TAPIODistribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

This research was developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those of the author(s)/presenter(s)and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.

TAPIO

Distributed incident response and situational awareness

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

Source: http://www.esecurityplanet.com/network-security/big-data-overwhelms-security-teams.html Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

• Keep data where it is

• Provide visibility with the agent

• Link relevant data via a rich ontology

• Yield answers not pointers

• Give analysts access to all relevant data to reason over• Automatically bridge the gap between data access and reasoning

TAPIOGoal:Goal:Goal:Goal:

Approach:Approach:Approach:Approach:

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Target TAPIO User

•Technical staff, network defenders

•Incident responders

•System & network administrators

•Security engineers and operators

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Key Technologies

•Agent-based approach•RDF and SPARQL for reasoning

•Executable capability profiling

•Natural language processing

•Peer-to-peer networking•Passive and active network discovery

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Devices, aka endpoints &

infrastructure

TAPIO Query TAPIO Query NodeNode

Management/query node

TAPIO agent and protocol

TAPIO ComponentsDistribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

TAPIO Paradigms

•Keep data at the edge, at rest, query in place

•Map everything possible, make available

•Secure access via an agent

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TAPIO mgmt server

Firewall

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TAPIO Agent Platforms

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TM

TM

TM

Agent Benefits•Avoids backhaul

•Lower CPU, disk, bandwidth requirements

•Massively parallel

•Avoids a credential cache, enables higher security

•Wider area of discovery

•Multiple observations to detect compromises

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Target Investigator Questions

What executables were installed that were received via email?What programs that were installed an hour ago are now talking to the network?What newly registered domains were in chat links clicked by my employees?

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TAPIO Features

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

Natural Language Interface

•Lets defenders move at the speed of thought

•Ask the question instead of write a program

•Maps their natural language query to SPARQL for them

•Raw SPARQL queries still available

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Query assistance based on logical guesses

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Automatic query transformation

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Linked data in results Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

TAPIO P2P Network

•Chose P2P

•Lighter network footprint

•Handles a dynamic network

•Future goal of agents checking agents

•Based on Chord

•Extended to allow for bridging and super nodes

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ICAS Ontology

•Maps cybersecurity data, concepts, & world state into a common vocabulary

•Covers network and host data, not just security alerts and events

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Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

Why an Ontology?

•Linked data is natural

•Disparate sources, common language

•Facilitates reasoning

•Scale the analyst - millions of nodes and relationships

•Replication of analysis

•Hypothesis testing

25

Small excerpt from authentication and user

ontologies

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TAPIO Integrations

•Discover devices

•Talk to devices

•Get data from devices

•Map data from devices

Make all security relevant data available to the analyst

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Non-Agent Platform Detection

Printers

IOT devices

Computing Devices

Routers

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Host display within management view

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Delegate proxy access to a specific agent

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Enterprise Data Sources

Local agent Remote interaction (web, SNMP, etc)

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Multiple Protocols Spoken

•Security and network appliances

•HTTP(S), SNMP, SSDP, mDNS, etc

•Hosts w/o agent

•SMB/NetBIOS, mDNS, ARP/NDP, SNMP, etc

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Two Step Data Mapping Process

Text Input

HTML Input

Structured RecordsStructured Records

Structured Record Detection

Schema mapping

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<urn:x-tapio:561077c0-5ea7-11e4-a28c-705681c470ef#Alert-IDS+Alert+1> a controls:Alert, owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "IDS Alert 1"@en ; event:time <urn:x-tapio:561077c0-5ea7-11e4-a28c-705681c470ef#Instant-2014-05-12T09:29:22%2B05:00> ; controls:generatedBy :DetectiveSecurityControl-192.168.1.122 ; controls:hasSource :Connection-000000001 ; controls:triggeredByRule <urn:x-tapio:561077c0-5ea7-11e4-a28c-705681c470ef#Rule-EXPLOIT-KIT+Magnitude+exploit+kit+Microsoft+Internet+Explorer+Payload+request> ; rdfs:comment ""@en .

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AuthEvent Example

:AuthEvent-000000033 a authentication:AuthEvent, owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "urn:x-tapio:1bcb1ff0-53cf-11e4-b823-08002703b1f5#AuthEvent-000000033"@en ; event:time <urn:x-tapio:1bcb1ff0-53cf-11e4-b823-08002703b1f5#Interval-2014-07-26T04:04:05-12:00> ; authentication:authBy :AuthProvider-AuthProvider-sshd.exe ; authentication:authStatus "success"^^xsd:string ; authentication:authToHost :Host-000000003 ; authentication:sessionId "0x113074"^^xsd:string ; authentication:usingCredential :LoginCredential-vagrant ;

<urn:x-tapio:1bcb1ff0-53cf-11e4-b823-08002703b1f5#Interval-2014-07-26T04:04:05-12:00> a owl:NamedIndividual, time:Interval ; rdfs:label "2014-07-26T04:04:05-12:00"@en ; rdfs:comment ""@en ; time:hasBeginning <urn:x-tapio:1bcb1ff0-53cf-11e4-b823-08002703b1f5#Instant-2014-07-26T04:04:05-12:00> ; time:hasEnd <urn:x-tapio:1bcb1ff0-53cf-11e4-b823-08002703b1f5#Instant-2014-07-26T04:04:17-12:00> .

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

TAPIO Agent

Host

Security Applianc

e

Marrying host observations and

device data

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TAPIO Agent

Host

Security Applianc

e

Flow 5.6.7.8...4.3.2.1 Alert 1234

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TAPIO Agent

Host

Security Applianc

e

Login from 4.3.2.1 Login at 2014-10-20T08:09:10 User AbcXyz Process Foo.exe [9876] Flow 5.6.7.8...4.3.2.1 Alert 1234

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TAPIO

•Scaling incident response investigations

•Empowering analysts to do more, faster

Distribution Statement A – Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited