Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Geochronology of Granitoid Plutons of Dudhi Gneissic Complex,
Mahakoshal Belt, Central India
Thesis submitted to Kumaun University
for the requirement of degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Geology
Sita Bora
Department of Geology Centre of Advanced Study
Kumaun University
Nainital July, 2014
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Dedicated
to
Parents and Supervisor
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Acknowledgments
I highly appreciate and grateful, throughout my life, to Dr. R. A. Singh
(my teacher) who has introduced and taught Geology during graduation in the
year 2003-2006 and I consider him founder of the subject Geology to me. I admire
him for his valuable advice and career counselling. I extend my sincerest
gratitude to all my teachers who gave me strength to make challenging career in
the study of rocks during my post-graduation in the year 2006-2008. Special and
sincerest thanks to Prof. C. C. Pant for his excellent teaching on fundamental
aspects and principle of Sedimentology that helped me a lot while understanding
and documentation of sedimentary lithounits associated with magmatic bodies
in my research area. I always admire and thankful to my teachers Professors A.
K. Sharma, G. K. Sharma, R. Upadhyay, P. K. Goswami, B. S. Kotliya and Late S.
N. Lal, who taught me all sphere of geology during post-graduation and for their
continuous encouragement during the course of present research work.
I extend my regards and sincerest thanks to Prof. Anand K. Srivastava
who cared and acted as mentor at initial period of my research wok and because
of his valuable guidance I was able to trace and reached in the search of
magmatic bodies in and around the Renukoot locality of Sonbhadra district of
U.P.
I am highly indebted to Prof. Santosh Kumar who has not only supervise
me but also acted as a founder of Igneous Petrology for me who had introduced
and taught us ‘I’ of igneous petrology which enhanced, replenished, recharged us
continuously with knowledge of magmas during the course of research work, and
hope we shall always be at receiving end in near future too. Without his
inspiration, guidance, motivation and more than that his patient, who is
immeasurable, I would have not been able to complete the task in proper way
and well in time. I greatly appreciate him for providing me several time
opportunities wherever I lost my sincerity. I also express hearty thanks to Dr.
Subhra Roy who is truly behind the success of all of us. Because of her real effort,
kindness and family-like support, I am able to complete positively the present
research work.
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The journey of the present research work was not so easy, but it became
smooth because of moral support rendered by Dr. Rajesh Sharma and Dr. D. R.
Rao, who constantly helped and encouraged me while conducting analytical
works at Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun. Dr. Rao has not
only helped and guided me during EPMA but also taught about the instrument. I
am also thankful to Dr. S. S. Thakur who helped me during EPMA work. I am
thankful to Dr. N. K. Saini, Dr. P. P. Khanna for extending analytical helps on
XRF and ICP-MS. I am equally thankful to their supporting technical staff-
members Shekhar ji, Rawat ji, Bahuguna ji, Girish ji, Chand Singh ji, D. P.
Saklani ji and Mr. Thapliyal ji and many others who directly and indirectly
helped me in my research work while my stay at Wadia Institute of Himalayan
Geology, Dehradun.
I am always thankful to Dr. Umesh K. Sharma, Scientist D, Department
of Science and Technology, New Delhi, who encouraged and supported me in
every aspect of my research work and continuously motivated me for making
career in the field of research.
I highly acknowledge the DST-funded project work on CITZ (SR/S4/ES-
402/2009) in which I worked as JRF and SRF and also to Prof. Talat Ahmed (PI of
the project) and also to Prof. A. K. Chaudhury, Prof. Sandeep Singh and Prof. R.
C. Patel for extending lab facilities for mineral separation at Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee and Department of Geophysics at Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra. I deeply acknowledge the DST, New Delhi for International travel
support imparting training on SHRIMP at KBSI, Korea. I am highly thankful to
Dr. Keewook Yi and Dr. Namhoon Kim at SHRIMP Centre, Korea Basic Science
Institute, Korea, who facilitated and introduced me with the advanced
technique of Zircon Chronology. They taught and helped me in processing zircon
samples and data analysis. They also took care while I was working at SHRIMP
centre. Naveen Chauhan and Mukesh, Scientists at KBSI, Korea helped me a lot
during my stay at Korea. Tae Ho Lee, Suk_Zu, Shein_a, He_Je, Jeong,
Chehang_Park (research students) helped me while analyzing the zircon sample
at KBSI, Korea.
I am grateful to Dr. V. Balram who provided opportunities to learn
geochronology and GCDkit programme that helped me understanding elemental
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chemistry, modelling and isotope geochemistry. I am thankful to course mentors
particularly Prof. Randall R. Parrish, Dr. V. Janousek and Prof. J-F Moyen for
imparting training at NGRI, Hyderabad.
