Mining Laws in Philippines

8/12/2019 Mining Laws in Philippines

1/77

Mining Law


2/77

Recent Trends in the Mining

Industry

Global Environmental Problems

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Greenhouse climate change

Biodiversity loss

Land use competition

Bio-fuels


3/77

Recent Trends in the Mining

Industry

Impacts

Corporateconsolidation

Financial marketpressure

International reportingstandards (JORC)

Demand forprofessionals in theresources industry

Increased focus onsustainability

Create sustainablecommunities

Appropriateenvironmentalmanagement

Communication with

civil society/NGOs Sound governance

corporate socialresponsibility


4/77

Environmental Economics


5/77


6/77

Mining as a Major Industry

Located in the Pacific "Ring of Fire",the Philippines rank as one of themost highly mineralized countries:

- third in gold, fifth in nickel, andsixth in chromite

- untapped mineral wealth estimatedat US$840 billion (NEDA)


7/77

Mining as a Major Industry

Tremendous remaining potential foradditional discoveries, since, despiteit's vast mineral wealth, the

Philippines has seen little modernexploration.

The Philippines provides a naturalgateway to other Asia Pacificeconomies, particularly China, withits voracious demand for metals.


8/77

Developments in the Philippine

Mining Industry A change in government policy from

tolerance to active promotion of mining(EO 270, Jan. 2004, setting the NationalPolicy Agenda on Revitalizing Mining in the

Philippines). 100% foreign ownership allowed following

the December 2004, Supreme Courtdecision abolishing all legal obstacles tothe implementation of the PhilippineMining Act of 1995.


9/77

Developments in the Philippine

Mining Industry

Rapu-rapu mine accident Conflict between national and local

governments over taxation Insurgency small-scale mining


10/77

Mining Laws and other Regulations

Philippine Constitution of 1987(Constitution)

Philippine Mining Act of 1995(Mining Act)

Mining Act Revised ImplementingRules and Regulations

Other Laws


11/77

Constitution

All lands of the public domain, water,minerals, coal, petroleum, and othermineral oils, all forces of potential energy,

fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, floraand other natural resources are owned bythe state.

The exploration, development and

utilization of these natural resources areunder the full control and supervision ofthe State.


12/77

Constitution

The State has the option of enteringinto co-production, joint venture orproduction sharing agreements with

Philippine citizens of Philippinecorporations or associations.

At least 60% of the capital of acorporation or association must beowned by Phil. Citizen to qualify as aPhilippine corporation or association.


13/77

Constitution

Exception to the nationalityrequirement: The Constitutionauthorizes the President to enter into

agreements with foreign-ownedcorporations involving either financialor technical assistance, for large-

scale exploration, development andutilization of minerals, petroleum andother mineral oils.


14/77

Constitution

Ownership of natural resources(Regalian doctrine) if an investorwishes to acquire the right to extract

or develop natural resources, hemust enter into an agreement withState


15/77

TYPES OF MINING PERMITS/CONTRACTS1. Mining Lease Contracts (MLCs)

2. Exploration Permits (EPs)

3. Mineral Agreements

4. Financial or Technical AssistanceAgreement

5. Mineral Processing Permit

6. Quarry Permit

7. Small-Scale Mining Permits

8. Sand and Gravel Permits

9. Ore Transport Permits


16/77

TYPES OF MINING PERMITS/CONTRACTS(under Presidential Decree No. 463)

Declarat ion of Location (DOLs)

Document attesting to the filing of a mining claim

Allows the claimowner (mining applicant) to enter, occupy

and conduct mineral exploration within the claimed area;

Given the priority right to apply for any of the new modes ofpermits/agreements under Mining Act of 1995.

Mining Lease Con tracts

Contract allowing the lesee to explore, develop, extract and

utilize minerals from the contract area;

Respected up to the end of term under the Mining Act of

1995; lessee is given the preferential right to apply for a

Mineral Agreement.


