M I N E R A L N U T R I T I O N OF T R I T I C A L E
By
A R I F I N A M
Dissertation submitted in partial fulf i lment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in
B O T A N Y
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
1976
A CKNOM LKDGEMEWT
T feel grateful to Dr. SamluHah, Lecturer, and
Dr. M.M.R.K. Afrldl, Peader, Department of Botany, Allgarh
Muslim University, Allgarh for their guidance and continued
Interest during the course of the preparation of this
dissertation.
r am also indebted to Prof. Abrar M. Khan, Head of the
Department of Botany, Allgarh Muslim University, Allgarh for
providing various research facilities.
Further, T wish to acknowledge with gratitude the
supply of authentic Trltlcale seeds by Dr. K.P.S. Chauhan,
Associate Professor, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, U.P.
Thanks are also due to all my colleagues In the Plant
physiology Section for their help from time to time In
connection with the preparation of the manuscript.
The award of the University Scholarship by the
Allgarh Muslim University, Allgarh is gratefully acknowledged.
ALIOARH ARIF INAM
5 -.0- S JT- S - ' - I -3
R(LQE
1. mTFOOJCTtOH 1-4
2 . BEVrBrf OP LCERATOPE . . . 5-16
3 . »iTBF t L A»D JfBTHODS . . . 17-22
4 . RBFERBNGBS l - v l l l
« « « « i | i « * « 4 i «
rWTRODOCT rON
The "Freedom-From-Hunger" campaign I s mainly d i r e c t e d
towards Improving food production and d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y In the underdeveloped countr ies . The achievement
of t h i s noble goal depends upon a number of economic,
environmental, b io log i ca l , p o l i t i c a l and soc ia l f ac to rs , vhlch
merit pa r t i cu l a r a t t en t ion while deciding nat ional food
p o l i c i e s . Over the past two decades, crop yie lds have
increased subs tan t i a l ly in many areas of the world. Generally,
increased crop production i s a r e s u l t of improvement in
d i f ferent d i r e c t i o n s . Including (a) evolution and Introduction
of improved hlgh-yleldlng v a r i e t i e s ; (b) optimum use of
f e r t i l i z e r s ; (c) control of weeds, pests and d iseases ;
(d) improved cu l tu ra l methods; and (e) conservation and
control led use of i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s .
The use of NPK, the t r a d i t i o n a l mineral nu t r i en t s In the
form of chemical f e r t i l i z e r s , has increased considerably In
recent years . One of the main reasons la the grea ter
requirements of the newly evolved hlgh-yleldlng v a r i e t i e s of
ag r i cu l ru r a l , h o r t i c u l t u r a l and Indus t r i a l crop p l an t s . Among
these Is ' ' T r l t l c a l e " , a "man made" cereal whose name has been
coined from the prefix of Trltlcum and the suffix of Secale,
the parenta l genera (? l ley and Chapman, 1^57).
-2-
Thls artificially crossed Intergenerlc hybrid results
from crossing either tetraplold wheat (T. durum) with diploid
rye* giving a heraplold Trltlcale or a hexaplold wheat
(T. aestlvum) with diploid rye, giving an octoplold Trltlcale
followed by the doubling of the chromosomes of the Fterlle
F T hybrid. Most first generation Trltlcale seedllnes are
Infertile as they have only a single set of wheat chromosomes
and a single set of rye chromosomes. The trfo setn of
chromosome c»n not pair for the puipose of sexual reproduction
and no offspring can result. When colchiclna is -.pplled to
the Trltlcale seedlings, howevo"! 'che 'JQX, of chromosomes Is
often doubled, making It possible for wheat chromosomes to
pair with wheat ohromosqfes anl cyo, with rye, such a plant
being fertile. According to OMura ((1953), Wilson, in 1876,
was the first to obtain and describe a sterile P|. Trltlcale
hybrid, although the first fertile rr11l.cale was rot reported
until 1888 by a German worker, Ilupau.
