i e . Tf emi.ssions are n o t great aniJl i:ilx c u r r e n t s proviide iiii.xing, 20.- 4 yrs ,~sncer.nts.ations may i ~ ~ t be ii.i.;.l-I ~ I - J O U ~ ~ ~ i% cause damarje t.0 i.rtzes or o the r pl.an.lts (Ba,tsc.:h J.9'14).

Except- i n Alsa:-t%a and, B r i t - - i s h C ~ 1 ~ 1 n b i a lugg ing camps are ! n e a r i y n ~ n c x i % t e n t in N ~ i t h

a f e w camps occur in America, askhex c8],acas, b u t $hey a r e u s u a l l y nnt permanent,

J"p& -$-%*d.> :=. pas+" fq2p; xetgu- l a t i an s ea ;~t ro l%ed Bagging cmps, .Some a c t i v i t i e s could have a f f scted anadramous f i s h , bu t hAay~e2 no record of: k t , Logging camps are 12e~ uegu3-ated by thc E n v i romeIei-Lai Pro tec t i o n Agency, the uS3& Yarest S e ~ v i ~ e e , - and the S t a t g 2 5 , in Alaska, %he S t a t e Department o f Envircn- nental* Conservatian a$ sa haa a u t h o r i t y , Logging camp seigage cr so l id wastes are unlikely to

I) - a f f e c t h a k i t a t adverse1.y re: r e g u i a t i o c s o f these a g e n c i e s are complied wi th , The Environ- m e n t a l P ro tec t ion Agency reqi~irer; secondary sebiage t r e a t - m e n t , C h l l o r j nated wasdke.ii.vater c:auld bg2 t o x i c i:o . f i sh i f con- centrat ions a f chPori-ne were Pi i g h *

L s y g i n y camps used to leave r u s t i n g cables, junked machinery, bands from lag bundles , spilled f:'d, and o the r debris on or n . ~ ;L- their sites "~3i:snm a cam? was abandoned. No s tud ies dscunrent the ef feces o f tkiese makerial s on f i s h h a b i t a t , howe.\~ex:, P r e s e n t r e g u l a t l c n s r e q u i r e t h a t the s%tef i be cleaned bel,*>re :;he c a ~ ~ p i s moved,

s -.$--, ,a p4uau.1

-nasp uaaq q.ou GkAQq SG3yq~Au~-~;S=xp

ssaqq 30 sqaazsa ay? y5noqq~r ~~no[~ax yahr25 pue ~~ds

ques?aqnx pae yo "u~szak~~p 3aqui4 "uyqnxrcd a6~nas Aq saFxa

-ysy$ =leeaax ayq paqsazsg AYE?^ K~qeqo~d sdiu~a 6~~5501 atuos

2i13.p and paper m i l l s re- %case E F I ~ ~ S Q Q Q ~ a n o ~ r i t ~ 5 of ef- fl*iie-.il is dai. iy i;?i:,o rFx =-;ceiviny waters. The t o x i c i t y of these wastes var ies w i d e l y and i s dependen t on fac tors such as chemical processes u s e d , waste recovery, and bio logica l oxygen demand caused by decomposition o"sugg3rs in tire effluents,

U n t i l recently, as se s s ing clie h a ~ ~ ~ f u l effects o f r r z i X l wastes was d i f f i e u : i t . because $he cPk@mi@al cgns t j "$uents are @omw- p i e x , and solne rerilain unj-dent- i,fie.,d. The ref a l i a n between &he c o n c e n t r a t i o ~ i of many t o x i c c n n s t i t u e n t s and biological a c t i v i t y has ~ 3 t b e e n estab- 1 i. shed. in adc5itit2~1, separa t ing chemicc%l toxicity f r o m hl.o- l og ica l oxygen demand i s o Z t e n d i ~ g f icz,i$t. As a s::eauf l cl2emj,cal assays c a n n o t be l ,~ sed ,

Liiboratory arid f i e l d skudies has%~z accumLljsalc6 klie da ta s:eecled co desi.gn accuraf , :~ s e n s i t i ~ ~ e acute l e t h a l hioilsc,ays f o r efff%uessil.s from pt~9p avrd papex