I am thankful to Dr. S. Raju, Dy Director General, GSI, Chennai for the
help procuring geological information on the study area. I also express my deep
sense of gratitude to Dr. Brajesh Singh who helped and guided me throughout the
research work. I extend my sincere thanks to Manjari Pathak and Ritu Chauhan
for their support, help, motivation, and for sparing precious time during the first
phase of field investigation. I am very much thankful to Meraj and Naushad for
extending help while sampling during third phase of field work in and around
Sidhi area, Madhya Pradesh. I also extend my hearty thanks to my all friends
especially to Kowete-ü Sekhamo, Samom Jwellys and Mayank Joshi for their
concern and support while processing samples at IIT-Roorkee, WIHG and for
providing literature. I am thankful to my friends Thomas and Thsope Medo for
helping me during analytical works at WIHG, Dehradun. I am thankful to all
research scholars at WIHG, Dehradun especially to Sovik and Kaushik for
helping me while preparing and polishing the EPMA slides. I extend my
sincerest thanks to Maibam Rogibala Di and Ningthoujam Surdas Singh for
their support, guidance and care during my stay at Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee. I am highly thankful to Pramjeet Singh for helping and
guiding me during the course of zircon separation at Geophysics Department,
Kurukshetra University.
I extend my sincere thanks to all the staff member of Department of
Geology, Centre of Advanced Study, Kumaun University specially to Ms. R. C.
Upadhaya for making excellent thin sections; Bachhi Singh Dhaila for chipping
and processing my rock samples; K. D. Mathela, Chandan Singh Dhaila, Harish,
Vinod Joshi, Ganga Datt, V. N. Ghoshal, Bhuwan Joshi, Sarvesh ji and Khem
Singh for helping me in official works during the entire course of research work.
I am highly thankful to Mr. Manohar Singh Rawat, who helped me while
compilation of the present work. I express my thanks to all research students of
the geology department, particularly to Lalit, Vivekanand, Anoop, Sanjit
Kundu, Chitra, Akhre, Harshita, Hansa, Gajendra, Vivek, Saurabh, Laxman and
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Contents
Chapter I: Introduction ........................................................................... 1-14
1.1 The planet Earth ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Granite ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Volcanic-plutonic connexion ......................................................................................... 8
1.4 Granite magmatism in relation to plate tectonics ....................................................... 9
1.5 Review of status of knowledge on study area ............................................................ 10
1.6 Objectives of present study ......................................................................................... 14
Chapter II: Geology and Field Relations ................................................. 15-45
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 15
2.2 Regional geology and tectonics ................................................................. 17
2.2.1 Supracrustal belts ............................................................................................ 19
2.2.2 Granulite belts ................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Geology of Mahakoshal belt ...................................................................... 21
2.4 Field observation .................................................................................... 23
2.4.1 Harnakachar granitoid (HG) pluton .............................................................. 26
2.4.2 Jhirgadandi granitoid (JG) pluton ................................................................. 28
2.4.2.1 Asnadhor locality ........................................................................................ 29
2.4.2.2 Saliadih locality ........................................................................................... 30
2.4.2.3 Jhirgadandi locality ..................................................................................... 30
2.4.2.4 Pipraha locality ............................................................................................ 31
2.4.3 Katoli granitoid (KG) pluton ........................................................... 31
2.4.4 Dudhi granite gneiss ....................................................................... 33
2.4.5 Sidhi granitic gneiss ....................................................................... 34
2.4.6 Raspahari granitoid (RG) pluton ..................................................... 35
2.4.7 Nerueadamar (NG) and Tumiya (TG) granitoids ............................... 36
2.4.8 Volcanics of Mahakoshal Belt .......................................................... 39
2.5 Magnetic susceptibility of granitoids and volcanic lithounits .......................... 40
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Chapter III: Methodology and Instrumentation
Techniques ......................................................................................... 46-54
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 46
3.2 Field Technique ...................................................................................... 46
3.3 Method of sample preparation .................................................................. 47
3.4 Microscopic method ................................................................................ 48
3.5 Magnetic susceptibility ............................................................................ 49
3.6 Analytical techniques ............................................................................... 49
3.6.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) ..................................................................................... 50
3.6.2 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry ........................................................ 50
3.6.3 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ........................... 50
3.6.4 U-Th-Pb SHRIMP zircon chronology ............................................................. 51
3.7 Analysis of data and used software ............................................................. 53
Chapter IV: Petrography and Mineralogy ............................................. 55-132
