MineralsMinerals

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

Exist in the body and in foods in Exist in the body and in foods in ionic stateionic state

Components of organic compoundsComponents of organic compounds Minerals are grouped into two: Minerals are grouped into two:

major or macrominerals are present in major or macrominerals are present in the body in larger amounts (> 5 grams) the body in larger amounts (> 5 grams)

minor or microminerals or trace minor or microminerals or trace minerals.minerals.

MacromineralsMacrominerals MicromineralsMicrominerals

CalciumCalcium

PhosphorusPhosphorus

PotassiumPotassium

SodiumSodium

MagnesiumMagnesium

SulfurSulfur

ChlorineChlorine

IronIron

IodineIodine

CobaltCobalt

CopperCopper

ZincZinc

ManganeseManganese

MolybdenumMolybdenum

SeleniumSelenium

ChromiumChromium

FlourineFlourine

BioavailibilityBioavailibility

FACTORS :

a.Gatric acidityb.Homeostatic adaptationsc.Stress

Low bioavailability- result from soap formation- binding of Ca and magnesium

to free fatty acids- from precipitation when one

pair of ions in the lumen in very high concentration

- mineral-mineral interactions- Fe, Ca and Magnesium

High bioavailability- Na, K, Cl, I and F

Medium bioavailability- Ca, Mn

General functionsGeneral functions

1. Structural function1. Structural function• Bones teeth – Ca, P, Mg, FBones teeth – Ca, P, Mg, F• Hair, nails, skin, thiamin biotin- SHair, nails, skin, thiamin biotin- S• Hemoglobin – FeHemoglobin – Fe• Glandular secretions – HCL (Cl), Glandular secretions – HCL (Cl),

intestinal juice (Na), Thyroxine (I)intestinal juice (Na), Thyroxine (I)• Insulin – Zn and SInsulin – Zn and S• Vit. B12 – CobaltVit. B12 – Cobalt• Soft tissues, mainly muscles – K, P, and SSoft tissues, mainly muscles – K, P, and S• Nerve tissues – K, P, and SNerve tissues – K, P, and S• Blood – ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, and Copper Blood – ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, and Copper

2. Regulatory functions2. Regulatory functions• Normal exchange of materials between Normal exchange of materials between

body fluid compartments – all saltsbody fluid compartments – all salts• Contractility of muscles – Ca, Na, and KContractility of muscles – Ca, Na, and K• Irritability of nerves – Ca, Na, and KIrritability of nerves – Ca, Na, and K• Oxidative Processes and metabolic Oxidative Processes and metabolic

reactions – Fe and vit B12reactions – Fe and vit B12• Digestive processes – cl and NaDigestive processes – cl and Na• Normal blood clotting – CaNormal blood clotting – Ca• Maintenance of acid Maintenance of acid

a.a. Cations (basic elements) – Na, K, Ca, and MgCations (basic elements) – Na, K, Ca, and Mgb.b. Anions ( acid elements) – P, S, and ClAnions ( acid elements) – P, S, and Cl

MacromineralsMacrominerals

CALCIUMCALCIUM

Is the most abundant mineral in the Is the most abundant mineral in the body.body.

Most calcium in the body is found in Most calcium in the body is found in the bones almost 99%, which serves the bones almost 99%, which serves as structural and storage functions.as structural and storage functions.

The other 1% is released in body The other 1% is released in body fluids when blood passes through fluids when blood passes through the bones.the bones.

FunctionsFunctions Function of the CNS, particularly nerve impulses.Function of the CNS, particularly nerve impulses. Muscle contraction and relaxationMuscle contraction and relaxation Formation of blood clotsFormation of blood clots Blood pressure regulationBlood pressure regulation

Bones release calciumBones release calcium Intestines absorb more calciumIntestines absorb more calcium Kidneys retain more calciumKidneys retain more calcium

Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in body Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in body fluids control the release of calcium from bones. This fluids control the release of calcium from bones. This includes:includes:Parathormone-a hormone that raises blood calcium Parathormone-a hormone that raises blood calcium levels; secreted by the parathyroid glands in response levels; secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels.to low blood calcium levels.Calcitriol- active vitamin D hormone that raises blood Calcitriol- active vitamin D hormone that raises blood calcium levels.calcium levels.Calcitonin-a hormone that reacts in response to high Calcitonin-a hormone that reacts in response to high blood levels of calcium; released by the Special C blood levels of calcium; released by the Special C cells of the thyroid gland.cells of the thyroid gland.

AbsorptionAbsorption

Rapid absorption after a meal occurs Rapid absorption after a meal occurs in the more acidic duodenum.in the more acidic duodenum.

Two mechanisms of absorption:Two mechanisms of absorption: Active transport (duodenum & jejunum)Active transport (duodenum & jejunum)

controlled by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin controlled by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin which increases the calcium uptake at which increases the calcium uptake at the brush border of the intestinal the brush border of the intestinal mucosal cell by also stimulating the mucosal cell by also stimulating the production of CALBINDINS.production of CALBINDINS.

Passive transportPassive transport

Independent of vitamin D.Independent of vitamin D.

Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic medium; the hydrochloric acid secreted medium; the hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, such that secreted in the stomach, such that secreted during meal, increases calcium during meal, increases calcium absorption by lowering the pH in the absorption by lowering the pH in the proximal duodenum.. proximal duodenum..

RegulationRegulation

If calcium levels gets too low three If calcium levels gets too low three actions can occur to reestablish actions can occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis:calcium homeostasis:

a.a. Bones release calciumBones release calcium

b.b. Intestines absorb more calciumIntestines absorb more calcium

c.c. Kidneys retain more calciumKidneys retain more calcium

HormonesHormones

ParathormoneParathormone CalcitriolCalcitriol CalcitoninCalcitonin

Calcium rigorCalcium rigor Calcium tetanyCalcium tetany

ExcretionExcretion

50% of the ingested calcium is 50% of the ingested calcium is excreted in the urine each day.excreted in the urine each day.