/ .r

i i l s i Ls. These bioassays have bees used to i d e n t i f y irhresh--d ho lds of ~:~ltf!iue:~iir. t o x i c i t y f o r soqa.~eral aqua-Lic ani.mal s , in-

f 3 c : iu&jng sarlnoniij f !~llis V J G ~ ) : ?m.:~ cclemalzs trzatted t h a t , t h e p r e v i o u s h i s t e s y o-eest aniri2nls i s . je rv i!iipori-aid-.. Fish ancl

": nttier. squat ti: iriisiiiai.:~ ctili be ~rJfldi.kl,l",,Fcid t a l i ~ ~ " i i I I - -

c.rear, ;.;q ic-.vt315 of pol luak ,ants to a p~) jn t . : . ,~ Stcesses k e n d i : ~ be t;iim\:ia ,:lc+ i?.owevi:ia, arid s u c h fjc:f+orbc ;IS water. t c m f j ( > : . z ; ~ t h p i i

l-]( car! ccjmydtsi;i'id i - 1 : ~ e f fcc:tj $.if'

t : i;'i'!ir)jwt3 somi. , rtxx,xcii: r~:r;r:~~.i~i:?i ot, k' ; f-J 1 CJ 1 r; & 1 s :; f2 $; ::; 12c2 17. t,, 12 22 <G k: c2 *-*

~a~~ S-<-r2 j-i.1 rhc: ~ C Y C I ~ J ~ X W ~ ~ . k 13f

kahl,n-,s sho~ding caneej~itt:p"ai:",hens sf e $g%u+2n$s asgog>iated bji-!:h e f f e c t s

.i,..riaus c ~ g a n i . m , T%l,jres"sr.~%3 c ~ n c e n t - r a t % o n s of ef$%uej* : ts from papex mil, ls have bees, based c;z ex t ens ive tecl2nical data; * t h i s work h a s been reviewed by Waxden Q 197$6 1

The acute le tha l bioassay i s nsw we% l es tab l i - shed Far measur ing kox ic i ty of: in i jus t r i a l pol lution, i9sj.rrg such biinassays $0 detezmxne safe l e v e l s 05 e f f l u e n t $.TI the e~rrirsrzifl~~fit i s .i r5 A,, P s, hawever. Each biol~gical

s y s t e m is unique : p l a n t s and aniaais in the system are s ~ b - jetted to va3:ious stressis.i25i The m7

amaunt and duration of these stresses de termine the aninax's ability to withstand the added stress of r a i l 1 pollution. WIlat i s needed i s a subleLhal bio- assay, sensitive enough to de tec t changes in the n a t u r a l enviromenir as they r e l a t e to b io log ica l r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e ani~!<iI . s e

$ j m t $ l e i f i fo rm&kion i s avaislabmLe on the e f f e c t s of 1. ,ing calnps on anadromous fish h a b i t a t , Beeauge camps are o f t e n near producfzive "iis. habitat . , 110$%?ever they axe p o t e n t i a l Ly hazardous, Fresenjr- regulations p e r t a i n i n g to camps and a s s ~ u i a k e d a c t i v i t i e s appear a d e q u a t e prevent apprecizble d mnia.g e I;

Al(3-e.rdiuef D, F , , and (2. Re Brett, 1 9 5 4 , Sume effecks

"" 5: o:c ~ ~ r a Z $ mi91 effluent on young P a c i f i c salmon, 9, F i s h , R e s , B o a r c l Can, 14 (5 1 ; '783wa485,

Buehanan, D , V,, P, S, Tat(?, and J d A":* Muring. 1976, Aeute k$dyic-t ,, p i PC? ,,, of spxuce (2nd hsmloc;: baxk ex t rac l s Lo sorile estuarine nrgail isms in sautkeastexn Alaska, J, p i s h , ~ e s , Board Can, 33 (t i :%188*-%192,

3 F3i r. . 'ar-lsar~ C, F:, A ~ ' ? 4 e S I J ~ ~ U X dwf i i i je to D0u.g "!as--f i.r near a p ~ i l p and paper. in:i.PI in wesSkern Montana, USi3A Fa:c*, Se9"vr Rep, 7 2 ...s:j, $1 p- Pd i c: 5 <:i LI. I ZA f ?+.> $7 t# *