17/77

TYPES OF MAJOR MINING TENEMENTS(under the Mining Act of 1995)

A. TENEMENTS ISSUED BY DENR-MGB1. Exploration Permit

2. Mineral Agreement

Mineral Production Sharing Agreement

Joint Venture Agreement

Co-Production Agreement

3. Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement

4. Mineral Processing Permit

5. Industrial Sand and Gravel Permit (>5 to 20

hectares)

B. PERMITS ISSUED BY LOCAL GOVT1. Quarry Permit

2. Small-Scale Mining Permits

3. Sand and Gravel Permits (5 hectares & below)


18/77

EXPLORATION PERMIT(EPs)Allows the permittee to conduct exploration workfor a limited period only.

Two (2) years, renewable for like periods up to6/8 yrs;

Maximum area: 16,200 hectares/Province;32,000 hectares in entire the

country Area relinquishment: 25% for the first 2 years;

10% /year, thereafter Open to companies with up to 100% foreign

ownership; Priority to enter into either an MPSA or FTAA after

submission and approval of Declaration of MiningProject Feasibility;

Can be transferred or assigned to other qualified

individuals/corporations.


19/77

MINERAL AGREEMENTS (MAs)a. Mineral Production Sharing Agreement

(MPSA) Exclusive right to conduct mining operations w/in a

contract area Limited to Filipinos or Filipino-owned corporations

(Foreign equity not to exceed 40%)

Minimum authorized capital of PhP 10 M and paid-up ofPhP 2.5 M

Maximum area for juridical entity: 8,100 Has./Province;16,200 Has. for the entire country

Contract period of 25 yrs; renewable for another 25yrs;

Two (2) years Exploration Period; renewable for likeperiods up to 6/8 yrs; three (3) years Constructionand Development Period; the rest for production

Can be assigned to any qualified individuals/corporations

Can be converted into an FTAA


20/77

MINERAL AGREEMENTS (MAs)

b. Co-Production Sharing AgreementAn agreement between the Government and the

Contractor wherein the former shall provide inputs to the

mining operations other than the mineral resource.c. Joint Venture Agreement

An Agreement where a joint venture company is

organized by the Government and the Contractor with

both parties having equity share. Aside from the

earnings in equity, the Government shall be entitled to ashare in the Gross Output.

* These two modes of agreement have not been made

operational due inability of government to input needed equity

shares.


21/77

Other Permits:

MINERAL PROCESSING PERMITS

A 5-year Term, renewable for like periods, up to a

maximum of 25 years;

Allows both local and 100% foreign-owned corporations;

Requirement to submit adequate ore supply contract to

justify the establishment of the processing plant; Can be granted for cement plants, smelting and refining;

beneficiation plants; marble cutting and processing plants,

and others of similar nature;

Issued by the Secretary for projects with cost of more than

PhP 500 Million, by the MGB Director for projects with cost

of more than PhP 200 Million but less than PhP 500

Million, and by the MGB Regional Director for projects with

cost of PhP 200 Million or lesser.


22/77

EXISTING MINING PERMITS/CONTRACTS

Tenement Type Number

Exploration Permits (EP) 28

Mineral Production SharingAgreements (MPSA)

228

Financial or Technical Assistance

Agreements (FTAA)

2

Mineral Processing Permits (MPP) 26

Mining Lease Contracts/Patents 312


23/77

6 sets of application and

mandatory requirements

Filing of Application in

Regional Office

Area Status and Clearance/ Consentby MGB, DENR Sectors and/or other

Govt. Offices

Publication, Posting and RadioAnnouncement

Clearance By DENR

EP APPLICATION PROCESS FLOW

Evaluation

Approval by MGB CORegistration and Releasing

By MGB Regional Office

Proof of Sanggunian

Consultation/Approval

Certification of Publication/

Posting/Radio Announcement

NCIP CertificationPre-condition

Certification By Panel Of Arbitrators


24/77




Regional Office


Govt. Offices


Final Review By MGB CO

MPSA APPLICATION PROCESS FLOW

Evaluation

Approval by DENR SecretaryNumbering of MPSA by MGB

Central Office

Registration and Releasing

By MGB Regional Office

Proof of SanggunianConsultation/Approval






25/77




Regional Office


Govt. Offices


Final Review By MGB CO /

Negotiating Panel

FTAA APPLICATION PROCESS FLOW


Posting/Radio Announcement Evaluation

Endorsement by DENR Secretary

Numbering of MPSA by MGB CO

Registration & Releasing By MGB RO

NCIP Certification Pre-condition


Review / Approval by the President

Proof of SanggunianConsultation/Approval






26/77

GOVERNMENT SHARE FROM MININGNational Government

Income Tax = 35 % of Taxable Income;