HypercalciuriaHypercalciuria Skin exfoliation and sweat (15 Skin exfoliation and sweat (15

mg/day)mg/day)

DeficiencyDeficiency

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia

ToxicityToxicity

Oversupplementation may cause Oversupplementation may cause constipation, urinary stone constipation, urinary stone formation affecting kidney function formation affecting kidney function and reduced absorption of iron, zinc and reduced absorption of iron, zinc and other minerals.and other minerals.

PhosphurosPhosphuros

85% is in the bones and teeth as a 85% is in the bones and teeth as a component of hydroxyapetitecomponent of hydroxyapetite

Ranks second to calciumRanks second to calcium

FunctionsFunctions

Energy transferEnergy transfer DNA and RNA synthesisDNA and RNA synthesis Part of phospholipidsPart of phospholipids As buffer in the form of phosphoric As buffer in the form of phosphoric

acidacid Part of hypdroxyapetite Part of hypdroxyapetite

Toxicity Toxicity

Only possible from phosphuros Only possible from phosphuros supplements, can cause calcium supplements, can cause calcium excretion from the body..excretion from the body..

Deficiency

Dietary inadequacy is not likely if protein and calcium intake are adequate

MagnesiumMagnesium

Second most abundant intracellular Second most abundant intracellular cation in the bodycation in the body 60% is found I bones60% is found I bones 26% in muscle26% in muscle Remainder in soft tissues and body Remainder in soft tissues and body

fluidsfluids

FunctionsFunctions Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-

dependent enzyme reactions.dependent enzyme reactions. Synthesis of fatty acids and proteins, Synthesis of fatty acids and proteins,

phosphorylation of glucose and its phosphorylation of glucose and its derivativesderivatives

Formation of cAMP Formation of cAMP Regulates nerve and muscle function, Regulates nerve and muscle function,

including the actions of the heart, has a including the actions of the heart, has a role in the blood clotting process and ion role in the blood clotting process and ion the immune systemthe immune system

DeficiencyDeficiency

Related to secondary causes (vomiting, Related to secondary causes (vomiting, diarrhea)diarrhea)

Symptoms: tremors, muscle spasms, Symptoms: tremors, muscle spasms, personality changes, anorexia, nausea, personality changes, anorexia, nausea, tetany, convulsions and coma.tetany, convulsions and coma.

Hypercakalemia and hypercalcemia Hypercakalemia and hypercalcemia occur first combined with impairment occur first combined with impairment of individual responsiveness to PTHof individual responsiveness to PTH

ToxicityToxicity

Can exhibit bone calcifiicationCan exhibit bone calcifiication

SulfurSulfur

Component of protein structuresComponent of protein structures Present in thiamine and biotinPresent in thiamine and biotin Sulfur is also involved with Sulfur is also involved with

maintaining the acid-base balance of maintaining the acid-base balance of the bodythe body

DeficiencyDeficiency

Do not occur; basic structure of the Do not occur; basic structure of the human cellhuman cell

26

ELECTROLYTESELECTROLYTES

WMSU BSND Review 200727

CharacteristicsCharacteristics • • electrolytes: ions, charged particles that could electrolytes: ions, charged particles that could

conduct electric currents: salts, acids, basesconduct electric currents: salts, acids, bases• • attract waterattract water• • cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++

• • anions: Clanions: Cl--, HCO, HCO33-- (bicarbonate), HPO (bicarbonate), HPO44

2-2- (biphosphate), SO(biphosphate), SO44

2-2- (sulfate), lactate, pyruvate, (sulfate), lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetateacetoacetate

• • ions in the bodyions in the body intracellular ions: contained within cell: intracellular ions: contained within cell:

potassium, phosphatepotassium, phosphate

extracellular ions: sodium, chlorideextracellular ions: sodium, chloride

WMSU BSND Review 200728

Functions of ElectrolytesFunctions of ElectrolytesA. maintain water balanceA. maintain water balanceB. maintain stable electrochemical neutralityB. maintain stable electrochemical neutrality

within the bodywithin the bodyC. regulate pH balanceC. regulate pH balanceD. regulate osmotic pressure across cell D. regulate osmotic pressure across cell

membranesmembranes passing of water from an area of less passing of water from an area of less

concentration to one of greater concentration to one of greater concentration across a semipermeable concentration across a semipermeable membranemembrane

WMSU BSND Review 200729

Mechanisms Controlling Mechanisms Controlling Electrolyte Balance in the Electrolyte Balance in the

BodyBodyA. Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) or A. Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) or

vasopressinvasopressin: function: water retention : function: water retention blood pressure or volume, blood pressure or volume, blood blood concentrationconcentration pituitary gland releases pituitary gland releases ADH ADH diuresis, kidneys reabsorb water diuresis, kidneys reabsorb water

B. AngiotensinB. Angiotensin: function: blood vessel : function: blood vessel constriction constriction

C. AldosteroneC. Aldosterone: function: Na Retention: function: Na Retentionangiotensin angiotensin stimulates adrenal glands to stimulates adrenal glands to release aldosterone release aldosterone kidneys retain more kidneys retain more Na and waterNa and water

30

SodiumSodium

Blood pressure and volume Blood pressure and volume maintenance maintenance

Major cation in the extracellular Major cation in the extracellular fluidfluid

Transmission of nerve impulsesTransmission of nerve impulses

Asborption and excretionAsborption and excretion

Readily absorbed from the intestine Readily absorbed from the intestine and carried to the kidneys, where it and carried to the kidneys, where it is filtered and returned to the blood is filtered and returned to the blood to maintain appropriate levels..to maintain appropriate levels..

99-95% of normal sodium loss 99-95% of normal sodium loss through urinethrough urine

RegulationRegulation

Sodium balance is regulated by Sodium balance is regulated by aldosterone .aldosterone .

When blood sodium level rises, the When blood sodium level rises, the thirst receptors in the hypothalamus thirst receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the thirst sensationstimulate the thirst sensation

Estrogen causes sodium and water Estrogen causes sodium and water retention. (menstrual cycle, retention. (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and taking oral pregnancy, and taking oral contraceptives)contraceptives)

DeficiencyDeficiency

DehydrationDehydration Headache, muscle cramps, Headache, muscle cramps,

weakness, reduce ability to weakness, reduce ability to concentrate, loss of memory and concentrate, loss of memory and appetite.appetite.

