1.INTRODUCTIONThe water sanitation crisis is the greatest public health problem that the world is facing today. The good news is it is a problem that can be solved in the near future with the hard work of good engineers who have strong public support. The technology necessary to provide people in need with clean water already exists. It is merely a matter of finding a way to implement these technologies into the existing communities at a low cost and without disrupting the lifestyle of the communities being helped. It is the idea that is at the center of this project.

Drinking water supply and sanitation in Indiacontinue to be inadequate, despite longstanding efforts by the various levels of government and communities at improving coverage. The level of investment in water andsanitation, albeit low by international standards, has increased in size during the 2000s. Access has also increased significantly. For example, in 1980 rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1% and reached 21% in 2008.Also, the share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.At the same time, local government institutions in charge of operating and maintaining the infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the financial resources to carry out their functions. In addition, only two Indian cities have continuous water supply and an estimated 69% of Indians still lack access toimproved sanitationfacilities. Most rural water supply schemes in India use a centralised, supply-driven approach, i.e. a government institution designs a project and has it built with little community consultation and no capacity building for the community, often requiring no water fees to be paid for its subsequent operation. Since 2002 the Government of India has rolled out at the national level a program to change the way in which water and sanitation services are supported in rural areas. The program, calledSwajaldhara, decentralises service delivery responsibility to rural local governments and user groups

TheWater Gridis a region-wide, long term,water supplyscheme that provides a sustainable waterinfrastructurenetwork for theSouth Eastregion ofQueensland,Australia. The project was the largest urban response to thedrought in Australia, which severely affected water supplies inBrisbaneand surrounds, particularly between 2004 and 2007. It was the origin of idea

HYDERABAD CITY WATER ASPECTS

As temperatures started rising up with each passing day the demand for drinking water started increasing. During the ensuing summer there would be an additional demand of 20 to 25 per cent of water but the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) would not be in a position to meet the additional demand due to lack of infrastructure, inadequate distribution network and erratic power supplies.

As against the demand of 480-500 Million Gallons of water per Day (MGD), HMWS&SB is presently supplying water to their full potential at 330-340 (MGD) from all the five sources. With the 150 MGD water shortage and additional demand of 20 per cent, consumers have to face acute shortage of drinking water.

Unlike the previous year, the present water levels in the five reservoirs Krishna, Singur, Manjira, Osmansagar and Himayatsagar are in comfortable position. Of the total storage capacity which is 39.783 TMC, the present storage is about 28.082 TMC. Last year on the same date it was 10.857 TMC. Due to depleting water levels, Water Board has reduced the supplies by about 50 MGD during the last summer.

The five reservoirs are main sources of drinking water to the people of Greater Hyderabad limits and surrounding villages but unfortunately the HMWS&SB is not in a position to meet the additional demand.

In addition to the piped water supply, about 27-30 MGD of ground water also is being drawn by the consumers in the water supply service area of HMWS&SB. As the bore wells are going dry, consumers have to look for tap water. There would be more pressure on the Water Board for additional demand.

To compound the woes of the consumers further, the Central Power Distribution Company Limited of Andhra Pradesh (APCPDCL) will play spoilsport because of erratic power cuts.Out of the 340 MGD of water supplied to Greater Hyderabad and enroute villages, nearly 320 MGD water is pumped all the way from Krishna, Singur, Manjira reservoirs which are about 90-100 km away from the city.

For pumping the water to city, uninterrupted power is required for continuous flow of water but constant and erratic power cuts could lead to disturbances in water supply system and a cause of serious concern to the citizens in the days to come.

The citizens should brace up and get prepared to face a harsh summer. The core areas of twin cities would receive water once in three days with cut in duration of water supply by about 50 per cent while the erstwhile surrounding municipalities now merged with the GHMC would get water once or twice a week.

Presently, the Board is supplying 340 MGD that include Osmansagar (20 MGD), Himayatsagar (15 MGD), Singur (75 MGD), Manjeera (45 MGD), Krishna-Phase-I and Phase-II (180 MGD).The Osmansagar and Himayatsagar reservoirs are on the verge of drying up and Water Board may install pumping motors in these two reservoirs to pump the available water.