Excise Tax = 2 % of actual value of minerals extracted; Customs Duties and Fees= prescribed under Tariff and Customs Code

Value Added Tax = 10 % of Purchase Value of Goods/Services;

Capital Gains Tax = 10-20 % of the gain;

Tax on Interest Payments to Foreign Loans = 15 % of Interest;

Tax on Foreign Stockholders Dividends = 15 % of dividend

Royalties, if extracted from government Mineral Reservation = 5% of

market value; Documentary Stamp Tax = graduated, depending on type of business

transaction

Local Government

Local Business Tax: usually minimal, rate depends on LGU;

Real Property Tax: Max. of 2 % on Fair Market Value of Property; Occupation Fee: PhP 100.00/hectare/year;

Community Tax: Approx PhP 15,000


27/77

FISCAL REGIME OF FTAA

Entitled to a 5-Year Cost RecoveryPeriod

Exemption from payment of various nationaltaxes to enable the company to recover its

investments;

After recovery of investments, or at the end of the

5-year period, whichever comes first, thecompany pays the usual taxes and fees, plus the

additional Government Share.


28/77

FISCAL REGIME OF FTAA

Basic Government Share

National Taxes, i.e., Excise Tac, Income Tax,

Customs Duties and Fees, etc.

Local Taxes, i.e., Business Tax, Real PropertyTax, etc.,

Additional Government Share to

achieve a cumulative Government

share equal to 50% of the Net-

Mining Revenue


29/77

In 1997, group of NGOs petitioned the

Supreme Court to invalidate Mining Act on

the ground that foreign control over mining isunconstitutional:

Nullification of the Mining Act of 1995 and its

implementing rules and regulations

Cancellation of the Financial or Technical

Assistance Agreement (FTAA) of WMC

SUPREME COURT DECISIONON THE MINING ACT

Nature of the Case:


30/77

January 27, 2004 SC Decision:

SC declared the following provisions asunconstitutional & void:

All provisions of the Mining Act on theFTAA

All provisions on Exploration Permits andMineral Processing Permits allowing the

participation of foreign corporations Provision on incentives to the FTAA &

Mineral Agreements (MPSAs,Co-Production & Joint-Venture Agreements)

SUPREME COURT DECISION


31/77

December 1, 2004 SC Resolution on theMotion for Reconsideration:

New judgment declared Mining Act, IRRand WMC FTAA as Constitutional

Reversed and set aside the January 27,2004 Decision and dismissed the Petition

Affirmed Presidents prerogative to enter

into FTAA with foreign corporations toexplore, develop and utilize mineralresources



32/77

Highlights of the SC Resolution:

The Constitution allows the continued use ofservice contracts with foreign corporations,which are similar to FTAAs

Mining Act contains enough safeguards toregulate contractors

FTAA fiscal regime is not disadvantageous to

the State and to the Filipino people Foreigners are not prohibited from earning

profits from businesses involving naturalresources extraction



33/77

Important Laws Related to Mining

Environmental Impact Statement(EIS) System

Indigenous Peoples Rights Act(IPRA)

Local Government Code of 1991

Small Scale Mining Act


34/77

EIS System

Project proponent of environmentallycritical projects and projects withinenvironmentally critical areas must

obtain an environmental compliancecertificate prior to commencement

Environmental Management Bureau

as lead agency


35/77

ENVIRONMENTAL PROVISIONS

Environmental Impact Assessment All mining projects considered environmentally

critical;

Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) and to secure the necessary EnvironmentalClearance Certificate (ECC) from the

Environmental Management Bureau (EMB); and

Activities during the exploration period exempted

from the EIA/ECC requirement.

Environmental Work Program In lieu of the ECC during the exploration period;

Program to address environmental impact; and

Defines financial commitment to be included in the

annual exploration budget.