HyponatremiaHyponatremia

ToxicityToxicity

HypertensionHypertension EdemaEdema

PotassiumPotassium

Major cation of intracellular fluidMajor cation of intracellular fluid With sodium, involved in maintaining With sodium, involved in maintaining

normal water balance, osmotic normal water balance, osmotic equilibrium and acid-base equilibrium and acid-base regulation.regulation.

Neuromuscular activityNeuromuscular activity Promotes cellular growthPromotes cellular growth Na/K ATPase pumpNa/K ATPase pump

DeficiencyDeficiency

Similar to magnesiumSimilar to magnesium

ToxicityOccurs only from supplementation

Symptoms are similar to those of deficiency: muscle weakness, vomiting cardiac arrest

ChlorideChloride

KEY Anion in the extracellular fluidsKEY Anion in the extracellular fluids Component of hydrochloric acid.Component of hydrochloric acid.

DeficiencyRare, only during if severe vomiting occur

ToxicityFVD

Microminerals Microminerals

They are…They are…

A.k.a. Trace minerals Group of minerals needed by the body in

minute amounts to perform certain fxns. Minerals that can be supplied by an

average mixed diet since the amounts needed are very small.

As usual, less amounts taken would lead to deficiency while excessive amounts lead to toxicity.

ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL MICROMINERALSMICROMINERALS

Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Selenium (Se) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu)

Iodine (I2) Cobalt (Co) Chromuim (Cr) Molybdenum (Md) Flourine (F2)

IRON IRON

Distribution Distribution

Most abundant in the body Amount varies with age, sex,

nutrition, general health, & size of iron stores

About 25% is found in lever, spleen & bone marrow; small amounts in transport form in the blood & about 5% in every cell a constituent of certain enzymes & chromatin

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

Used to produce RBC carry oxygenated blood to exercising muscles & enables us to exercise with vigor w/c helps burn more calories.

An active component of tissue enzymes involved in the conversion of beta carotine to vitamin A

For hemoglobin formation

UTILIZATION UTILIZATION

Majority is present in food in ferric form. Absorption occurs to the same extent in the stomach, but greatest in the upper duodenum.

Factors affecting the Factors affecting the absorption of Feabsorption of Fe

Form of ironForm of iron Type of ironType of iron Body needsBody needs Bulk in the dietBulk in the diet Size of doseSize of dose Presence of phytic Presence of phytic

& oxalic acids& oxalic acids

Presence of Presence of citrates, sugar, & citrates, sugar, & some animo acidssome animo acids

Presence of tanninsPresence of tannins Intake of CoffeeIntake of Coffee Presence of Presence of

ascorbic acid ascorbic acid Direction & Direction &

malabsorption malabsorption syndromes syndromes

Sources of ironSources of iron

Clams Clams CerealCereal OystersOysters Organ meatsOrgan meats Soy beans Soy beans Pumpkin seeds Pumpkin seeds White beansWhite beans Blackstrap Blackstrap

molassesmolasses

LentilsLentils SpinachSpinach Liver sausageLiver sausage LiverLiver Faggots Faggots Shrimps (canned)Shrimps (canned) Tongue oxTongue ox Sesame seedsSesame seeds

Recommended Nutrient Recommended Nutrient intakesintakes

Men, 19 yrs above – 12 mgMen, 19 yrs above – 12 mg Women, 16-64 – 27 mg; 65+ - 10mg Women, 16-64 – 27 mg; 65+ - 10mg Pregnant women – 27-28 mgPregnant women – 27-28 mg Lactating women – 27-30 mg Lactating women – 27-30 mg Infants, 6-11 mos – 10 mg Infants, 6-11 mos – 10 mg Children, 1-9 y.o. – 8-11 mg Children, 1-9 y.o. – 8-11 mg Boys, 10-18 yrs – 13-20 mg Boys, 10-18 yrs – 13-20 mg Girls, 10-18 yrs – 19-21 mgGirls, 10-18 yrs – 19-21 mg

DEFICIENCYDEFICIENCY Can lead to anemia, characterized by a Can lead to anemia, characterized by a

reduction in size or number of RBC or in the reduction in size or number of RBC or in the quantity of Hgb or both, resulting in quantity of Hgb or both, resulting in decreased capacity of the blood to carry decreased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. This may be due to several causes:oxygen. This may be due to several causes:

1.1. Presence of inhibitions during iron Presence of inhibitions during iron absorption causes malabsorption anemia absorption causes malabsorption anemia

2.2. Inadquate info of RBCs due to Vitamin B12 Inadquate info of RBCs due to Vitamin B12 deficiency deficiency

3.3. Excessive excretion of Fe caused by blood Excessive excretion of Fe caused by blood loss in pregnancy, parasitism, or in blood loss in pregnancy, parasitism, or in blood donation leads to hemorrhagic anemia donation leads to hemorrhagic anemia

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

one of the most common one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases in the nutritional deficiency diseases in the RP. Usually occurs among infants, RP. Usually occurs among infants, children, pregnant & lactating children, pregnant & lactating women & elderly. women & elderly.

ToxicityToxicity

Excessive amount of Fe in the body is Excessive amount of Fe in the body is known asknown as

HEMOSIDEROSISHEMOSIDEROSIS It may be caused by exessive Fe intake It may be caused by exessive Fe intake

through use of supplements. through use of supplements. Excessive intake of Fe is common among Excessive intake of Fe is common among

Bantus who cook their food in iron pots. Bantus who cook their food in iron pots. Another kind of overload is Another kind of overload is

hemochromatosis, w/c could be a hemochromatosis, w/c could be a genetically transmitted disease. genetically transmitted disease.

ZINCZINC

DistributionDistribution

Average adult body contains a total Average adult body contains a total of 1.4 – 2.5 gm Zinc (Zn). of 1.4 – 2.5 gm Zinc (Zn).

