80
1368-1644
Established by Emperor Hongwu
• Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule
• Centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor
- Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce a family to challenge the emperor’s dynasty
-- Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce government policies
• Reestablished Civil Service system based on Confucian values to ensure scholar-gentry bureaucracy based on ability—not friends or social standing
MING CHINA
continued
• China completed the Great Wall in the Ming period
• Response to previous Mongol invasions
• Successfully protected China from outside invaders
• The only time that invaders got beyond the wall and invaded was when China was experiencing internal problems
The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of Heaven, or Tian Tan, built during the Ming dynasty in Beijing, China. The red walls and gold detailing are typical of Ming architecture.
continued
• Increased commercial activity + population increase led to economic expansion
• New food groups from the Americas (maize & peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation
• Increased food = population increase
• Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus
• Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain
• The silk trade was its most profitable = China protected the secret of silkmaking for many centuries
• Demanded tribute from surrounding states
Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange
• European conquest European conquest of the new world of the new world brought changes on brought changes on all sidesall sides
• Movement of goods Movement of goods and ideas from each and ideas from each side is called the side is called the Columbian Columbian Exchange.Exchange.
continued
• Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade expanded
• European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in China’s 2 main port cities =
• Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power
Between 1405-1433, China launched huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and beyond
Enormous fleets
• huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men
• brought back unimaginable wealth to China
Admiral Zheng He commanded the fleets
• Muslim from western China
• Well suited to deal with Muslims on southeast Asian trade routes
• resented by Confucian bureaucrats
• Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast
• Established tributary relationships
• Technologically advanced fleets and armies could face any adversary
•Traded porcelain and silk from China
• Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included exotic African animals that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo
• Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean
• Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships
• Europeans were no match for Chinese ships
• China canceled the fleets in 1433• The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He• Feared Mongolian attacks from the north• Used the money to strengthen defense and agriculture• The government destroyed his nautical charts• Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair
• China’s withdrawal from world trade unintentionally cleared the way for European expansion and domination of world trade
• The revival of civil service exams encouraged the creation of an extensive scholar-bureaucrat class, responsible for governing the empire
• Restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the subordination of women
• women were more tightly controlled in many ways
• widows were strongly discouraged from remarrying
• foot binding was increasingly popular = even in the lower classes
Literature
• Yongle Encyclopedia = a collection of Chinese philosophy, literature, and history
• Chinese novels became more popular
• Increased literacy
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)
Write the question and the correct answer to the following questions on a separate sheet of paper and turn it in.
Be sure your name is on the paper.
This is a summative grade.
Which one of the artworks above reflects the cultural achievements of Tang China?
A B C D
Which of the following best explains why the Chinese built the Great Wall and the Grand Canal?
A The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were built to discourage Chinese peasants from emigrating.
B The Great Wall was built to protect from invasions, while the Grand Canal was meant to provide an alternative transportation route between the north and south.
C The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were constructed to restrict the exchange of goods with foreign merchants.
D The Great Wall was constructed to protect farming villages from seasonal floods, while the Grand Canal was meant to improve access to coastal cities.