36/77

Environm ental Protect ion and Enhancement

Prog ram (EPEP)

Provides specific annual plans, programs and

activities to institute environmental protection

measures and/or rehabilitate mining-affected

areas, during development and production

stages; and Gives support in attaining the objectives of the

Environmental Clearance Cerrtificate granted.

Final Mine Rehabi l i tat ion /Decomm iss ion ing Plan

Provides activities to achieve mine closure, i.e.,decommissioning, rehabilitation, residual care,

etc.

Establishment of a Fund to be deposited during

early years of the mine life.



37/77

Contin gent L iabi l i ty and Rehabi l i tat ion Fund (CLRF)

Fund to be deposited in a government bank; For the just and timely compensation of

damages; For progressive and sustainable rehabilitation; Has two components:

Monitoring Trust Fund (MTF):

Replenishable fund with a minimum of PhP 150,000.00

For exclusive use of the monitoring program by the

multi-sectoral Multi-Partite Monitoring Team (composed

of national and local government, non-government

organization or NGO, and company representatives) in

the conduct of regular environmental monitoring;

Rehabilitation Cash Fund (RCF):

Replenishable fund with a minimum of PhP 5,000,000.00

or 10% of EPEP budget, whichever is lower;

For the conduct of environmental protection and

rehabilitation measures.



38/77

Mine Waste and Tail ings Fees

Based on PD No. 1251

PhP 5.00 per Metric Ton of mine waste materials

PhP 10.00 per MT of mill tailings not utilized

within a 2-year period;

PhP 50.00 per MT for any discharge of solidmaterials for tailings not properly discharged into

areas other than the duly approved tailings

disposal area

In i t ia l env ironment-related capital expend itures

10% of the total capital/project costs

Annual environmental protect ion and enhancement

act ivi t ies

3-5% of annual direct mining and milling cost



39/77

Other Laws Related to Mining

National Integrated Protected AreaSystem Law

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act Toxic Substances and Hazardous and

Nuclear Wastes Control Act Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Pollution Control Law Water Code National Environmental Users Fee of 2002


40/77

Sustainable Development

Is mining inherently inconsistent with

sustainable development? Does it mean different things to

different people?

Does it mean something different indeveloped than in undevelopedcountries?

Is it site specific?

Is it a process or a product? Is it possible to have sustainable

development, sustainable economicgrowth, sustainable communities and a

sustainable society without mining?


41/77

Brundtland Definition of SD

Current generations meeting their needswithout compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs

IMPLIES:

Future generations have rights over resources Current generation has a duty to include future

generations needs in its decision-making

An accounting of social and environmental

impacts Who makes the call? Government, industry

or the free market?


42/77

Business Case for SD

What is Responsible Mining

Financially viable miningdevelopment that takes place in anenvironmentally and sociallyresponsible manner with soundgovernance that provides lasting

benefits to the community.


43/77

Regional/Local Issues

Social and Community-RelatedIssues

- Disclosure and information sharing

- Community development plans- Consultation throughout a projectslifecycle

- Compensation and resettlement- Local economic development

- Mine closure


44/77

Regional/Local Issues Environmental

- Legacy issues

-No-go zones for environmental impactprojects

-No-go technologies Small-scale mining

- Legal tenure

- Technical including safety andenvironmental

- Conflict resolution (with commercialmining)


45/77

National Global Level Issues

Governance

- Transparency

- Revenue management Others

- Human rights

- Indigenous people- Impact on global climate change

Sustainable Development in the Context of


46/77

Sustainable Development in the Context of

Mineral and Energy Development

Encompasses:

Economic Responsibility -- shareholders,employees, community, society

Environmental Responsibility -- society is moreconcerned with minings impacts and behavior

than its products Resource Stewardship -- wise and efficient use

Community Engagement -- shared objectives

Product Stewardship

Social License and Public AccountabilityMinersmine with the consent of the public


47/77

IPRA

Grants to indigenous culturalcommunities or indigenous peoplescertain preferential rights to their

ancestral domains and all resourcesfound therein.

Royalty and right to benefits


48/77

IPRA

No mineral agreement shall beapproved unless:

- There is prior certification from NCIPthat area does not overlap ancestraldomain or

- Prior free and informed consent has

been obtained from the ICC/IPconcerned


49/77

Development o f hos t and neighbor ing communi t ies

through the Social Development and Management

Program;

Provision of alternative livelihood, health andnutrition, education, peace and order,

infrastructure, etc. Budget of 90% of the 1% of the direct mining and

milling costs;

Preferent ial employment of major i ty from hos t

commun it ies and ensure techno logy transfer ;

Preferent ia l use of indigenous p rodu cts, services

and technolog ies as wel l as local con struc t ion

enterpr ises;

Payment of royalt ies to surface owners

SOCIAL PROVISIONS


50/77

Protect ion of r ig hts of IPs/ICCs

Secure Free and Prior Informed Consent of

IPs/ICCs

IPs entitled to minimum 1% of annual grossrevenue for the implementation of Ancestral

Domain Sustainable Development and Protection

Plan

Respect and preserve the culture and tradition ofIPs/ICCs

SOCIAL PROVISIONS


51/77

Benefits/Obl igat ions to LGUs

LGUs entitled to 40% of the excise tax (Barangay

- 35%; Municipal - 45%; and Province - 20%)

Endorsement from LGUs required for miningoperations

Beneficiaries of social development projects

SOCIAL PROVISIONS


52/77

Local Government Code

Proponents applying for miningapplications intended for explorationactivities are required to conduct

consultation with all LGUs concerned,or the legislative councils(sanggunian) at the provincial,

city/municipal, and barangay levels.


53/77

Lessons Learned

Consultation and relationshipbuilding between the mine andaffected people starting at

exploration, based on respect forlocal community culture and land

Mine closure planning with strongfocus on post-closure sustainability

Local economic development planand agreements hiringpreferences, training, small

businesses support, joint ventures


54/77

Lessons Learned

Revenue sharing framework withspecific benefits for localcommunities

Environmental and social protectionplans and agreements andindependent verification


55/77

What Mining Companies Has to Do

Obey the law

Pay proper taxes

Be civic minded, actively financially

support local communities and adaptto grassroots businesses

Have Filipino staff

Build relationships national andlocal

Identify tribal leaders and real IPs


56/77

From Anglo American

To secure a continuing license to operate, the

mining and resources industry will have to

frame its future in economically viable,

socially beneficial and environmentally soundpractices that are negotiated with communities

within which it works.


57/77

From Rio Tinto

"We believe we can only continue to generate

value for our shareholders over the long run if

we excel in our performance on environmental

and social issues. Sustainable developmentmanages all the business risks to earn a

license to operate from all stakeholders."


58/77

PHILIPPINEMINING ACT


59/77

60

1987 CONSTITUTION (Article XII, Sec. 2)National Economy and Patrimony

A l l lands o f the pub l ic domains, waters,

minerals, coal, petroleum, and other

mineral oi ls , al l forces of potent ia l

energy, f isheries, forests or t imber,

w i ldl i fe, f lora and fauna, and o ther natural

resources are owned b y the State. x x x

The explorat ion, development, andut i l ization of natural resourcesshal l be

under the fu l l con t ro l and superv is ion of

the State.

REPUBLIC ACT NO 7942


60/77

61

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7942MINING ACT OF 1995

App roved on 20 February 1995 by Cong ress

and consequent ly by President Fidel V.

Ramos on 03 March 1995

Espoused the pr inc ip le of responsib le

min ing

Revised Implement ing Rules and

Regu lat ions app roved on 19 December 1996- DAO No. 96-40 by Secretary Victor O.

Ramos

DECLARATION OF POLICY (RA 7942)


61/77

62

DECLARATION OF POLICY (RA 7942)

Al l mineral resources in publ ic and

pr ivate lands within the terr i tory andexclus ive econom ic zone of the Republ ic of

the Phi l ipp ines are owned by the State. It

shal l be the responsibi l i ty of the State to

promote their rat ional explorat ion,

development, ut i l izat ion and conservat ion

through the combined ef for ts of the

Government and p r ivate sector in o rder toenhance nat ional growth in a way that

effect ively safeguards the env ironmentand

pro tects the r igh ts o f affected commun i t ies.