Present in pancreas, liver, kidney, Present in pancreas, liver, kidney, lungs, endocrine glands, & lungs, endocrine glands, & spermatozoa: the skeletal muscles spermatozoa: the skeletal muscles usually represent the greatest usually represent the greatest proportion (60%) of the total body. proportion (60%) of the total body.

FunctionsFunctions

Important factor in host immune defensesImportant factor in host immune defenses Has been associated with stored insulinHas been associated with stored insulin Plays a role in the acceleration of wound Plays a role in the acceleration of wound

healing & for a normal sense of taste healing & for a normal sense of taste Necessary for the dev’t of the male Necessary for the dev’t of the male

reproductive fxns & spermatogenesis, reproductive fxns & spermatogenesis, specifically in the formation of specifically in the formation of testosterone testosterone

Essential component of several Essential component of several metalloenzymesmetalloenzymes

utilizationutilization

Absrobed mainly in the upper Absrobed mainly in the upper jejunum. This may come from food jejunum. This may come from food or from the enteropancreatic or from the enteropancreatic circulation of endogenous Zn. circulation of endogenous Zn.

Transported by a carrier into the Transported by a carrier into the mucosal cells, picked up by albumin mucosal cells, picked up by albumin & taken into the liver before & taken into the liver before redistribution to the other tissuesredistribution to the other tissues

Excretion is mainly through feces. Excretion is mainly through feces.

Food sourcesFood sources

MilkMilk Meat Meat LiverLiver Oysters Oysters

Eggs Eggs Nuts Nuts Legumes Legumes Whole grainsWhole grains cerealcereal

Deficiency Deficiency

Slow growth Slow growth Alopecia Alopecia Hypospermia Hypospermia Delayed sexual maturationDelayed sexual maturation White cell defects White cell defects Impaired dark adaptation (night Impaired dark adaptation (night

blindness)blindness) Delayed wound healingDelayed wound healing

SELENIUSELENIUM M

Greatest concentration is found in liver, Greatest concentration is found in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, mails, & tooth enamel kidney, heart, spleen, mails, & tooth enamel

Total amt. in the body is 5-20 mgTotal amt. in the body is 5-20 mg Reduce or prevent effects of Vit. E Reduce or prevent effects of Vit. E

deficiency deficiency No physiological mechanism that controls No physiological mechanism that controls

Se absorption Se absorption One of the antioxidant nutrientsthat prevent One of the antioxidant nutrientsthat prevent

free radicals from damaging normal cells. free radicals from damaging normal cells. A component of glutathione peroxidase (GP) A component of glutathione peroxidase (GP)

w/c is responsible for inactivating the w/c is responsible for inactivating the peroxides that causes oxidation or rancidity peroxides that causes oxidation or rancidity of fats. of fats.

2 major forms of Se2 major forms of Se

Selenomothionine – derived Selenomothionine – derived ultimately from plants ultimately from plants

Selenocysteine – from animalsSelenocysteine – from animals

Food sourcesFood sources

Organ meats Organ meats Muscle meats Muscle meats Seafoods Seafoods Whole grain cerealsWhole grain cereals Dairy products Dairy products Garlic Garlic

Recommended Nutrient Recommended Nutrient IntakesIntakes

31 mcg for adult men & women 31 mcg for adult men & women Additional 4 mcg for pregnany Additional 4 mcg for pregnany

woemnwoemn Additional 9 mg for lactating Additional 9 mg for lactating

mothers mothers

Absorption Absorption

Rate is dependent upon source, form, Rate is dependent upon source, form, solubility of the selenium compound, & solubility of the selenium compound, & the dietary ratio of Selenium to sulfur. the dietary ratio of Selenium to sulfur.

Much is ingested through the form of Much is ingested through the form of seleno-amino acid. seleno-amino acid.

Forms of cancer associated with Se Forms of cancer associated with Se are also those influenced by high fat & are also those influenced by high fat & lower fiber diets, such as in cases of lower fiber diets, such as in cases of colon, rectum, prostate, & breast colon, rectum, prostate, & breast cancers. cancers.

DeficiencyDeficiency

Cardiomyopathy – primary heart Cardiomyopathy – primary heart muscle disease muscle disease

Muscle inflamation Muscle inflamation Growth retardation Growth retardation

Toxicity Toxicity

20 – 30 times more than the 20 – 30 times more than the requirement can lead to Se toxicity. requirement can lead to Se toxicity.

Signs observed include: loss of hair Signs observed include: loss of hair & nails, dental carries, dermatitis, & nails, dental carries, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, irritability, & peripheral neuropathy, irritability, & fatigue. fatigue.

ManganeManganesese

Only about 10-20 mg of Mn is Only about 10-20 mg of Mn is present in the adult body. present in the adult body.

A component of cell enzymes A component of cell enzymes pyruvate cocarboxylase, & pyruvate cocarboxylase, & superoxide dismutase superoxide dismutase

Acts as a catalyst for a number of Acts as a catalyst for a number of enzymes necessary in glucose, enzymes necessary in glucose, protein, & fat metabolism. protein, & fat metabolism.

Plays a role in the formation of urea Plays a role in the formation of urea as part of enzyme arginase as part of enzyme arginase

Increases storage of thiamine & is Increases storage of thiamine & is needed for bone dev’t. needed for bone dev’t.

Absorption Absorption Through the intestine is minimal, a portion Through the intestine is minimal, a portion

is rejected by the intestine is excreted by is rejected by the intestine is excreted by feces. feces.

Small quantity is absorbed in the S.I., & Small quantity is absorbed in the S.I., & transported, loosely-bound with CHON to transported, loosely-bound with CHON to the tissues for storage & utilization. the tissues for storage & utilization.

The amount is utilized by the tissues is The amount is utilized by the tissues is ultimately discarded to the bile w/c ultimately discarded to the bile w/c returns to the intestines & excreted w/ returns to the intestines & excreted w/ other body wastes. other body wastes.