HMWS&SB officials told Express that the demand would be more this summer as a majority of private bore wells have gone dry due to the plummeting water table in the city.The Water Board has over 1,075 power bore wells and of them some 25 per cent are said to be in working condition.On the hand bore wells, of the existing 6,100 about 3,500 are said to be functioning. There are about 1,865 static tanks and many of them got damaged.

HMWS&SB has prepared a Summer Action Plan. For all the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Divisions, HMWS&SB has sanctioned Rs 35 lakh each. The amount would be utilised for repairs to hand pumps and power bore wells, repairs to static tanks, providing additional static tanks, repairs to pumps and motors and electrical installations, pollution related works, etc.

Under the SAP, it is proposed to take up through online approval system developed for avoiding undue delays in approvals and to have a track of expenditure being done by the individual General Manager of O&M divisions and also to ensure to take up the SAP works as per the priorities fixed. All the proposed works under SAP would be grounded and commissioned before March 2014, they added.To meet the domestic needs first, it would reduce bulk water supply to industries and bulk customers.

To meet the additional water demand, HMWS&SB would see that additional trips are made by the water tankers with 5,000 to 10,000 litres capacity to provide drinking water to the public. At present there are 525 water tankers available with the water board. In peripheral areas, over 200 water tankers are under the control of GHMC. Out of 340 MGD, supply of 3 MGD is through 6,599 Public Stand Posts (PSPs) and 5 MGD is through 500 mobile tankers.

DEMAND OF WATER SUPPY IN HYDERABAD IN MILION GALLONS PER DAY

2. TELANGANA WATER GRID

The water grid programme aimed at supplying drinking water to all households in the state has been named Telangana Drinking Water Project. For executing the project, the state government has already decided to set up Telangana Drinking Water Supply Corporation Limited.

Though the project has been designed for supply of drinking water for 15 years, the system and equipment should cater to the needs of the people for 30 years, nearly one lakh acre of forest land would be taken over for the project and government would provide alternate land towards compensation to the forest department. The Telangana government announced Telangana Water Grid project at an estimated cost of Rs.25,000 crore to permanently solve the drinking water problem in the state. The grid, which will use 160 TMC ft (thousand million cubic feet) water, will be completed in four years, said Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao

The Telangana Government is contemplating two major projects - establishing a Water Grid to supply domestic and drinking water through pipe and taps for each household and a projectto restore village tank systems toimprove water availability for agriculture and domestic purpose. These two projects are of utmostimportantfor human development and growth of agriculture sector.The public spending on these two projects are reported to be more than Rs 50,000 cr.These projects if designed and implemented properly will immensely benefit the people of Telangana. It is about how to implement them in cost effective and timely manner without further causing social tensions and ecological degradation. A wider public debate about these projects- technical, social and economics will help the Government of Telangana in proper designing, implementation and also reducing the costs of these projects.This article will look at the water grid project as is being reported in the press and suggests a process to design it better so that People of Telangana can benefit from it.Project: Water GridVery little information is in the public domain perhaps those details might emerge later. However, rural water supply schemes are not new to Independent India. The evolution of source of drinking water from Panchayat raj wells, mark-I, Mark-II hand pumps, taps to purified water seem to be the logical development reflecting the aspirations of the people. It is important to look at the previous initiatives and incorporate some of the lessons into this project.Clarity on purpose and scope of water grid Can piped water be source of drinking in 2025?Already more than 50% rural people in Telangana are reported to be drinking water from purified sources. Cans, RO plants are common site in many villages these days. So in that case the water grid when and how it is completed will not supply water for drinking. So the question is will GoT really need to invest so much money and effort when people any way not going to drink from the taps? Is it Grid, or Grid like thing?This is another aspectwhich requires clarity. If it is water Grid then it connects with all the rural water supply with one or two major supply routes with multiple distribution points. This raises enormous challenges in availability of water quantity and its quality in addition to engineering aspects. If the the source of water multiple - ground water and some surface water and put into the Grid and then drawn from various points into small pipes for distributing to communities and are connected to one Grid, then the challenges areeven more. GoT need to have basic clarity on what exactly is this Grid and how it connects or inter-connects with each other. Sources and quality-Surface or ground water or both? This is another aspects requires clarity. If it is surface, the Grid and its structure will have to be radically different. Again surface, if water is drawn from rivers and existing dams, the pipe line will have to be different. If it is ground water based or included than it will have to be even more complicated. In addition to other challenges like costs and engineering aspects to store, lift, transport how can quality aspects be addressed? Is this entirely new or connects the existing infrastructure:If Water Grid is about bringing water in large pipes and supply with existing systems in rural Telangana then design and operation will significantly different. If it is new what happens to existing systems? But if they are interconnecting, how the management and operational issues will be addressed? Cost and benefit: How Much this system is going to cost.Often such projects far exceed money several folds than estimated and also lead to delay going to decades. May be GoT might estimate the costs more accurately taking the future situation of cost escalations and also will implement it in time. Even then it is important to articulate the a) cost of delivering water to each person b) cost of per unit of water c) O&M costs in future, how will that be met d) cost of water treatment and disposal per unit of water e) what happens to the swage generated in the villages due to water use for sanitation, etc.It is very important to emphasise here that, these aspects are being raised only to strengthen and make this project more acceptable and viable. No one is questioning the need for universal safe and adequate domestic and drinking water system to serve Telangana people. Keeping in view of the scanty and rather sketchy information available on this water grid, in the public domain, the following points are suggested.1. Status of Domestic and Drinking water infrastructure today:A quick and detailed report on existing facilities may be made as first and important step. This report may include the following a) current coverage according to 120 lpd norm b) existing treated drinking water facilities and their distribution and reach out c) existing public and private investments and their efficiency d) existing tap water systems in localised way and their effectiveness e) some of the local water grids if they exist and their reach out f) current supply and demand of purified water. This can be done in months time and then water Grid can be designed with priority of reaching the unreached first and strengthening and expanding existing systems to get quick results.2. Start a Pilotproject:Since it is most likely will take time to design, approval and implementation, a pilot in each district may be started which can later be connected with Water Grid.3. Pipe water for domestic and purified for drinking:As mentioned before more than 50% of rural people already seem to be drinking purified water supplied through cans. Some of them are delivering at the door for relatively small price. This will be the future direction of drinking as it happened in cities and towns and is already happening in our villages... People may not drink the drinking water supplied from the grid. GoT may want to streamline and strengthen the existing systems and establish regulatory frame work to assure quality, safety and affordability.GoT should embark of clear and transparent process before starting this project. Wider public debate and consultations at this stage will help GoT in designing and implementing better. As on today, there are many questions about this project which needs to be debated. And such debate is in the interest of GoT and people at large.

3. MEDCHAL MUNCIPALITY WATER GRID1. History of the town:Medchal Nagar Panchayat constituted vide G.O.Ms.No.106 MA & UD (Elec-I) Dept., Dated: 22-03-2013 by merging two Gram Panchayaths viz., Medchal and Athvelly. Medchal town is located in Rangareddy District of Telangana State. The Government vide G.O.Ms.No.464 MA&UD (Elec-I) Dept., have issued orders fixing 20 wards as strength of Medchal Nagar Panchayat.Medchal is located at17.6297N 78.4814E. It has an average elevation of 577meters, formerly called as Medi (Fig) Chelama (spring), but later came to known as Medchal, This place once resort for Nizams who constructed beautiful mansion here, there is famousTemples in Medchal Sri SriSriGandiMaisamma Temple and Ramalingeshwara temple at height of 61metres on hillock, this temple believed to be constructed by Kakatiyas, and mosque built in the village duringQuliQutub Shahtime.andmedchal also famous for saint jaffersahab who served the people not only to the medchal people but to all, former chief justice and president justice hidayatullah visited to him.2. Topography:Medchal district is situated between 17.6297N 78.4814E and it is located at an elevation of 577.0mts above sea-level. Medchal is surrounded with green forests. It is the head quarters of the mandal and one of the recently formed ULB in RangaReddy district. It is situated a distance of 20Kms from state capital Hyderabad. The town is situated on NH-7. The natural slope of the town is towards North-South and difference between the highest and the lowest topographic level is about 30m.3. Climate & Rainfall:The average rainfall of the district is 995 m.m., the annual rainfall of the district is 700 to 1200 m.m. The temperature of the district during May, the hottest month crosses to 420C, while in December, the coldest month it will be minimum being less than 100C.