8 m c it., k an& E , P , f i ayc l~~* 2952, Q::"ll9 e f f e c z s ;;C k,cx.a,:k r o i l 1 34a:s-t~j .i i.qtrtrur!; and soiae o 1: ;:i.l~.ir coxnr,ot?en:l!; on ccz?f:tai,r.b s a l m c n l d f isfaes ef t i j p k S z ~ : x f j , ~ ! t j i , jr[ :f~lqegk.~

fxjaj,'l , c E ~ t t j i r _ : , ?;t~-i.?a;rzl Img3rQv . , 1 $-1 t-5 I ,, , , t6 E: itbf Y <:> 1: li [ IY 22 t- 1

C o u n e , Pap. Ind, A i r and ".:ream Improve 1 Tech, Bull, 5%, 23 p,

. * Dimmjmek, K, E , , 6 , E , tgarren, B , F , Joaea, P, D o u d a r ~ f f, and H, R, Amberg, 8 9 5 7 , Some pre l iminary abservat ions on the avoidance reactions of salmonid f i ~ : b e s -to pulp mill effluents, Natl . Csunc, SSkream Imprsv, , Inc, , New York ( H a t % , Counc. Pap. Lnd, Air and Stream Improv.) Tech, BVV U % l e 9 3 @ l4 p.

Ebeling, G , l931. Recent resu l t s o f the chemical i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the ef fzc$ s f waste waters from ce l lu lose p l a n t s on fish, V s n VWassex 5 ~ 1 9 % - 2 0 8 .

FaHer , N, 9 9 7 1 , Effec-cs of atnt;cspheric SO2 on p l a n t s . The Sulfur Inst, 3 , 6 (4) 2 5-7 ,

Fry , F , C, J, 9 9 3 1 , T h e e f f e c t s f e a v i r s ~ ~ f i e n t a l fac tors 0x1

t h e physiology of fish, In F i s h physiology, vole 5 , p, 1-CP 7- 7

$ \ s , % % * s* - Woa,r and D , J6 Randall g cds, ) , Aead * P ~ ~ P C * h^*&ll,g p 1qeptgl Ya3:k a

!4sl%and, 6 , A,, J, IT:, L a s a t e x , E , D, Neurnarj-n, and W , E, E l d r i d g e , Y960, Toxic egfcckg af organic and i n o r g a n i c pollutants on young salmon and tcout:~, Wash. Uep. F i s h . R c s . l ~ u % l . 5 , 2 h 4 p, Olylcipia.

Haward, T , E, 1'375. Swimming

~ ~ - - - & - - ~ - -

k i ~ ~ t ~ : ! ) C J X P C ) ~ ; ~ ~ to bleached v----A--*----> -s

k r a f t pulpmil E e f f l u e n t ,

Howard, T, E, , aad J, F8, Leach, 9 97 3 , IdentiEj-cakiorj. and -i;reaLmer~t o f %he t o x i c m a k e r i a l s i n woodrosm e f f l u e n t s , Can, For, Sexv, CPAK Proj . HeL3, No, 148-1, 5 6 p, Ottawa, On%,

Mot$fard, T, E , , and G , G , iVaBden, 1965, P o l l a t i - s n and t o x i c i t y characteristics - k r a f t pu lp m i l l ~ P f l i l ~ n t s . T&PPX 48[3):135-14ls

Howard, T, E e , and G , C, Wal.dfen, 1971, FZf$%uent charash- t e ~ r i s t i c s a f bleached k x a f t p u l p m i l l s , P u l p a n d P a p . Mag. Can , 72(l):T3-T9-

Howard, T, E , , and C , C , Walden, $ 9 7 4 , Measuring stress in f i s h exposeif t r - 1 pu1.p mill. eQf i uen t s , TAPPI 57 (2) : X 3 3 - 2 3 5 e

t-"9 3 0 ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ B I? b e E G 1 d a l : ~ e ~ ~ C * E , Bond, 2nd P. DaudsroEf, 1956, &.void<2nce 2:eaetions o f salmf2ni.d fishes to pu lp