Trltlcale has greater genetic potentialities than Its
parents, wheat and rye, and It is not surprising that, once
the barrier of Infertility was broken, innumerable cultlvars
with diverse characteristics were evol/ed In different parts
of the world. Presently, Tr" t'.c-ile is being grov;n on itore
than 40CpOO hectares In 52 countries, under a wide range of
environmental conditions, from the praliies of Canada to
-3-
the foot hills of the Hlnalayas (Hulse and Spurgeon, 1974).
The enthusiasm of agricultural scientists all over the world
m developing this promising crop Is growing at such a pace
that the prophecy that Trlticale is the "grain of the future"
(Smith 1967), may soon be vindicated.
The work of Improvement of crop plants Is, however, very
painstaking. Tt requires concerted efforts In several
disciplines. Including genetics and plant breeding as well
asdgronomy. Coniiendable work has been done in Thdla In the
evolution of new varieties of a number of Important crop
plants. Besearch leading to Improvement of cultural practices
has also not lagged behind and It Is gratifying to note that
the field of mineral nutrition of crop plants is attractinp
the attention of an increasing number of farm scientists and
plant physiologists. In various parts of the country. Among
the centres engaged in such work Is Aligarh where the principal
crops subjected to Intensive field trials have included wheat,
maize, barley, mustard and vegetable? (Safaya, 1971;
Samlullah 1971; Afrldl and Samlullah, 1973 a,b; Ahmed, 1975;
Khallque, 1976; Qaseem, 1975; Samlullah and Afrldl, 1975;
Afrldl et al» 1976 a,b,c,d,e; Afrldl and Wasluddln, 1976;
Waqvl, 1976).
However, It must be admitted that not much work on the
nutritional physiology of Trlticale has been done anywhere.
Including India. Tt Is therefore, proposed to apply the
-4-
knowledge gained at Allgarh to this acclaimed 'Vonder crop**.
Tt Is also proposed to evolve measures for ensuring fertilizer
economy In view of the ever-Increasing price and dwindling
supply of chemical fertilizers.
REV TEW OF LIT BEAT URB
Brief historical account
Nomenclature
Fertilizer requirement
leaf application
Date of sowing
Seed rate
Yield characteristics
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Brief historical aecount
Fomans are supposed to be the earliest agricultural
writers and among them Cato (?>34-149 3C) envoys the pride of
place (Bould, 1963). The historical account by Russell (1950)
traces the gradual en»rgence of rational ideas of plant
nutrition until, in the Nineteenth Century, they could be
based on adequate knowledge of chemistry. The basis of
modern experimental methods in plant nutrHion is largely
due to de Saussure (1804). Since then much work has been
published by Innumerable workers in this field throughout
the world covering different crops.
The present review deals with Triticale, a newly
developed synthetic amphl loid cereal. Nutritional work on
this crop being still in the preliminary stages, the
published literature on this aspect is meagre*
Noittenclature
Tschermak and Bleier (192fi) suggested the use of the
name "Aef ilocale* for an Aegilops x Seoale hybrid, and the
name "Aegilotriticale'* for a hybrid combining the three
genera Aegilops, Tritlcum and Secale. Leighty and Sando (l9o7)
^*®^ "Aegilotricale" to Indicate more clearly the presence of
Tritlcum in a similar trlgeneric hybrid. Apparently the name
-6-
Trttteale for Tritlcum x Secale araphllolds, based on these
two suggestions, was coined by Tschermak (Llndschau and
Oetiler, 1936).
Baum (1970) proposed that the name Trltlcale should be
conse^ved^ because of Its familiarity for more than three
decades. On the other hand, Terrell (1970) stated that
Trltlcosecale is the correct name of hybrids between
Tritlcum and Secale. He also suggested that Trltlcale may be
used as the common name.
Mc Vaugh (1973) reported that the Committee for
Spermatophyta responsible for the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature declined to accept the proposal for
conservation of the "generic" name Trltlcale In preference
* Trltlcosecale In consonance with the International Code of
Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants.