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 55
4.2 Petrography………...…………………………………………………………… 55
4.2.1 Harnakachar granitoid (HG) pluton ................................................. 55
4.2.2 Jhirgadanadi granitoid (JG) pluton……………………………………..58
4.2.3 Katoli granitoid (KG) pluton ........................................................... 60
4.2.4 Dudhi granite gneiss (DG) ............................................................... 63
4.2.5 Raspahari granitoid pluton .............................................................. 64
4.2.6 Nerueadamar (NG) and (TG) Tumiya granitoid plutons....................... 67
4.2.7 Volcanic lithounits ......................................................................... 70
4.3 Mineral Chemistry .................................................................................. 70
4.3.1 Pyroxene ...................................................................................... 70
4.3.2 Amphibole .................................................................................... 76
4.3.2.1 Classification of amphibole ................................................... 82
4.3.2.2 Al-in-amphibole geobarometer ............................................... 85
4.3.2.3 Amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer ................................... 87
4.3.3 Feldspar ....................................................................................... 88
4.3.3.1 Classification of feldspar ...................................................... 88
4.3.3.2 Feldspar geothermometers .................................................. 111
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4.3.3.2.1 Two-feldspar thermometry ....................................... 111
4.3.3.2.2 Single feldspar thermometry .................................... 111
4.3.4 Mica Group ................................................................................ 113
4.3.4.1 Biotite chemistry .............................................................. 114
4.3.4.1.1 Composition and classification ................................ 114
4.3.4.1.2 Nature of host granitoid magmas .............................. 124
4.3.4.2 Muscovite chemistry ......................................................... 127
4.3.5 Garnet ....................................................................................... 130
Chapter V: Geochemistry .................................................................. 133-172
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 133
5.2 Nomenclature ....................................................................................... 135
5.2.1 Harnakachar granitoid (HG) pluton ............................................... 135
5.2.2 Jhirgadandi granitoid (JG) pluton .................................................. 137
5.2.3 Katoli granitoid (KG) pluton ......................................................... 138
5.2.4 Raspahari granitoid (RG) pluton .................................................... 139
5.2.5 Tumiya (TG) and Nerueadamar (NG) granitoid plutons..................... 139
5.2.6 Volcanic lithounits ....................................................................... 141
5.3 Major oxide and CIPW norm ................................................................. 143
5.3.1 Harnakachar granitoid (HG) pluton ............................................... 143
5.3.2 Jhirgadandi granitoid (JG) pluton .................................................. 143
5.3.3 Katoli granitoid (KG) pluton ......................................................... 144
5.3.4 Dudhi granite gneiss (DG) ............................................................. 146
5.3.5 Raspahari granitoid (RG) pluton .................................................... 148
5.3.6 Nerueadamar (NG) and Tumiya (TG) granitoid plutons..................... 148
5.3.7 Volcanic lithounits ....................................................................... 150
5.4 Harker geochemical variation……………………………...…………………151
5.5 Normalized trace including rare earth elements ........................................ 160
5.5.1 Harnakachar granitoid (HG) pluton ............................................... 160
5.5.2 Jhirgadandi granitoid (JG) pluton .................................................. 162
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5.5.3 Katoli granitoid (KG) pluton ......................................................... 165
5.5.4 Dudhi granite gneiss (DG) ............................................................. 167
5.5.5 Raspahari granitoid (RG) pluton .................................................... 167
5.5.6 Tumiya (TG) and Nerueadamar (NG) granitoid plutons..................... 169
5.5.7 Volcanic lithounits ....................................................................... 172
Chapter VI: U-Pb Zircon Chronology .................................................. 173-203
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 173
6.2 NG pluton: Product of collisional-related
thermal event (~1880 Ma) ....................................................................... 174
6.3 Tumiya pluton: Product of late collisional-related
thermal event (~1780 Ma) ....................................................................... 177
6.4 Vast coeval mafic-felsic magmatism: Major
thermal events (~1750 Ma)...................................................................... 181
6.4.1 Jhirgadandi granitoid (JG) ............................................................ 181
6.4.2 Peraluminous microgranular enclave (JE) ....................................... 183
6.4.3 Metaluminous microgranular enclave (JE) ....................................... 184
6.4.4 Dudhi granite gneiss (DG) ............................................................. 188
6.4.5 Porphyritic volcanic ..................................................................... 189
6.5 Coeval mafic-felsic magmatism: minor thermal event (~1730Ma) ................. 192
6.5.1 Katoli granitoid ........................................................................... 192
6.5.2 Microgranular enclave (K17E) in KG ............................................. 194
6.6 Age of provenance from quartzite of Harnakachar: evolution of
an intra- magmatic or plutonic basin ....................................................... 197
6.7 Magmatic event ( ~1710 Ma): HG pluton