4.Population Growth: The Urban Local Bodies (ULB) under this study is within and around Medchal Nagarapanchayat. In this Nagarapanchayat, considerable growth in population is taking place. The demand for water is also going up abnormally. The population densities in the ULB have considerably increased and a rational approach for arriving at the future population growth is necessary. The population figures for the Medchal town are available since 1961 from the Nagarapanchayat. The population figures are given in Table 4.1Table 4.1: Population of Medchal Nagara panchayatYear Census PopulationDecadal IncreasePercentage increase between consecutive decades

19718,654-

6737.78%

19819,327

3,64339.06%

199112,970

8,76067.54%

200121,730

17,41680.15%

201139,146

As per 2011 census, the total population of the town is 39146 of which Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Medchal has an average literacy rate of 80.15%, higher that the national average of 74.05%. Male literacy is 88.18%, and female literacy is 72.73%. In Medchal, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. There are 26,047 households in the Medchal town as per 2011 census. The average house hold size is 4.51 persons. 5.ROLE OF THE TOWN:The Medchal is a Nagarapanchayat and mandal headquarters in Rangareddy District.. Besides the usual compliment of offices of the Mandal administration of the State Government, there are 24 primary schools, 6 upper primary schools, 10 high schools, 4 junior colleges and 2 degree colleges in the Medchal town. There is a government general hospital, an Ayurvedic and homeopathic treatment centre, 5 private nursing homes and a community health centre with about 30 medical doctors.

6.Economic Growth:Medchal Nagar Panchayat is basically residential and industrial town with a large number of small and medium industrial institutions. The N.H.44 is passing through the town. As such so many business establishments are cropped up. A majority of population are business people and workers.7.Transportation:Medchal has a railway station on Mudkhed-Medchal Section of Hyderabad (HYB) Division of South Central Railway (SCR). It has direct train connectivity with Hyderabad, Nizamabad, Nanded. It plays a very vital role in connecting number of villages within 40km radius. National High way No.7 now NH 44 (the largest NH in India) passes through Medchal making the road transport most easy. It is well connected to rest of India by road. Hyderabad is 40km from here. The nearest airport is Hyderabad.8.ULB Service Area:The Medchal town was constituted as Nagarapanchayat on 2013. The population of the Nagarapanchayat as per 2001 census is 21730 and as per 2011 census is 39146. The numbers of electoral wards in this Nagarapanchayat are 20 as on 2011. Total households as per 2011 census are 26047. Salient features of the Medchal Nagarapanchayat are given in Table II.8.2Table II.8.2: Salient features of Medchal Nagarapanchayat :Sl. NoDescriptionDetails

1ULB Establishment as Nagarapanchayat in the year2013

3Population of the town (as per 2001 Census)21730

4Area of the town5.5

5No of Electoral Wards (2001)20

6No of Electoral Wards (2011)20

7Population of the town (as per 2011 census)39146

8 Total No. of Households (2001)

9 Total No. of Households (2011)26047

10Length of C.C. Roads21 Kms

11Length of B.T. Roads 9 Kms

12Length of Kutcha Roads5.45Kms

13Length of Pucca Drains12Kms

14Length of Kutcha Drains6Kms

15Length of storm water drain18Kms

16Length of Distribution pipe line 25Kms.

17No. of Hand Bore wells 167Nos

18Main Source of water supply through bore wells 1.50 MLD

19No. of House Service Connections 2250

20No. of Public stands post 200 Nos.