Fertilizer requirement
Kiss (1968) recomiiended that Trltlcale should be grown
primarily on poor soils and sand? as rye does not give
convincing yield on fertile soils, being susceptible to
lodging. The optimum fertilizer dressing^ls 140 kg N, P and
K/ cad. hold (0.57 ha) given In two equal doses in the
autumn and spring .
Kiss and Feher (1968) further recommended, on the basis
of trial results, the sowing of Trltlcale strain No 30 on
poor sandy soils and of Nos.52 and 64 on better soils. They
- 7 -
concluded tha t T r l t l c a l e could be grown for " -S years on the
same land and tha t NPK f e r t i l i z e r increased yield on ooor so i l s ,
Tt was reported In f ield trial?* at O ANO, Mexico In 1^70-7L
that T r l t l c a l e lodged vhen the crop received nitrogen at the
r a t e of 100 kg/ha but wheat d"d not show any lodg'n?
(Anonymous, 1^711?.
Hov/sv^er, In the year, Proha'szVra et a l . (L97LJ found an
increase ^n the yield and 1,000 grain wai^ht of Tr " t ' cale
by the appl icat ion of inc^eas'ng doses of ni t rogen. They
did not observe any notable effect of ni trogen aopl icat ion
on ash or f ibre content.
Lafever and Schmidt (1972) performed an extensive
experiment on four cu l t lva r s of T r l t l c a l e applying nitrogen
at the r a t e of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 lb / ac re and
obtained optimum yield (2,524 lb /ac re ) by the dressing of
100 lb /acre ni t rogen.
Tennenhouse and Lacroix (1972) studied the In terac t ion
effect of nitrogen and (2-Chloroethyl) trlmpthyla"i'nonium
chloride (CCC) appl icat ion on agronomic characters of
T r l t l c a l e and oa t . ^n the case of Tri t i c a l e , they noted an
Increase In yield when p lants were applied CCC at the r a t e
of C> kg/ha without nitrogen appl ica t ion .
Andiascik and latusov (1973) studied 'he effect of
f f i r t l l l ze r on the yield of T r l t l c a l e and some v a r i e t i e s of
wheat in a potato growing area and gave s|kllt appl icat ion
of 70 or 100 kg N, 105 or 150 kg P and 125 oi 180 kg K/ha.
They noted that highest grain yields were given by WPK at
-s-
430 kg/ha In the ratio 1:1.6:1.8. The average was highest
for Mlronovska a wheat cultlvar at 3.87 t/ha, 800 kg higher
than the other 3 wLnter wheat cuitlvars and 1.4 t/ha higher
than the Trltlcale. They, however, concluded that. In view
of leaching, the nitrogen rates should be kept at least at
100 kg l?/ha for optimum effect.
Zllllnsky and Lopez (1373) noted that ^0 to 100 kg 1T/ha
was Tequ'red for the best performance of Trltlcale depending
UDOn the fertility level of the soil, higher doses of
nitrogen inducing lodging and consequent y^eld loss.
Fpcently, ass et al. (1976) studied the effect of nitrogen
application on barley, oats and Trltlcale grown as forage.
They concluded that dry matter (DM) yields of barley only
were significantly Increased by nitrogen application over thp
zero nitrogen rate every year. 3pllt application of nitrogen
at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result In
higher D.M. yields than the corresponding single application
of nitrogen at seeding.
Leaf application
Considerable progress has been achieved "n spraying
fertilizer materials on crops in recent years, although the
practice of foliar nutrition is not new. Several nutrient
elements. Including nitrogen and phosphorus, a/e raadily
absorbed by leaves and are required In small amounts only
-9-
(B03mtoa, 1954, and Wittwer and Teubner, 195^). n 'r well
known .hat a large quantity of fert*l'zers applied to the
soil Is wasted due zo leaching or 'fixation', and mnny crops
require additional doses by top dressing or other crumbersone
methods. About 70-30 per cent of soil-applied phosphatic
fertilizers remained unavailable to the plant (Russel*, 1953).