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)
• Geography shaped development
• Archipelago
• Mountainous
• Only 11% farmed
• Volcanic
• Frequent earthquakes
• Earliest settlers were nomads from northeastern Asia
- Brought their own language, culture, & religion
- Agricultural society modeled on China
Continued
• 1st societies based on clans
• 2 classes
- rulers = Divine
- rice farmers, artisans, servants
• Yamoto Prince Shotoku Taishi
• 573-621
• Unified Japan
• Created administrative districts
• Rural village = basic governmental unit
• Yamato ruler = “Heavenly Emperor”
• Controlled by Fujiwara Family
• Capital was at Nara
• Aristocratic families kept land taxes
• Weak government
Continued
• Capital moved to Heian, near Kyoto
• Fujiwara clan still controlled the Emperor
• Powerful families dominated rural areas
- relied on Military Force
- Samurai = “those who serve”
- Bushido = “the way of the warrior”
- owed their loyalty to their employer
- Declined because land became concentrated in the hands of a small class of wealthy elites
Continued
• Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
•Decentralized political power
• Regional warlords (daimyo) controlled the land and the economy
• Valued military talent and discipline
• Samurai played important roles as mounted warriors loyal to their lords and the bushido code
Continued
Minamoto Yoritomo
Ended civil wars
Established capital near Tokyo
Centralized government
Military leader = Shogun
- General
- Controlled the Emperor
1192 - 1333
Europe Japan
Code of Conduct Chivalry Bushido
Warriors Knights Samurai; Daimyo
Ruler King Emperor = figurehead
Shogun = real power
Read “Japan Faces Kublai Khan” on page 246 in Glencoe
Write the question and the answer on a sheet of paper
1. Who was Kublai Khan?
2. Why did he attack Japan?
3. What happened to the Mongolian fleet?
4. Why was this a turning point in Asian history?
5. Define kamikaze.
6. What is another definition of kamikaze?
Continued
1274 - Kublai Khan sent attack fleet; forced to retreat
1281 – 2nd attack attempt
4,440 ships, 150,000 Mongol warriors
“Divine Wind”
Violent typhoon
Destroyed the Mongol Fleet
Japan not invaded again until U.S. in 1945
• Mongolian attacks strained the Kamakura shogunate
• 1333 - Ashikaga family took over
• Aristocratic power grew in the 14th-15th centuries
• Daimyo = (“great names”) = heads of noble families
• 1467-1477: Onin Civil War destroyed Kyoto
Continued
Continued
• Agricultural society
• Manufacturing developed in the Kamakura Era
-Produced paper, iron casting, porcelain
- Exports: swords, paintings, raw materials
- Traded with Korea & China
Continued
Some equality at 1st
Later, clearly subordinate to males
Active roles at all levels of society
Educated
Poets = “The Tale of the Genji” by Murasaki Shikibu
Lady Tomoe Gozen
Continued
Zen Buddhism
- brought to Japan by Chinese monks
- part of the Samurais’ code of behavior
- seek enlightenment suddenly or through meditation
Shinto = Japanese state religion- spirits = kami = in nature- spirits of the ancestors
Peninsula
Influenced by China & Japan
109 B.C.E. – China controlled north
3 Early Kingdoms
Koguryo - north
Paekche (pah EHK chee) -southwest
Silla - southeast
10th century = Koryo Dynasty arose in north
13th century = harsh Mongolian rule inflicted tremendous suffering on Korean people
1392 – Yi Song-gye established Yi Dynasty
• 5th century - Gupta Empire destroyed by Hun invaders
• India plagued by civil war for centuries
• 8th century –Islam became popular in the northwest
• 10th century – Turkish slaves founded the Islamic state of Ghazni (Afghanistan now)
• 997 – Mahmud of Ghazni extended his rule throughout the Indus Valley to the Indian Ocean
• Rajputs, Hindu warriors, fought unsuccessfully against Mahmud
• 1200 - Muslims controlled all of northern India
- created the Sultanate of Delhi
• 1369 Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) crossed the Indus River
- Mongol leader from Samarkand
- 100,000 Hindi prisoners slaughtered
• By the 1380’s, empire stretched from the eastern Caspian Sea to India
• Muslims treated India like conquerors
• Hindi-Muslim bitterness
• Hinduism = main religion in India
• Buddhism
-Theravada = way of life centered on salvation
-Mahayana = religion that makes Buddha a divine figure
Khajuraho Hindu Temple
• Peasant revolts were short-lived
• Manchus from northeastern China (Manchuria) attacked
• Manchus were less than 5% Chinese population
1644-1911
Created a new social system
• Chinese subjects had to wear certain clothing