with older xenolith ................................................................................ 201
Chapter VII: Petrogenetic and Geodynamic Discussion ...................... 204-268
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 204
7.2 Field evidences ...................................................................................... 204
7.2.1 Basement of Mahakoshal Belt ........................................................ 205
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7.2.2 Evidences of magma intrusion, assimilation, mingling, mixing and
undercooling of mafic to hybrid magma globules ..................................... 206
7.2.3 Magnetite to ilmenite series of granitoids … … ................................. 211
7.2.4 Tectonic scenario and questions remained unanswered ..................... 213
7.2.5 Pre to syn sedimentation of magmatism
in Mahakoshal Belt ...................................................................... 213
7.3 Petrographic features of genetic value ...................................................... 214
7.3.1 Crystallization of HG magma and its interaction with enclaves ........... 214
7.3.2 Evidence of JE mingling and syn-crystallization in JG ....................... 215
7.3.3 Crystallization of KG magma and its interaction with enclaves........ 216
7.3.4 Migmatized nature of DG granite gneiss .......................................... 217
7.3.5 Magmatic processes and protolith assessment of RG pluton ............... 217
7.3.6 Magmatic processes and
protolith assessment of NG and TG melts ........................................ 219
7.3.7 Textural similarities among the granitoid plutons ............................. 219
7.3.8 Volcanism and assimilation with country rocks ................................. 220
7.3.9 Porphyritic rhyolitic xenoliths in mafic volcanics of Sidhi area:
Evidence of fragments of Bundelkhand craton basement .................... 221
7.4 Mineral chemical evolution of magmas .................................................... 222
7.4.1 Nature of JG melt: evidence from pyroxene composition .................... 222
7.4.2 Redox-state of evolving melts under variable P-T conditions:
imprinted on amphibole composition .............................................. 222
7.4.3 Subsolvus granites: evidence from feldspar thermometry ................... 224
7.4.4 Redox conditions of granitoid magmas:
evidence from biotite chemistry ...................................................... 226
7.4.5 Water fugacity (ƒH2O) of granitoid melts ....................................... 229
7.4.6 Tectonic implications: based on biotite chemistry ........................... 230
7.4.7 Muscovite composition as an indicator of
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barren and mineralized granites ..................................................... 231
7.5 Geochemical Petrology ........................................................................... 232
7.5.1 Granite typology and protolith assessment ....................................... 232
7.5.2. Depth of granitoid magma emplacement
based on normative composition .................................................... 237
7.6 Recognition of magmatic processes .......................................................... 239
7.6.1 Geochemical evolution of HG and HE ............................................ 239
7.6.1.1 Mantle derived HG melt fractionation
without assimilation ........................................................... 239
7.6.2 Geochemical evolution of JG pluton ................................................ 241
7.6.2.1 Mixing between fractionating mafic and felsic magmas ............. 241
7.6.2.2 Chemically modified JE ..................................................... 242
7.6.2.3 REE features of mafic and felsic magma fractionation ............... 243
7.6.3 Geochemical evolution of KG pluton ............................................... 246
7.6.3.1 Elemental exchange during
mingling of mafic-felsic magmas ........................................... 247
7.6.3.2 Fractional crystallization (FC):
evidence from REE chemistry ............................................... 248
7.6.4 Geochemical evolution of DG pluton ............................................... 248
7.6.5 Geochemical evolution of RG pluton ............................................. 249
7.6.5.1 Evidence of trace and REE partial equilibration ...................... 249
7.6.6 Geochemical evolution of NG and TG plutons .................................. 250
7.6.6.1 Protolith for generation of leucocratic NG and TG melts ............ 250
7.6.6.2 Low-to-high degree of partial melting ................................... 251
7.6.7 Comparison of lithounits with
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lower, upper and bulk continental crusts ......................................... 252
7.6.8 Tectonic setting of plutonic and volcanic lithounits ........................... 255
7.6.8.1 Syn-to-post collisional felsic plutonism ................................... 255
7.6.8.2 Fractional crystallization assimilation (AFC)
in post-collisional volcanics .................................................. 256
7.7 U-Pb SHRIMP zircon chronology: inferred sequence
of geological events ................................................................................... 259
7.7.1 Opening of the Mahakoshal Basin: evidence from inherited
and magmatic zircons of NG and TG plutons .................................. 260
7.7.2 Slow rate of Mahakoshal Basin closure: evidence from
collisional-related plutonism .......................................................... 261
7.7.3 Bimodal mafic-felsic magmatism
in post-collision tectonic setting ...................................................... 261
7.7.4 Coeval mafic-felsic magma interaction in plutonic setting ................... 262
7.7.5 Intra-plutonic sedimentation .......................................................... 262
7.8 A viable model for the evolution of Mahakoshal Belt ..................................... 263
7.9 Comparison of past Mahakoshal orogeny with present younger
Himalayan orogeny in Indian subcontinent ................................................. 265
Chapter VIII: Summary and Conclusions ............................................ 269-278
References ...................................................................................... 279-310
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