Similarly about 50 per cent of nitrogen remained unused by
the crops due to leaching or consumption by soil micro
organisms (Anonymous, 1971 • Providing the required nutrient
by foliar application (generally with pesticides) Is a
convenient and cheap method to ensure Its sujbply at the proper
stage of growth.
As Trltlcale Is a newly Introduced crop, It has not
received much attention In this respect. The few references
on foliar application of chemicals available In the
literature are, however considered below.
The application of (2-chloroethyl) trlmethylammonlum
chloride (GGC) at the rate of 3.0 and ^.0 kg/ha at the
3 leaf stage In greenhouse experiments did not decrease the
height of mature oats, but the higher rate reduced that of
yritlcale (Tennenhouse and Lacrolx, 1972). However, at
5-leaf stage boi;h rates reduced the height of both species.
Tn field experliaents both applications of GGC at the 5-leaf
stage reduced height of the GWO crops, a significantly
grestsr reduction being obtained with ^.0 kg/ha.
-10-
Reductlon In plant height by the treatment • vGGC was
also confirmed by Szlgat and Miiller (1973). They observed
that the treatment reduced plant height by> 20 per cent in
Trltieale compared with il per cent in winter wheat and
2 per cent In winter rye.
Nelson (1973) studied the effect of application of
different concentrations of 2-chloroethane-phosphoric acid
at the mid heading stage in four Triticale varieties. No
significant differences in the nunber of grains set were
observed between varieties.
Date of sowing
Kiss (1968) advocated early sowing of Triticale for
Hungary. Kiss and Peb^r (1968) further recora-nended that the
best time for sowing was from 15th September to 10th
October with a sowing depth of 3-4 cm.
Larter e^ al. (1971) working in Canada, concluded that
the date of sowing had a much greater effect on yield than
did sowing rate, especially with Triticale. If sowing were
delayed from 19-21 April to 3-8 May (tsual sowing aate in
the area) reduced Triticale yields by 16 per cent.
Martin and Maurer (1974) were of the opinion that sowing
date varied with lines. However, they recommended early
November as the best sowing period for Mexico.
depend upon the climate as \>fell as variety.
Seed rate
Edwards eib al. (1971) recomnended a seed rate of more
than 80 lb/acre for marimum forage production whereas,
Lafever and Schmidt (1972) obtained the highest yield with
160 lb/acre.
Barnett ejt al. (1972) compared the components of yield
in Trlticale and wheat grown at a seeding rate of 90 lb/acre
and found that Triticale averaged 31 per cent fewer head/plot
than wheat, suggesting higher seeding rate for Triticale.
Yield Characteristics
Among yield characteristics of grain crops, final weight
of grain and straw, are of the greatest oractical iiiportance.
It Tiust, however, be realised that these depend, in one way
or the other, on the growth characteristics including
nutrient content on the one hand on ear characteristics, on
the other. Tt is, therefore, highly desirable to note, at
different stages of plant growth, the effect of various
regimes of nutrients on ear characteristics contrloutlng
to final yields. Thus, ear number, length and weight,
splkelet and grain number and test weight, would be the
major contributing factors (Yoshida 1972).
Barnett et al. (1972) compared Triticale wit:h wheat and
rye and observed that Triticale had a higher 1,000 grain
-12-
welght and number of gra in/ear but i t had a lower number of
ea r s /p lo t and arerage grain and straw y ie ld . The seeds of
T r l t l c a l e were large but wrinkled and shr ive l led and did not
pack c losely together*
The In ter - re la t lonshlD of these quan t i t a t ive t r a i t s
with grain y ie ld In 31 s t r a i n s of T r l t l c a l e was studied by
Sethi and Singh (1972). The s t r a i n s differed s ign i f i can t ly
for a l l the characters s tudied. According to them, the
number of sp ikes /p lant was the only ef fec t ive y le ld-
contr lbut lng charac ter , whereas, regress ion analysis Indicated
tha t sp lke /p lan t , 1,000 gra in weight, spike length , days
to 70 per cent heading, days to maturity and plant height
were a lso very l-nportant charac te r s , contr ibut ing about
78 per cent of the t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y for grain y ie ld , If the
se lec t ion was based only on these cha rac te r s .