• Tie their hair into long braids = queues
• Males had to shave their foreheads: “lose your hair or lose your head”
• Form of subjugation
• Forbade intermarriage between Manchus & Chinese
• Illegal for Chinese to learn the Manchurian language
• Gunpowder empire = an empire who uses firearms to conquer territories and maintain control; mastery of naval and land-based siege cannons were particularly effective
• Qing used cannons effectively against the Mongols
• Marked the end of any serious nomadic threat on the inner Asian frontiers
• Strong Military leaders
• Ruled under the Mandate of Heaven
• Empire stretched from Manchuria to the island of Formosa (Taiwan)
• Controlled Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam, and much of Central Asia
• Negotiated an acceptable boundary with Russia
2 important emperors
• Kangxi (1661-1722)
-1 of the greatest Chinese monarchs
- skilled general
- patronized the arts & education
- Confucian scholar & poet
2 important emperors
• Qianlong (1735-1795)
- Last intelligent, dynamic, Qing emperor
- Strengthened China’s borders
- Fostered economic growth
- So prosperous, he canceled taxes for awhile because the government didn’t need them
- promoted education & culture
- Cao Xuequin’s Dream of the Red Chamber was a tragedy about 2 young lovers caught up in a wealthy & powerful clan’s decline
• Full-scale trade with Europeans
• Qing maintained a regulation of foreign trade
• Limited trade to only 1 city = Guangzhou (Canton)
• Important Chinese exports = tea, silk, & porcelain
• Few imports were allowed = highly favorable balance of trade
Read “Mission to China” on page 484 in Glencoe
“ You, O King, are so inclined toward our civilization that you have sent a special envoy across the seas…to present your native products as an expression of your thoughtfulness…As a matter of fact, the virtue and prestige of the Celestial Dynasty having spread far and wide, the kings of the myriad nations come by land and sea with all sorts of precious things. Consequently, there is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.”
Emperor Qianlong, 1793
1. How did Emperor Qianlong react to King George III’s letter?
2. How did the English respond to the Emperor’s statement?
3. What were the implications of China’s “closed country” policy?
• Limited foreign cultural & economic contact
• Tried to prevent Chinese desire of foreign imports
• Suspicious of outside influences
• Banned Christianity in 1724
• Believed China was superior = center of the world
• They called themselves “The Middle Kingdom”
• Viewed Europeans as barbarians
• Like the Ming era, the population grew faster than the economy
• 1799, the Chinese population was 300 million; 400 million by the end of the 1800’s
• Poverty rose
• Chinese were slipping technologically, scientifically, and as a global power
• 1800’s, China weakened internally
• Deluded by its own grandeur & past accomplishments, Qing leadership did little to modernize China
• Europeans forced many economic privileges & concessions out of China
• Qianlong was the last great Chinese emperor
• Incompetent rulers followed
• Government was riddled with corruption
• Border defense became too costly
• Several peasant revolts broke out
• 1796-1804 = White Lotus Rebellion took years to suppress
• China was still too strong to conquer
• Still enjoyed an enormous advantage in its balance of trade
• Europeans demanded silk, tea, porcelain & paid in silver
• Europeans could only trade in a small number of ports
• Limited European imports
• Europeans paid in silver bullion
• Europeans had stronger navies, better weapons, and more effective armies
• 1700’s, the Chinese were using opium on a small scale
• 1820’s, the British East India Company began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India
• Opium became very popular in China
• The British East India Company made enormous profits • Reversed the balance of trade shifted in Britain’s favor
• Silver bullion flowed out of China rapidly
• France, Portugal, & the U.S. sold opium to China also
• Britain controlled 80% of the opium trade
• The Qing govt made opium illegal
• Opium addiction decreased economic productivity
• Millions of workers & farmers were too incapacitated to work
• Govt arrested dealers, seized opium supplies, & intercepted drug boats
“The foreigners have brought us a disease which will dry up our bones, a worm that gnaws at our hearts, a ruin to our families and persons. It means the destruction of the soul of our nation.”