9.Services Provided by Medchal Nagarapanchayat:9.1.Water Supply:Total length of pipeline distribution network across the town is 45km. The distribution pipes are G.I, PVC, A.C and HDPE pipes varying from 50mm to 250mm dia. For non -potable water uses, there are 167 numbers of hand bore wells beside the private open wells. The present clear water supply demand for this Nagarapanchayat is 7.56MLD, whereas, the present supply is 2.85 MLD in monsoon and 2.0 MLD in summer. There is no water treatment plant/ filtration plant in the town. Water is being supplied by engaging private water tankers in the unserved area. Approximately each water tanker (5000 liters Capacity) is making 3 to 6 trips in a day to cover the unserved area.9.2. Sewerage:Medchal town has underground sewerage facility in part of the town. Majority of the area in the town has open drains that collect wastewater. Household toilets directly discharge waste water from soak pit in the open drains which have outfall in nallas. No house hold is dependent on community toilet. At present sewerage management is not undertaken by the ULB. This service facility is only taken up by private operators.9.3. Solid Waste Management:Solid waste management is also the responsibility of the Nagarapanchayat. According to an estimate done by the Nagarapanchayat on an average about 25 MT of solid waste is generated in the town in each day which is disposed off by the Nagarapanchayat by simple dumping to fill up low lying areas. The garbage from the streets and the market places are collected in cycle van with the help of contract labours and transported to vats located in different places. From the vats, the garbage is collected in Tractors and transported to the low lying dumping ground located outside the municipal limit. Door - to -door collection system is in practice in the Medchal ULB , but there is no clear record for the number of households covered with door to door collection system. There is one open dumping site of 4 acres for disposal of municipal solid waste. For door to - door collections of solid waste there are 2 tractor trailers, which on average make seven round (7) trips to dumping site every day. Waste characteristic survey is done to known the composition and weight of the municipal solid waste generated by the house holds. Also none of the open dump site has Weigh Bridge installed for obtaining exact amount of waste collected and dumped into the dumpsite. Amount of waste collected is only estimated from the average vehicular trips made to the dump site. No waste is composted, processed, recycled or reused. Only collection and transportation of solid waste is done by the ULB.9.4 Storm Water Drainage:The drainage of the town is implemented by surface drains which ultimately discharge to nearby low lying areas.Storm water drain network is not present as a whole in the Medchal town. In the core area roads are having open drains for carrying waste water and rain water. 1.Pucca Drains : 12Kms.2.Kutcha Drains : 6Kms ---------------------- Total 18.00 Kms ---------------------9.5 Roads in the Town:The total length of roads and streets maintained by the Medchl Nagara panchayat is 75.00 Kms. The total lengths occupied by various categories of surfaces with their respective lengths are as follows:1.Cement Concrete Roads:21 Kms.2.Black Topped Roads:9 Kms3. Kutcha Roads: 5.45Kms ---------------------- Total35.45Kms ----------------------

9.6 Street Lighting:-Street lighting is being maintained by the Nagarapanchayat on and the following composition of street lights are in existence.Sl NoDescription Nos

1High Mast Lights234 Nos

2Central Lighting282 Nos

3S.V lamps40 Nos

4Tube Lights1485 Nos

TOTAL2041 Nos

10. Need of the project: - The Medchal town is having existing water supply scheme with Power bore wells with 2.20MLD installed capacity. At present water is being supplied to the town from 25Nos of power bore wells only. In summer these bore wells are dependable due to depletion of ground water. Although the present clear water demand is 7.130 MLD, only 2200 ML of water is available in summer due to non availability of sufficient yield in the bore wells. Hence it is proposed to draw raw water from Telangana water grid to meet the present, intermediate and ultimate demand of Medchal town as the TELANGANA WATER GRID SOURCE. In the present proposals only Medchal town is considered.No additionla area including out side the municipal limits area is not considered in this project.11. Population projection & water demand:As per 2001 census, the total population of the town is 21,730 of which Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Medchal has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 49%. In Medchal, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The percentage of population growth between 2001-2011 is 80.15%. Sex ratio of the town is 50.46% are male and 49.54% are females. Average literacy rate of Medchal city is 80.51 percent of which male and female literacy was 88.18% and 72.73%. About 80.51% are literate. There are 8,047house holds in the Medchal town as per 2011 census. The average house hold size is 4.50 persons.