Large intake of Calcium & Fe depresses Large intake of Calcium & Fe depresses Mn AbsorptionMn Absorption

Food sources Food sources

NutsNuts Whole grain Whole grain Dried legumes Dried legumes Tea Tea Green, leafy vegetables Green, leafy vegetables Dried fruits Dried fruits

Recommended nutrient Recommended nutrient intakes intakes

Adult males (19 up) – 2-3 mg / day Adult males (19 up) – 2-3 mg / day Adult females (19 up) – 1.8 mg / day Adult females (19 up) – 1.8 mg / day Children (1-12) - 1.2-1.9 mg / day Children (1-12) - 1.2-1.9 mg / day Adolesecent girls (13-18) – 16 mg / Adolesecent girls (13-18) – 16 mg /

day day Adolescent boys (13-18) – 2.2 mg / Adolescent boys (13-18) – 2.2 mg /

dayday

Deficiency Deficiency

Weight loss Weight loss DermatitisDermatitis Nausea Nausea Hypocholesterolemia Hypocholesterolemia Changes in color & growth of hair & Changes in color & growth of hair &

nails nails

Toxicity Toxicity

Workers exposed experienced Workers exposed experienced asthenia, apathy, anorexia, asthenia, apathy, anorexia, headache, muscle cramps, & speech headache, muscle cramps, & speech disturbances disturbances

COBALCOBALTT

FXNS & DISTRIBUTIONSFXNS & DISTRIBUTIONS

Found only in trace amounts in the body Found only in trace amounts in the body Important as a constituent in Vitamin Important as a constituent in Vitamin

B12 (for RBC formation)B12 (for RBC formation) For normal fxning of all cells, For normal fxning of all cells,

particularly bone marrow, Nervous particularly bone marrow, Nervous system, & the GITsystem, & the GIT

Quickly excreted in the urineQuickly excreted in the urine Small amount is excreted in the feces & Small amount is excreted in the feces &

sweatsweat

Food sourcesFood sources

Widely distributed in nature Widely distributed in nature Liver, kidney, oysters & clams are Liver, kidney, oysters & clams are

rich sources. rich sources. Lean beef, veal, poultry, salt, water, Lean beef, veal, poultry, salt, water,

fish, & milk are good sources. fish, & milk are good sources.

Requirements Requirements

Restricted to the body’s need for Restricted to the body’s need for vitamin B12. it is an integral part of vitamin B12. it is an integral part of the vitamin, hence the vitamin, hence cobalamincobalamin is the is the other name given for vitamin B12. other name given for vitamin B12.

Deficiency & toxicityDeficiency & toxicity

Result to pernicious anemiaResult to pernicious anemia Excess cobalt may result inExcess cobalt may result in

POLYCYTHEMIAPOLYCYTHEMIA, increase in , increase in number of RBCs, & Hyperplasia of number of RBCs, & Hyperplasia of the bone marrow. the bone marrow.

CHROMIUCHROMIUMM

FXNs & DistributionFXNs & Distribution

Required trace nutrient for man total Required trace nutrient for man total body content of Cr is about 6-10 mg. body content of Cr is about 6-10 mg.

Cr has the ability to raise abnormally low Cr has the ability to raise abnormally low fasting blood sugar levels & to improve fasting blood sugar levels & to improve faulty uptake of sugar by body tissues. faulty uptake of sugar by body tissues.

As part of Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), As part of Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), its physiological role is to assist insulin in its physiological role is to assist insulin in moving through glucose through the moving through glucose through the membrane into the cell. membrane into the cell.

Stimulates the synhtsis of fatty acids & Stimulates the synhtsis of fatty acids & cholesterol in the liver. cholesterol in the liver.

Food sources Food sources

Includes corn oil (500 ppm), clams, Includes corn oil (500 ppm), clams, whole grain cereals, vegetables (30-50 whole grain cereals, vegetables (30-50 ppm), meat, & brewer’s yeast. ppm), meat, & brewer’s yeast.

Fruits contain trace amounts depeding Fruits contain trace amounts depeding on the soil, species, & the seasonon the soil, species, & the season

Drinking water may supply up to 10 Drinking water may supply up to 10 mcg/Lmcg/L

Imitation from industrial waste may be Imitation from industrial waste may be dangerous & hazardous. dangerous & hazardous.

Requirement Requirement

50-200 mcg/day – normal adults50-200 mcg/day – normal adults 10-60 mcg/day – infants 10-60 mcg/day – infants 20-200 mcg/day – children & 20-200 mcg/day – children &

adolescentsadolescents

Deficiency Deficiency

Glucose intoleranceGlucose intolerance Increased incidence of diabetesIncreased incidence of diabetes Decreased glycogen reservesDecreased glycogen reserves Retarded growthRetarded growth Disturbed amino acid metabolism. Disturbed amino acid metabolism.

Toxicity Toxicity

Excess intake as a result of Excess intake as a result of inhalation of Cr from industrial inhalation of Cr from industrial wastes has been associated with an wastes has been associated with an increased incidence of bronchial increased incidence of bronchial cancer. cancer.

Corrosive to the skin & mucous Corrosive to the skin & mucous membrane of the respiratory & membrane of the respiratory & intestinal tracks. intestinal tracks.

FLUORINFLUORINEE

FXNs & distributionFXNs & distribution

Found primarily in the bones & teeth, & Found primarily in the bones & teeth, & trace amounts in the thyroid glands & trace amounts in the thyroid glands & skinskin

Ingested fluorides are completely ionized Ingested fluorides are completely ionized & rapidly absorbed to be used up by the & rapidly absorbed to be used up by the bones & teeth. bones & teeth.

About 50% is rapidly excreted in the About 50% is rapidly excreted in the urine. urine.

Absorption of F may be retarded by Ca & Absorption of F may be retarded by Ca & Al salts. Al salts.

Crystals of hydroxyapatile w/c Crystals of hydroxyapatile w/c normally appear in the teeth are normally appear in the teeth are replaced with crystals of replaced with crystals of fluoroapetite (less solube in acid & fluoroapetite (less solube in acid & are more resistant to cardiogenic are more resistant to cardiogenic cation of acids in the mouth)cation of acids in the mouth)

F in the dentin & enamel of the teeth F in the dentin & enamel of the teeth forms a more stable compound thus forms a more stable compound thus reducing dental carries & reducing dental carries & minimizing bone loss. minimizing bone loss.