Barnett e^ a l . (1973) compared T r l t l c a l e with wheat,
oat and bar ley and concluded tha t I t had a low t i l l e r i n g
capaci ty . They» however, suggested tha t greater Ifli^rovement
In yield could be obtained by increasing the grain number/
ear than by increasing e i the r the t i l l e r i n g capacity or
grain weight.
Kaltslkes (1974) was of the opinion that flag leaf width
and 1,000 gra in weight were the most iTioortant predlcc,tors
of y ie ld .
-13-
A high grain yield of any crop can be achieved only when
a proper combination of varletyi environment and agronomic
practlcesi Including fertilizer application, Is obtained.
Research on Trltleale Is still In the ••laboratory stage" and
the fltwlligs generally not yet released for the farmers.
Although results have been extremely encouraging In our
country, Trltleale would be further tested before It Is
released as a field crop*
Shebeskl (1961) found In field trials that Trltleale
gave higher yields than several varieties of bread wheat.
Smith (1967) ,that Trltleale can produce as much as
50 per cent more grain In each head than wheat, and each
grain v\ AS usually twice the size of a plump wheat kernel.
Larter et al. (1969) observed that the best Trltleale
strain equalled wheat In yield response, plant height,
maturity, straw weight and resistance to stem rust.
Tn Kumayun hills at 7,600 ft, altitude on acidic soils,
Chauhan and Bajpal (1972) observed that 11 Introduced
Trltleale cultlvars produced 0.53 t/ha grain while wheat
cultlvars Kalyan Sona produced 0.47 t/ha. They also noted
that the highest yield was given by the Trltleale strain
Armadillo PPV-13. They further noted that Trltleale was more
resistant to cold and acidic soil conditions than Kalyan Sona.
The quality of resistance to addle soil conditions was
also confirmed by Rlootmaker (1974) who observed a high
-14-
degree of tolerance by the d i f ferent T r l t l c a l e v a r i e t i e s as
a r e s u l t of the Incorporation of the rye genome*
Among o the r s , Kiss (1965); Kolev (1969); Plsarev (1972);
Gregory (1973); Martin and Maurer (1974) and also
Takubtslner (1974) observed tha t T r l t l c a l e gave more yield
in comparison with wheat and rye .
On the other hand, Belch e t a l . (1972) co-apared
T r l t l c a l e with other grains and found that T r l t l c a l e was
out-yielded by wheat cu l t lva r Arthur and barley cu l t lva r
Barsoy In terms of g ra ins , and by wheat, ba r l ey , oats
cu l t l va r s Bloun and rye cu l t lva r T 40fi3 In terms of forage,
tngold (1968); Z l l l lnsky (1970); Gustafson e t a l . (1972);
Harnett e^, &i' (l^'^'S); Lafever e t a l . (1972); Szlgat and
Muller (1973) and Andrasclk and Matusov (1973) also found
lower gra in yield of some cu l t lva rs of T r l t l c a l e In
comparison with that of wheat. Understandably, Barnett et a l .
(1973) concluded tha t T r l t l c a l e cannot yet compete
successfully with wheat.
Hatrlk (1972) a lso found var iable r e s u l t s regcirdlng the
yield performance on sandy s o i l s , t t was noted t aa t one
va r i e ty of T r l t l c a l e surpassed a l l rjre v a r i e t i e s tested for
grain yield but i t proved Infer ior on rye growing lands at
a l t i t udes abov« 700 m. He a lso observed t h a t , in the beet
and maize growing regions of Slovakia, a l l wheat v a r i e t i e s
out-yielded T r l t l c a l e but , in conditions l ess favourable
-16-
to wheat a t Betlanovlce, the grain yield of T r t t l e a l e reached
7.73 t / h a , surpassing almost a l l wheat v a r i e t i e s .