1 e f f l ~ r c ? n t , ~ , 5ew2gc ]Jjjcl,* V $ ; A C ~ ~ ~ ~ S 284-L-11 : 1 ~ ~ 0 : ~ - ~ 4 ~ . . ~ *

K@r:do, R, , K , Sa%eshim;x, and T, ;<ondo 19 7 3 , 6penT- semi.- chemical pulping Liquor, 4 - 3 ' i J j . T t ~ x k A . i ; ~ ctni%ra.cter- .i, ,+a A"" . '? L ,8a.~cs of S2P spent I*I~J~*;(>I:

a n d redaeti*~;ri off i t s t ~ x - 4 . j ;Japar* Tech .. nssc.3~ .

k E ' L ~ ~ L J ; r id P ~ j i ; . -Tri<lw i s i l : 4 7 f j G - a ~ l 8 5 ,

L ~ P ; z o . Q , Se+ ? G o , W, De KcIIvEc~, a n d P , 3 , Temple, 1972, Sulphur d iox ide in j ~ r y ts vegetation in kkse v i c i n i t y of a sul ;2kl i te p u l p and papex m i l l . Water, A i r , and Sai l Po%%uL, 2 (1973) : 120-134.

a 2 1973, The efiects of p12lp and papf;r wastes w i t h particular attention to fish and bioassay pro- cedure f o r assessr3ent sf hamifu9 cf fec ts , Na+--9 --, Res, Caunc , Can, , 13581, En*viron ,* Secr, Pub$, 7 3 - 3 , Olt%awa, "?e?.k, 5 3 p,

McVey, R, 1959. Gravel removal and the Eisheri,es, Alaska F i s h e r i e s B x i e f s , U,Se F i s h and W i % I P , Sexx, @ire , 5 9 , p, 14-18, Bur. Commer , F i s h ,

Meehan, W, R, , F, J, Swanssn, and J , R, Sedell, 1977, Influences o f riparian v e g e t a t i o n on aqua t i c ecosystejns w i t h particular reference to salmonid fishes and the i r food supply, _Szs Dnportance, p r e s e r v a t i o n and management o f r i p a i ~ i a n h a b i t a t : A symposit~~rn, USDA F o r , Serv. G e n , Tech, Rep. W--43 , p. 1 3 7 - l 4 5 . Rocky Mt. F a r , and Range Exp, St-nl,, P a r t - a

Goll~-r ls , Gsio,

Odlaug, T, 0, 1949, Effects of stall I YO ixpd arkd u n s k a k > i $ i z e d waste s u l f i t e l i q ~ i o r or; ti?^ Olympic oys te r , ----&--.,--- Ostrea -

rn , A aYaY1S, &ii"il, ~ J $ " - C X ' O ~ C ~

,.mm."-.--m*

Ss>cw G g ( z ( ) ; I 6 3 - - . 1 8 2 .

pea ef-. -- - * A $ Be c w 1974, Effects of

I.eq dun~j>i.gg and r a f t i n g on +- 3 ~ ~ a x i n e e n v i r ~ i ~ ~ ~ m t ~ n t s f

a" .P <-., yr sauteaease Alaska, U ~ L J & .

Pox* S e w , Gen, Tech, Rep, Pfqkj-22, 58 p* P a x , North- wes t Far, and Range E x p . S e n . , P a r - k l a n d , Oreg .

1n- W~i-tsch, ij, C, ~ ~ 1 9 , sul fur content of D . ~ u g l a s - a E i r f o l i a g e near a paper m i l l .

m U,s , E n v i r o n , Prat, Agencyp .- E P A - G G Q / ~ - ~ ~ - Q ~ G , 13 p.

