Minimum Safe Altitude Warning

Presented to:

By:

Date:

Federal AviationAdministrationMinimum Safe

Altitude Warning

November 19, 2008

Glenn W. MichaelAir Traffic Manager, Boston ARTCC

Asian Regional Aviation Safety Team (ARAST), Bangkok, Thailand

Federal AviationAdministration

3Minimum Safe Altitude WarningNovember 19, 2008

MSAW Course Overview

• Safety – Risk Management – Mitigation – Risk Assessment

• GASR (Global Aviation Safety Roadmap)• CFIT (Controlled Flight Into Terrain)• ICAO efforts to prevent CFIT• EGPWS (Enhanced Ground Proximity

Warning Systems)



Overview (cont)

• A general overview of MSAW

• Accident Investigations

• Air Traffic Control procedures and MSAW

• MSAW Development



• The safety enhancement system remains highly dependent on – human performance– especially in the cockpit – at the air traffic controller station – and with those charged with enforcing and

monitoring standard operating procedures and best practices and procedures



“Mitigation” (System Defenses)

• The measures taken or proposed to eradicate the hazard or to reduce the probability or the severity of a risk.





Order of Precedence for Hazard Mitigation

• Modify the system – design the hazard out• Physical guards or barriers – prevent the

risk from occurring• Warning or alert signal• Procedural and training change• Advise people – placards, notices, brief all

pilots, etc.



Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)

• A controlled-flight-into-terrain (CFIT) accident is one in which an otherwise serviceable aircraft, under the control of the crew, is flown (unintentionally) into terrain, obstacles or water, with no prior awareness on the part of the crew of the impending collision



Ground Based Prevention of CFIT

• ATC Safety Net What ground-based intervention would have

prevented the accident?

– Automated tools provide the means for ATC to strengthen overall defenses against CFIT

– Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW)



Minimum Safe Altitude Warning

• A function designed solely as a controller aid in detecting potentially unsafe aircraft proximity to terrain/obstructions

• Generates and alert to the controller when a pilot is below, or is predicted to be below, a specified altitude

• Must be adapted specifically for each RADAR system



Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (cont)

• Types of MSAW Processing

– General Terrain Monitoring

– Approach Path Monitoring




• General Terrain Monitoring– Current Alarm

• Presently less than 500 feet above terrain map

– Prediction Alarm• Pilot will be less than 500 feet above terrain map

within 30 seconds

– Projection Alarm• Pilot will be unable to clear all obstacles within eight

minutes flying time on present course at a five degree climb angle




• Approach Path Monitor– Current

• Pilot is currently below the calculated APM alarm slope altitude

– Prediction• Pilot is predicted to be 100 feet below the calculated

APM alarm slope altitude within the next 15 seconds

MSAW Approach Path Monitoring

Runway

Glideslope Path

1 nm

Alarm Trigger Area

(100´ below glideslope path)



MSAW: Safety-Critical?

• FAA: Safe operation of aircraft is ultimately pilots’ responsibility.

– MSAW is an aid to AT controllers

– MSAW only ground-based CFIT barrier



MSAW

• Procedures and phraseology– ICAO order

• Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM) Document 4444

– Chapter 15 Para. 15.6.4 Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) Procedures

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Minimum Safe Altitude Warning

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