Qing government official
Barron’s AP World History, p 274)
• 1839, the Chinese navy blockaded Guangzhou (Canton)• Sparked the 1st Opium War between Britain & China• The British won • Treaty of Nanking
- China paid for the cost of the war & the destroyed opium- Chinese opened 5 ports to foreign trade- lowered tariffs on British goods- granted Britain extraterritorial rights to areas in China where the British worked & lived = British law was supreme in these areas- Hong Kong was given to Britain
• More conflicts
• Future treaties legalized the opium trade, opened more ports to foreign trade, & granted greater powers to the Europeans, Americans, & Russians
• Several extraterritorial territories were established along the Chinese coast
Spheres of influence
• area of economic influence/control
• established in China in the 19th Century
• allowed foreigners to take advantage of a weakened China & to seize control of their tributary states (example, France took Vietnam in 1885)
• eventually Western powers gained exclusive trading rights in China
• Chinese nationalism increased in response to Western influence
• Serious internal problems erupted in the late Qing dynasty
• 1850-1864, The Taiping Rebellion = the most costliest and the most devastating civil war in world history
• 20-30 million dead
• 2nd deadliest war in world history
• Increased unrest & Chinese nationalism
What was the deadliest war?
WWII
• Hong Xiuquan, a Cantonese clerk started the uprising--he failed the civil service exam
• Hong Xiuquan believed that he was destined to create a taiping = “heavenly kingdom of supreme peace”
• Appealed to 1000s of ordinary Chinese people
• Protested the high taxes, absolute Qing rule, and “foreign” Manchu rule
• New vision of China
- Redistribution of land
- public education
- women’s rights
• An American mercenary, Frederick Townsend Ward, and a British general, Charles “Chinese” Gordon helped crush the rebellion
• The Taiping Rebellion left China in ruins
• The Qing lost several tribute states (Tibet, the Gobi Desert, Chinese Turkestan)
• Between 1878-1904, the dowager (wealthy & powerful widow) Empress Cixi ruled through her nephew
Opposed to modernization
Oppressive rule
Opposed all reform – arrested her nephew & executed leaders of the 100 Days’ Reform and
• 1895 Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War
• U.S. Open Door Policy
- All Western nations gained = access to Chinese markets
- Increased foreign control in China
• 1800’s-1900’s: Foreign missionary activity in creased
- Catholic & Protestant missionaries spread Christianity, Western languages and culture
- Interfered and eroded Chinese culture
- Brought scientific & technological knowledge
- Treated diseases & injuries with modern medicines
- Helped eliminate footbinding
• In 1900, China suffered a major drought
• High urban unemployment & crop failures
• Caused widespread anger with foreign influence
• Boxer Rebellion = a revolt led by many rebel leaders who were “boxers” or martial arts experts
• Rebels attacked foreign residents and embassies
• Combined foreign army crushed the rebellion and burned several Chinese temples
• Westerners forced the Qing to pay a heavy financial penalty
• 1905, Empress Cixi created a commission to decide if they should write a constitution
• Local assemblies were formed
• Planned to elect national assemblies in 1910
• Reform efforts were too late
• Chinese youths opposed Manchu rule
• Sun-Yat Sen = “Father of Modern China”
• Formed the Revolutionary Alliance; 3 ideas called the “People’s Principles”
Nationalism = oppose Manchu rule
Democracy
People’s Livelihood
• 1911, the Qing Dynasty collapsed
• 1912, Sun Yat-sen was elected president of the Chinese Republic
• His party was called the Nationalist Party = Kuomintang
• 1st time in Chinese history = A Chinese politician elected by the people ruled China, not by foreign conquest or dynastic rule
• The republic was short-lived
• Sun Yat-sen was forced to step down in 1912
• 1912-1948, China was in chaos
• 1949 = Communist government established
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)