11.1. Projected population:The population projections arrived based on rate of growth @ 2%by the instructions of PH Engineers for the base year -2018, intermediate year-2033 and ultimate year-2048 are 44966, 60519 and 81450 respectively.The project has been designed as per approved norms indicated below: Per capita domestic supply 135 lpcd UFW 15% of Total Demand Peak Factor for design of Distribution system 3.0 Minimum Pipe size 110mm n Residual Head at the furthest end of Distribution system 7 m

11.2. Water Demand:The estimated water demand of Medchal Nagarapanchayat area for different years calculated on above considerations are as follows:

ASSESSMENT OF WATER DEMAND FOR THE BASE YEAR, INTERMEDIATE AND ULTIMATE YEARS OF MEDCHAL NAGARAPANCHAYAT

S.NoYearPopulation Demand with 135 lpcd in MLDUFW Losses @ 15%Total Demand in MLD

2.0%135 lpcd15%

12011391465.280.796.070

22015423735.720.866.580

32018449666.070.916.980

42033605198.171.239.400

520488145011.001.6512.650

12. Pipe Material:Recommended pipe materials for different uses are indicated below:Type of UseDiameter RangePipe Recommended

Rising MainUpto450 mm diaDI K9

Gravity mainsUpto 500 mm diaDI K7

Gravity mains400mm to 200mm diaD.I K7

Distribution System110 mm - 200 mm HDPE PE-100Gr 6kg/sqcm

200 mm - 450 mmD.I K7

13. House Service Connection:In line with the recommendations in the CPHEEO Manual Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE) pipes are suggested for use for consumer connections.All House Service Connections are proposed to be made through metering only including slums with provision of shared connections where needed.14. Supply of Water on 24x7 bases:It is recommended that future supply of water shall be on 24x7 basis which means supply of water for 24 hours a day, 7 days in a week and for 365 days in a year. In other words, it means supply of water round the clock without break. To ensure continuous supply without break the followings have been ensured:1) Adequate quantity of supply2) Adequate size of distribution network3) Adequate pressure of water even at the furthest end of the system4) Extensive metering

15. The Concept Plan as below:The Telangana Water Grid has been selected as the source for water Supply in Medchal Nagarapanchayat. It is proposed to draw 12.65 MLD of Water from the Proposed Tapping point under Telangana water grid near medchal check post which is an about 3.50 Km away from proposed head works near Rama-Lingeshwara-Swami Temple.It is proposed to construct 1100KL Master balancing reservoir at proposed head works near Rama-Lingeshwara-Swami Temple. About 2 acres of land is sufficient for construction Head works for ultimate requirements. The collected water will be pumped to proposed ELBR with low lift pumping equipments from where the water will be distributed to different distribution reservoirs by gravity for use of the consumers. For equitable distribution of water the entire town has been split up into 4 water supply zones having independent service reservoir. It is proposed to construct 4new distribution reservoirs and utilize 3 existing ELSRs to cover the entire area.The distribution of water from the ELSRs will be done by gravity through a network of pipelines which has been designed by adopting Hazens William formula using EPANET software.The supply will be done for 24x7 basis. All consumers will receive water through metering system. MDPE pipes and specials will be used for house service connection. For the purpose of equitable distribution the entire town area has been divided into four zones.

Following are the major components proposed in the Detailed project Report.1. 500 mm diaDI.K9 main from proposed tapping point near Medchal check post to proposed master balancing reservoir at proposed head works near Rama-Lingeshwara-Swami Temple.2. 1100KL Master balancing reservoir at proposed head works near Rama-Lingeshwara-Swami Temple.3. 3Nos of 26.13KW clear water pumpsets near Rama-Lingeshwara-Swami Temple.4. 1 No. 200KVA Transformer with 11KV dedicated feeder main.5. 1 No. 200 KVA generator.6. 450mm dia DI K9 clear water pumping main from WTP to proposed ELBR.7. 300KL capacity clear water ELBR.8. 500mm dia to 150mm dia DI K7 clear water gravity mains form ELBR to different Service reservoirs9. Hydraulic Zoning.10. Elevated Level Service Reservoirs(ELSR).11. Distribution System with household connections.12. Watchmen quarters.13. Twin type Staff Quarters.14. Compound wall to ELSRs and Head works15. Approach Roads. 16. Operation & Maintenance.The design works has been broadly divided into two groups: Hydraulic Design Structural DesignThe hydraulic designs are carried out for the following components:1. Gravity Main.2. Master balancing reservoir3. Pumping main.4. Distribution System using EPANET.The structural designs are carried out for the following components:1. Master Balancing Reservoir2. Elevated Service Reservoir.3. Watchmen quarters

4. FLOW PATTERN OF GRID SYSTEM

A systemic flow pattern is followed as follows