S imi lar ly , Larter (1973) conparlng T r l t l o a l e with wheat,
observed fluatuafclons in yield during the period IS'^l-e? In
the Canadian T r l t l o a l e breeding programne. However, between
1967 and 1969 yield rose and level led out between 1969 and
197?. This Increase In yield during the l a t e r period was
supposed to be on account of the improved adap tab i l i ty
through hybridizat ion and r e se l ec t lon .
Reviewing the work on yield performance of T r i t i c a l e In
conparison with tha t of wheat by the above mentioned workers,
I t seems there is no agreement regarding y i e ld s . The repor t
of CTMMTP (1975) however, showed a gradual trend of
Improvement In T r i t i c a l e production. According to t h i s ,
before the in t roduct ion of Armadillo f e r t i l i t y in 1968, the
best yields for T r i t i c a l e a t CTMMYT were about 2,500 kg/ha,
less than half the highest wheat y ie ld . However, t h i s
increased f e r t i l i t y doubled T r i t i c a l e yields in some
s i tua t ions by 1970, and In the 1970-71 In ternat ional T r t t l e a l e
Yield Nursery t r i a l s , the besb T r i t i c a l e yielded about 85
per cent as well as the best wheat con t ro l . 3y 1972, the
yields for Mexican wheats had increased to 8,000-9,000 kg/ha
while the y ie lds of the best T r i t i c a l e had reached 7,000 kg/ha.
The Cinnamon s t r a i n s , with t he i r addi t ional dvaifing genes,
made the i r debut in rep l ica ted t r i a l s In the 1972-73 CIMMST
-16-
yleld t r i a l s In Sonora. While the yield of the best wheat
control held stready a t 8,000-9,000 kg/ha, the bes t T r l t l c a l e
s t r a i n s had Increased the i r product ivi ty by about 16 per cent
to 8,362 kg/ha. Thus the yield gap between the best wheat
^^^ T r l t l c a l e in Mexico had been closed for the f i r s t time
(Anonyaous, 1976).
Tn the end» i t may be pointed out that bread wheats are
the end r e s u l t s of centur ies of se lec t ion and lmprov«iient
by man and at l e a s t 70 years of Intensive i-lant breeding
on a massive sc^le throughout the world.
On the other hand, the avai lable TrLtlc&le v a r i e t i e s ,
have been evolved from a very l imited project of breeding
dating back to about a decade and a half. Tn adfiltlon the
now species used as parents In t h i s programme had themselves
not been In use for long and t h e i r own value Is question. At
the present stage of development, i t does not seem proper,
therefore to compare one with the o ther .
J^TEF TAL AND METHODS
Tt Is proposed to conduct field trials on three varieties
of Trlttcale obtained from G.B. Pant University of Agriculture
and Technology, Pantnagar, (U.P.) to study the effect of
different doses of WK as basal dressing on various growth
and yield characteristics. Another experiment based on
different dates of sowing will be performed In order to
establish the date for best yield response. Finally, the
effect of foliar application of various doses of nitrogen
and of phosphorus at different stages of growth will be
Investigated.
The main aim of these experiments will be to establish
the optimum doses of basal and spray fertilizer, the best
stage for spray and the most suitable date of sowing for the
selected varieties of Trltlcale under local conditions.
The trials will be performed In the form of three
field experiments laid out statistically in small plots
measuring 4 x 2.5 metres at the Fort, a Farm-cura-8otanlcal
Garden of the Allgarh Muslim University, Allgarh, (U.P.). The
soil will be analysed before the start of each experiment
-18-
to determine its physico-chemical characteristics, Including
the NPK status. Meteorological data will be noted during
the experimental period. The preparation and lay out of
plots, sowing of seeds, irrigation, weeding and harvesting
will be done according to standard agricultural principles.
The following three varieties of Triticale have been
SEtLected for the experiments:
1. Armadillo, PPV-13
2. T, 16
3 . Badger, PM 119
Bxperiment T.