Corvnilis, O r e g ,

m w , n, : and R, He Cs~k, 1971, R e s i n a c i d soaps-- taxic i ty a n d -ex:oatabil i tyg S i x t h - A i r and Stream Improv. c f > p f @ r~(~~::~"j* 5<2ct;* 8 ~ : ~ ~ J - ~ *

P u l p pap. Assac , , Quebec C i t y , p, 57-96,

$chs:rt:nnburg, P, B, l973, The 4 r- 3 l n r l u e n c e of log handling on vzter quzllit:y. U , S , -7 '̂ . % f ; - Il;ia,,-TOI2, Y X ' G ~ , iqg@>llcy jEPP.--R2--.7i.-=Q>:5, :kg5 g*

S t e i n , J, E,, R, E P e t e r s e n , G, l b l , C l a r k , and 1, 3 EBlz i . . s . 9 5 9 The spawning sf Qlyniplia oys te r s ( ~ ~ s ~ ~ e ~ luxida. 8 kept: in s p e n t

--a-w--- *

sulfite liquor ( S S L ) , Olympia R e s , Div. Rep. Rayonnier, Shelton, Wash, 13 p,

Thomas, F4, D , , R , R, Mendricks, and G , R e H i l l , 1950, The s u l f u r metabolism o f pl~nts. Ef f'ec-Ls sf su 9 fu r diox ide -- on vege t a tLon . i n d . Eng . Chan . 42(13,): 2231--2235.

Ijsl:n, W, M , 1958 , T h e e f feet of pilip and paper mill wastes on aquat ic l i f e * Paper p ressn ted at 5th O n t , Ind, "'.-c- * r c A s t e @ ~ n f , sponsored by the Water and P s i l l a k Addv i s , Comfn,, p., 60-66. O a t , Water Res* Gomrrr .

Van Horn, W, BI, i 9 6 . . Agua.kics biology and t h e pulp and paper i n d u s t r y (Rep, Nul 1) , N a t l , C9{3uaa@, a f Paper I n d u s t r y Co.r A i r ;i~id Streairi Impcov, Lnc, , N e w York, N , U, Streai~rr4 Irnp~:t>wemen.t Tech, Bull, 148, % Q O p,

V a n Horn, W , M , 1971, Aqua t i c biolrigy a n d tke pulp and paper i n d u s t r y (Rep. No, 2 1 , Mat:"%, C:uunc, of Papex: X r ~ d ~ j s t x y f ' ~ . r ~ W i r and S.S:.i"ar!~

+ - .i.jri~~i:ov , , New :\'ark , N, Y .

,* * 54: redm i ntp~;ovemt:nt '-Pecl,k. RuiE, 251, 45 p,

Wal.cjc2?s"l, C, r", * i9 ' /6cv P I.ht_e "3 $-[.JX< I .,cx i;~! 02 pci 1 p dnd paper

" - mi];$. ef f $uc2glts ai2cl capar~:.- :*.; !-3C> ri ?I -i 11 &-J T i l l 2 ;I SiA {2!3-l p 17 t" s psc2lc-tiijreai. water f t t?:; . 1 {I 9 tj j : G339*.-6fi4 <,

- * f-a w - i i i a l d ~ ~ i , G, t, , a.nr,a T , E, noisard, 1968. A coopaee-kiye >--eaca,-ch p : c q r.aln ~ f i kraf t ualp m i l l effluent quality.

e

P I J P ~ Pap, Maq, Can, 6 3 : 67-71,

- - tda!.dichillc, rl. i r J G i ) , P u l p ili.i? ;~ol lut Lon in B r i t i s h Colurn- 7- ' ax&, Fish, Res, !&xrd Can, -1-1.~~. 4 Manzimo, t-*q:-P-

~ - i3 @ c: b

Wcbb, P , \$,, and J, R, Brett, e.ff~$r:t=s of

s ~ . i j d c t:hal t20xi~e1*ik,ca k i o r ~ s of v ~ k k c > l tcr bleachcit kr,-zfi;rniL 1, e-f-p _I licli -4 .7.-.T 1- on the gr'owt:l? a z d food. conversion e f f i c i e n c y

- 0

f : - , i i i ~ i * ] , ~ ~ - ~ r 4

sa lmon , JG F i ~ k i * Rese Rc~ard C8n, 296 11 j : 1555-1563,

(I w x l l l a m z , $2, W., E , W. Mains , --

P:, k:, E i d r i d ~ ~ e , arid J, E , E a s a t e ~ - ~ 195 3. T O X : ~ C effects oE suaf;3i_$e F;.,taste liquor on young salifion. Wash, Bep, Fish, Re$;, Bull, 1, L o 8 p. Olympia,

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