F is effective in the treatment of F is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis. osteoporosis.

Sources & requirement Sources & requirement Water is the major source of F; may be Water is the major source of F; may be

obtained from natural resources or through obtained from natural resources or through fluoridation. fluoridation.

Food sources contain with little F w/ the Food sources contain with little F w/ the exception of:exception of:

1.1. Tea – contains as much as 100ppm (dry, Tea – contains as much as 100ppm (dry, chinese tea)chinese tea)

2.2. Ordinary tea – 0.457mg/100gmOrdinary tea – 0.457mg/100gm

3.3. Coffee – 0.250 mg/100gmCoffee – 0.250 mg/100gm

4.4. Soybeans – 0.40-0.67 mg/100gmSoybeans – 0.40-0.67 mg/100gm

5.5. Sea food – about 5-10 ppmSea food – about 5-10 ppm

Other sourcesOther sources

FLUORIDE – CONTAINING FLUORIDE – CONTAINING DENTRIFICESDENTRIFICES

Children <5 yrs 26-35% of the Children <5 yrs 26-35% of the dentrifice used. dentrifice used.

Due to the relative inability of young Due to the relative inability of young children to control their swallowing children to control their swallowing reflex. reflex.

An average of 0.30 mg of fluoride is An average of 0.30 mg of fluoride is ingested each time the teeth is brushed. ingested each time the teeth is brushed.

Philippine Philippine Recommendation for safe & Recommendation for safe &

adequate daily dietary adequate daily dietary intakeintake Infants – 0-6 months (0.01 mg); 6-11 Infants – 0-6 months (0.01 mg); 6-11

mo (0.5mg)mo (0.5mg) Adolescent & adult females – 2.5 mg Adolescent & adult females – 2.5 mg Adolsecent male – (13-18) 2.5-2.9 Adolsecent male – (13-18) 2.5-2.9

mg; (19 above) 3.0 mg. mg; (19 above) 3.0 mg. Children – (1-3 yrs) 0.7 mg; (4-6) 1.0 Children – (1-3 yrs) 0.7 mg; (4-6) 1.0

mg; (7-9) 1.2 mg; (10-12) 1.7-1.8 mg mg; (7-9) 1.2 mg; (10-12) 1.7-1.8 mg Recommended dosage ranges from Recommended dosage ranges from

0.25 mg – 1.0 mg/day. 0.25 mg – 1.0 mg/day.

Deficiency & toxicityDeficiency & toxicity

Lack of fluorine increases the risk of Lack of fluorine increases the risk of dental cariesdental caries

Excess fluorine will cause molting of Excess fluorine will cause molting of the enamel or dental fluorosis. the enamel or dental fluorosis.

CRIPPLING SKELETAL FLUOROSIS CRIPPLING SKELETAL FLUOROSIS Advanced stage of fluoride Advanced stage of fluoride

intoxicationintoxication Calcification of the tendons & Calcification of the tendons &

ligaments & a progressive ligaments & a progressive hypermineralization of the skeleton hypermineralization of the skeleton particularly the spinal column & particularly the spinal column & pelvis. pelvis.

Results in the ingestion of 10-25 mg Results in the ingestion of 10-25 mg of F/day for 10-20 years. of F/day for 10-20 years.

MOLYBDENUMOLYBDENUMM

About 9 mg of Mo is present in the About 9 mg of Mo is present in the body. Though very small, it is as body. Though very small, it is as important to health as B vitamins & important to health as B vitamins & magnesiummagnesium

Mo is concentrated in the kidneys, Mo is concentrated in the kidneys, adrenal glands & BC. Also present in adrenal glands & BC. Also present in bound form as an integral part of bound form as an integral part of various enzyme molecules. various enzyme molecules.

1.1. Xanthine oxidase – oxidation of Xanthine oxidase – oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. xanthine to uric acid.

2.2. Liver aldehyde oxidase – catalyzing the Liver aldehyde oxidase – catalyzing the oxydaion of aldehydes to oxydaion of aldehydes to corresponding the oxydation of corresponding the oxydation of corresponding carboxylic acidcorresponding carboxylic acid

3. Sulfite oxidase – degradation of 3. Sulfite oxidase – degradation of sulfur derived from amino acids. sulfur derived from amino acids.

Mo is readily absorbed from the Mo is readily absorbed from the GIT, excreted via urine. GIT, excreted via urine.

High sulfate diets increase urinary High sulfate diets increase urinary excretion of Mo. excretion of Mo.

Food sources & Food sources & requirementsrequirements

Legumes like dried peas & beans (3-5 Legumes like dried peas & beans (3-5 ppm)ppm)

Lean meats & poultry (2-5 ppm)Lean meats & poultry (2-5 ppm) Milk & milk prods. are relatively rich Milk & milk prods. are relatively rich

sources of Mo.sources of Mo. Whole grain cereals (0.6-5 ppm)Whole grain cereals (0.6-5 ppm) Dark green leafy vegies are fair sourcesDark green leafy vegies are fair sources Other vegies & fruits in general are poor Other vegies & fruits in general are poor

sources sources

Infants – 15-40 mcg/day Infants – 15-40 mcg/day Children- 25-150 mcgChildren- 25-150 mcg Adolecents & adults – 75-250 mcg Adolecents & adults – 75-250 mcg

are recommended for adequacy are recommended for adequacy

Deficiency & Toxicity Deficiency & Toxicity

Toxicity has not been observed in Toxicity has not been observed in human beings. In experimental human beings. In experimental animals, it is characterized by animals, it is characterized by diarrhea, anemia, & depressed diarrhea, anemia, & depressed growth rate. growth rate.

High intake can alter the activity of High intake can alter the activity of alkaline phosphatase & produce alkaline phosphatase & produce certain bone abnormalities. certain bone abnormalities.

Doses above 10-15 mg/day, Mo Doses above 10-15 mg/day, Mo might cause gout-like symptoms. might cause gout-like symptoms.