The aim of this experiment will be to observe the
effect of fertilizers on growth and yield characteristics
of each variety to establish the optimum dose of fertilizer.
The amount of fertilizer to be applied as basal dressing
to the plots at the time of sowing in this factorial
randojilsed experiment will be in the following ratloi
Treatment
NO POKO N,P,K,
\hh h''2h
0 90
90
90
0 30
30
60
0 30
60
30
-19-
V2^ Vl l ^2^i^2
^2^2^^!
^2^2^2
90
120
120
120
120
60
30
30
60
60
60
30
60
30
60
nitrogen will be applied In the form of urea, phosuhorus,
as monooalclum superphosphate and potassium as muriate of potash.
The seed rate will be 80 kg/ha. Sampling will be done for growth
characters at the tillering, heading and milky grain stages and
for yield characteristics at the time of harvest.
Experiment 2
This experiment will be conducted to determine the most
suitable date for sowing Trltleale from the point of view of
yield response under local conditions. It will be based on five
dates of sowing (5th October, 20th October, 5th November,
20th November and 5th December).
The optimum dose of fertilizer obtained In the first
experiment will form the basis of fertilizer application In
this experiment.
Bxperlment 3
Having selected the optimum basal dose of fertilizers,
an experiment will be conducted to study varietal response to
- 2 0 -
nltrogen and phosphorus spray and to establish the proper stag©^
of growth and number of sprays required for optimum yield in
each of the three var ie t i e s .
This w i l l include the spray of solutions of urea and or
sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate either once (at heading or at
milky grain stage) or twice (at both stages conseQutlvely). The
concentration of the solutions w i l l be 2.0 per cent N @ 20 kg/ha
and 0.2 per cent ^o^S^ ^ ^ kg/ha. Controls w i l l be sprayed
with delonlsed water. This experiment w i l l a lso be based on
a factorial randomised design. Thus there w i l l be three
var ie t ies and twelve treatments according to the scheme given
belowt-
Treatments Basal §P£SZ Rate Pemark ^
hhh
^2hh Te
Delonlsed wa^er
If
P
W+P
Delonlsed water
Control Only basal dressing.
20 kg NAia 2% solution of nitrogen.
2 kg PgOg/ha 0 .2^ solni of ohosphorus.
20 kg If A Miyed soln. of 2 kg P„o^/ha If & P in 2 5C
'^ ° and 0.25r.
Control Only basal dressing.
20 kg N/ha 2% solution of nitrogen.
. 2 1 -
Trgatments Basal
8
10
U
12
VQ^I^I
hhh
Spray Tate Remarks
P
N+P
Delonlsed water
2 kg PgOg/ha 0.2 % poln of P.
20 kg N A 2 g Psfe/^*
P
N+P
Control
20 kg N/ha
Mixed s o l u t i o n of N & P In 25C and 0.2J{.
Only basal dressing
2% s o l n . of N.
2 kg PgOg/ha 0.2Jt so ln . of P.
20 kg N 4 2 kg PgOg/ha
Mixed s o l n . of N & P In 2JC and 0.2JK.
Sampling technique
In consonance with the general practice In other cereals
for the study of growth and development, samples will be
collected at tillering, heading and milky.stages and for yield
characters at harvest.
Band(»i sampling of five plants from each replicate will
be carried out and the following characteristics studied to
assess the effect of nutrient application on the growth:
1. T i l l e r number
2 . Leaf number
3. Shoot length
4. Fresh weight
5. Dry weight
-22-
For yield assessment« tbe following obaraoterlstlcs
w i l l be studied:
1. Bar number/plant
2. Bar weight/plant
3 . Length/ear
4 . Splkelet nuuber/ear
5. Grain number/ear
6. Weight of 1,000 grain
7. Grain yield/hectare
8. Straw yield/hectare
Finally, leaf analysis will be performed at three
stages of growth for assessing the nutritional status of
the plants regarding:
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
Statistical analysis
All data will be analysed statistically according to
the design of the experiments«
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« « « « « # # 41