Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Daniël Konrad Link

Member of the Brazilian Association of Air and Space Law (Associação Brasileira de Direito Aeronáutico e Espacial, SBDA) and its Centre of Space Law Studies (Núcleo de Estudos de Direito Espacial, NEDE).

www.sbda.org.br

6th International Meeting of Astronomy and Astronautics.

20 April, 2013

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

*Image copyright by JAXA:

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

-Advance in the Hayabusa2 mission from the lessons learned with Hayabusa, the first sample return mission from an asteroid.

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

*Image copyright by JAXA:

-Another new challenge, advance of science and engineering from the firstmission: the Small Carry-on Impactor;

-Small system released from the spacecraft to form an artificial crater on the asteroid surface;--Samples will be obtained from the newly created crater.

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

*Image copyright by DLR:

MASCOT (Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout) lander: cooperation with DLR ( Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Germany);

- MASCOT can be adapted to other future missions;

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

-The exploration, use and exploitation of asteroids shall/will foster the promotion of international cooperation;

-Other partners in Hayabusa2 mission: NASA (United States of America), CNES (France), Australia;

-International cooperation favouring the peace, respect and understanding among nations.

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

*Image copyright by NASA;

-United States of America going to robotically capture a small near-Earth asteroid and redirect it safely to the Earth-Moon system, where astronauts will visit and explore it.http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid_initiative.html

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Is there a need for a new international regime?

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Art. 1 OST = “Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies,shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind”;Art. 1 OST = “there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies”;

Art. 2 OST = “Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of soverignity, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.”

Art. 9 OST = “In the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, States Parties to the Treaty shall be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance and shall conduct all their activities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States Parties to the Treaty.”

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Common Benefit Clause of 1967 OST

Art. 1 OST: “The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind.”

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Art. 1 OST: “The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind.”

Opportunities, format of the international cooperation?

Inclusive to developing and least developed countries?

The existence of a target-population

to receive the benefits derived from extraterrestrial natural

resources exploitation?

Take in consideration regional needs and rational solutions to reduce inequalities.

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

- Is it possible to exploit without leading to appropriation?

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development

- Man as a single species being able to alter the nature of his world;

- outer space is part of man’s world; - milestone: to alter the nature of other celestial bodies under the concept-frame and desideratum of the human way of living;

- To have our own homes in space; - water supply still overly limits and overprices human presence in outer space; - mining/transforming water from our own environment, in this case from an asteroid: immense extra edge for robotic and manned missions;

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Mineração em asteroides:perseguir o

desenvolvimento

Mining in asteroids:to pursue the development