OTHER OTHER TRACE TRACE

ELEMENTSELEMENTS

OTHER OTHER TRACE TRACE

ELEMENTSELEMENTS

LEADLEAD

Can cause health problems in children. Can cause health problems in children. Found in paint in old buildings, leaded Found in paint in old buildings, leaded

gasoline, colored newsprints, etc. gasoline, colored newsprints, etc. High levels can affect the child’s High levels can affect the child’s

mental dev’t, possibly causing mental dev’t, possibly causing retardation & neurological handicaps.retardation & neurological handicaps.

In adults, can be connected to CV In adults, can be connected to CV disease. Diets low in Ca can increase disease. Diets low in Ca can increase Pb absorption & decrease its excretion. Pb absorption & decrease its excretion.

BORONBORON Concentrated in leaves & fruits. Concentrated in leaves & fruits. Bo affects mineral metabolism of Ca, Bo affects mineral metabolism of Ca,

phosphorous, & Mg; may affect parathormone phosphorous, & Mg; may affect parathormone action; the formation of the active form of action; the formation of the active form of calciferol. calciferol.

Reduces Ca loss & increases levels of circulation Reduces Ca loss & increases levels of circulation estrogen; plays a role in pyramidine metabolism estrogen; plays a role in pyramidine metabolism by stimulating RNA synthesis in plants. by stimulating RNA synthesis in plants.

Deprivation results in growth retardation. Deprivation results in growth retardation. Toxicity: (signs) nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, Toxicity: (signs) nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

dermatitis, & lethargy. It also induces urinary dermatitis, & lethargy. It also induces urinary excretion of riboflavin. excretion of riboflavin.

ALUMINUMALUMINUM Used to form kitchen utensils & an additive in Used to form kitchen utensils & an additive in

processed cheese, & as an ingredient in analgesics processed cheese, & as an ingredient in analgesics & antacids. & antacids.

Adults contain 50-60 mg. Adults contain 50-60 mg. When Al accumulates, the brain & bones are the When Al accumulates, the brain & bones are the

sites most affected; inhibit mineralization of bones; sites most affected; inhibit mineralization of bones; in the brain, has been associated with Alzheimer’s in the brain, has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease & some other dementia. disease & some other dementia.

Excess Al binds to ferretinExcess Al binds to ferretin Iron deficiency may enhance Aluminum absorption Iron deficiency may enhance Aluminum absorption

& excess aluminum may cause anemia even & excess aluminum may cause anemia even without iron deficiency. without iron deficiency.

CADMIUMCADMIUM

Found in kidneys & liverFound in kidneys & liver Food sources are seafood & whole grainsFood sources are seafood & whole grains Can damage the proximal tubule eventually Can damage the proximal tubule eventually

resulting in proteinuria if kidneys are resulting in proteinuria if kidneys are affected. affected.

High levels are associated with High levels are associated with hypertensionhypertension

Most Cd are found in cigarette smoke. Most Cd are found in cigarette smoke. Excess may cause growth retardation, Excess may cause growth retardation,

impaired reproduction, & even cancer.impaired reproduction, & even cancer.

ARSENICARSENIC Usually found in the skin, hair, & nails. Usually found in the skin, hair, & nails. Rapidly excreted in the urine if ingested.Rapidly excreted in the urine if ingested. May be involved in phospolipid metabolism but its May be involved in phospolipid metabolism but its

role is still unclear. role is still unclear. Has a special affinity in keratin & other proteins. Has a special affinity in keratin & other proteins. Shellfish, fish, & shrimps are good sources Shellfish, fish, & shrimps are good sources Chronic toxicity is characterized by weakness, aching Chronic toxicity is characterized by weakness, aching

muscles, GIT probs, peripheral neuropathy, & muscles, GIT probs, peripheral neuropathy, & changes in the pigmentation fingernails & skin. changes in the pigmentation fingernails & skin.

Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring concentrations in hair & urine, rather monitoring concentrations in hair & urine, rather than those of blood. than those of blood.

105

WATERWATER

106

Characteristics and Facts About Characteristics and Facts About WaterWater

• • classified as BOTH a food and classified as BOTH a food and nutrientnutrient

• • one of the most importantone of the most important

10% water loss in the body 10% water loss in the body illness illness

20% water loss in the body 20% water loss in the body death death

107

Percentage of Body Weight Percentage of Body Weight as Water and Locationas Water and Location

• • Water makes up to 60 % of the total Water makes up to 60 % of the total bodybody

weight of an adult and 75% of that of an weight of an adult and 75% of that of an

infantinfant

• • Body water tends to decrease as body Body water tends to decrease as body fat fat

increases increases

108

Percentage of Body Weight Percentage of Body Weight as Water and Locationas Water and Location

Body weight

% of Total Body Weight

composed of H20

Normal-weight person

60

Obese person 50

Lean person 70

109

Water is located in fluid Water is located in fluid compartmentscompartments

1. Within the cells ( intracellular water) – 40% of 1. Within the cells ( intracellular water) – 40% of

body weightbody weight

2. Outside the cells (extracellular water) – 20 % 2. Outside the cells (extracellular water) – 20 %

of body weightof body weight

3. Small amounts are in3. Small amounts are in

Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid Synovial fluidSynovial fluid

Ocular fluidOcular fluid Bones and cartilagesBones and cartilages

110

Functions of Water in the BodyFunctions of Water in the Body

H2O

Transport Agent

Reactant

Tissue Lubricant

Helps maintain body temp

Solvent

111

Movement of Water Between Movement of Water Between Fluid CompartmentsFluid Compartments

1. Edema – Accumulation of water in 1. Edema – Accumulation of water in tissuestissues

2. Dehydration – An excess loss of fluids 2. Dehydration – An excess loss of fluids from tissuesfrom tissues

112

Mechanisms Responsible for the Mechanisms Responsible for the Shifting of Fluids Between Shifting of Fluids Between

Compartments Compartments1. Osmosis1. Osmosis

- movement of water from a low-solute - movement of water from a low-solute concentration to a high-solute concentration to a high-solute concentration through a membrane concentration through a membrane permeable to water onlypermeable to water only- Solutes cannot pass across the - Solutes cannot pass across the membrane membrane osmotic pressure osmotic pressure- Osmotic pressure varies directly with - Osmotic pressure varies directly with the concentration of solutesthe concentration of solutes

- Movement occurs until equilibrium - Movement occurs until equilibrium is establishedis established

113

2. Osmolality2. Osmolality- the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent- the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent

A. Osmole – the standard unit of measure of osmotic A. Osmole – the standard unit of measure of osmotic pressurepressure

B. Milliosmole (mOsm) – equals 1/1000B. Milliosmole (mOsm) – equals 1/1000thth of an of an osmoleosmole

Criteria to determine the osmolality of a Criteria to determine the osmolality of a solutionsolution

A. The number of solute particles in a solutionA. The number of solute particles in a solution concentration of a solutionconcentration of a solution osmolalityosmolality B. Size of the particlesB. Size of the particles smaller particles smaller particles osmolalityosmolality

Mechanisms Responsible for the Mechanisms Responsible for the Shifting of Fluids Between Shifting of Fluids Between

Compartments Compartments

114

Osmolality of Body FluidsOsmolality of Body Fluids- Osmolality of normal body fluids Osmolality of normal body fluids ~ 300 mOsm/kg~ 300 mOsm/kg

1. Isotonic – osmolalities of the plasma & the RBC are equal1. Isotonic – osmolalities of the plasma & the RBC are equal

- No net change occurs in the RBC- No net change occurs in the RBC

2. Hypotonic – the osmolality of the plasma is 2. Hypotonic – the osmolality of the plasma is than that of than that of

the RBCthe RBC

- results to movement of water - results to movement of water RBC RBC

3. Hypertonic – osmolarity of the plasma is higher than that3. Hypertonic – osmolarity of the plasma is higher than that

of the RBCof the RBC

- water moves out of the RBC - water moves out of the RBC RBC shrink RBC shrink

115

Table 1. Water Balance Table 1. Water Balance (Average figures in ml) (Average figures in ml)

Source Water Intake

Fluids 1400

Water in food 700

Water from cellular oxidation of food

200

1 g CHO = 0.6 g water

1 g CHON = 0.4 g water

1 g Fat = 1.0 g water

TOTAL 2300

116

Water BalanceWater Balance

• • The amount of water taken in daily is The amount of water taken in daily is approximately equivalent to the amount approximately equivalent to the amount lostlost

when intake > output (edema)when intake > output (edema)

when intake < output when intake < output (dehydration)(dehydration)

117

Table 2. Water Balance Table 2. Water Balance (Average output in ml) (Average output in ml)

Normal Temp Hot Weather Prolonged Exercise

Urine 1400 1200 500

Water in Feces

100 100 100

Skin (sweat) 100 1400 5000

Insensible loss

Skin

Respiratory Tract

350 350 350

250 250 650

TOTAL 2300 3300 6600

118

Water BalanceWater Balance• • Water intake = Water output Water intake = Water output metabolic metabolic equilibriumequilibrium • • Factors Affecting Water BalanceFactors Affecting Water Balance

1. Intake: thirst and appetite1. Intake: thirst and appetite note: when water intake is note: when water intake is

insufficient to meet needs insufficient to meet needs conservation conservation of water from kidneys and intestineof water from kidneys and intestine

2. Excretion: endocrine glands, 2. Excretion: endocrine glands, environmental temperatureenvironmental temperature

• • fluid intake APPROXIMATES urine fluid intake APPROXIMATES urine outputoutput

119

• • Water intakeWater intake SourcesSources1. Water1. Water2. Other fluids2. Other fluids3. Water bound in foods3. Water bound in foods

fruits and vegetables: 60-69% waterfruits and vegetables: 60-69% water meat and fish: 37-85%meat and fish: 37-85%

dried foods: 2-12%dried foods: 2-12% fatty foods: 0-minimalfatty foods: 0-minimal

Water Balance

120

Water BalanceWater Balance4. Metabolic water: from oxidation 4. Metabolic water: from oxidation

100 g CHO 100 g CHO oxidation oxidation 55 ml water 55 ml water100 g CHON 100 g CHON 41 ml water 41 ml water100 g fat 100 g fat oxidation oxidation 107 ml water 107 ml water

GIT GIT direct absorption into blood & lymph direct absorption into blood & lymph Vasopressin or Antidiuretic HormoneVasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone

(ADH):secreted by pituitary gland; suppresses(ADH):secreted by pituitary gland; suppresses diuresis and stimulates water reabsorption in diuresis and stimulates water reabsorption in kidney tubuleskidney tubules

121

Water OutputWater Output1. Skin: sweat and insensible perspiration1. Skin: sweat and insensible perspiration2. Lungs: vapor in expired air2. Lungs: vapor in expired air3. GIT: feces3. GIT: feces4. Kidneys: urine4. Kidneys: urine5. Others: tears, saliva, stomach suction, 5. Others: tears, saliva, stomach suction, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, drainage form vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, drainage form burns, ulcerative discharge, skin diseases burns, ulcerative discharge, skin diseases and injuries, pregnancy (for increased and injuries, pregnancy (for increased extracellular fluid space and amniotic fluid), extracellular fluid space and amniotic fluid), lactation (for milk secretion)lactation (for milk secretion)

122

Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water

Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg

Body Weight

Adults, y ml/kg

Young active, 15-30 40

Average, 25-55 35

Older, 55-65 30

Elderly, > 65 25Note: + 15 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg at age > 50

123

Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water

Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg

Body Weight

Children, kg

1-10 100

11-20 + 50 ml/kg in excess of 10 kg

21 or more + 20 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg

124

Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water

Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements, ml/kg

Energy Intake 1 ml/kcal for adults

1.5 ml/ kcal for infants

Nitrogen + energy intake 100 ml/g Nitrogen intake plus 1 ml/kcal

Body Surface Area 1500 ml/m

Reference: 2002 RENI

Daghang salamat!! XOXODaghang salamat!! XOXO