62/77

63

NEW PARADIGMON MINING

Promot ion o f respons ib le m in ing as an

eng ine for econom ic grow th and

al leviation of poverty in the

count rys ide;

Str ict adherence to the pr inc iples of

sustainable development econom ic

developm ent , env ironmental protect ion

& social equ i ty

Executive Order No. 270/270A


63/77

64

Issued on 16 January 2004

Streng thened Mining Act o f

1995 Provides 12 guid ing

pr incip les for respons ib le

m in ing = econom ic

development,env i ronmental protect ion &

social equi ty

Executive Order No. 270/270A

National Policy Agenda on

Revitalizing Mining in the Philippines

1995 Mining Act vis vis Old Law


64/77

66

1995 Mining Act vis--vis Old Law

1995 Mining Ac t

EP, MPSA, FTAA

Adequate environm ental

pro vis ion s (Chapter XI)

EWP dur ing explorat ion

EPEP du r ing o perat ion

FMRDP dur ing m ine closure

Funds deposi ted for EPEP

and FMRDP

Recogni t ion and p rotect ion

of IPs/ICCs (Sec. 16) Suff ic ient s ocia l provis ions

(Chapter X)

Mandatory SDMP

Endorsement of LGU

requ ired (Sec. 70)

Old Laws (PD No. 463)

Mining leases and claims

Inadequate environmental

prov is ions

No EWP dur ing explorat ion

No EPEP dur ing operat ion

Unreal ist ic m ine clos ure

requirement

No funds d eposi ted for

environmenta l wo rks

No provis ion on recogni t ion

and protect ion of IPs/ICCs Insu ff ic ient social

p rov is ions

Voluntary so cia l programs

Endorsement of LGU not

required


65/77

Government Management

Mineral Reservations establishedby the President; mining operationsmay be undertaken by the DENR or

through a contractor. Other Reservations mining in

reserved lands other than mineralreservations may be undertaken by

DENR or through a qualified person;awarded by the President


66/77

Areas Open to Mining

Subject to existing rights

Mineral resources in public or privatelands including timber or forestlands

shall be open to mining permitapplications


67/77

Areas Closed to Mining

Military & other government reservationsexcept upon prior written clearance fromgovernment agency concerned

Built up areas, including plantations orvaluable crops except upon writtenconsent of govt agency or private entityconcerned

Areas covered by valid and existingmining rights


68/77

Areas closed to Mining

Areas prohibited by law

Areas covered by small scale minersunless with prior consent of SSMs

Old growth or virgin forests,proclaimed watershed forestreserves, mangrove forests, mossy

forests, national parks under NIPAS


69/77

Small Scale Mining

Governed by RA 7076 (small ScaleMining Act)

Managed through the P/CMRB

Maximum 20 hectares

Includes Quarry Permits, permits forsand and gravel, guano, gemstonegathering; government gratuitouspermit; private gratuitous permit

Transport Sale & Processing of


70/77

Transport, Sale & Processing of

Minerals

Ore Transport Permit specifiesorigin & quantity

Mineral Trading Registration

registered by DTI and accredited byDENR

Minerals Processing Permit


71/77

Auxiliary Mining Rights

Timber rights subject to forestrylaws, rules and regulations

Water rights approval by

concerned agency

Right to possess explosives

Easement rights

Entry into private lands andconcession areas


72/77

Settlement of Conflicts

Regional Panel of Arbitrators twomembers of the Philippine Bar andone licensed mining engineer or

professional in a related field. Mines Adjudication Board DENR

Secretary as Chair, USEC for Field

Operations & MGB Director asmembers


73/77

Taxes and Fees

Income taxes

Excise tax on mineral products 2%

Mine wastes and tailings fees semi-annual 0.05 / MT; 0.10/ MT

Occupation fees EP = P10 /ha;MPSA = P100/ha; 30% to theprovince and 70% to the municiplaity


74/77

Grounds for Cancellation

Late or Non-filing of requirements

Violation of the terms and conditionsof Permits or Agreements

Non-payment of taxes and fees

Falsehood or omission of facts in theStatement


75/77

Penal Provisions

False statements P10,000 Illegal Exploration P50,000

Theft of Minerals 6 months to 6

years imprisonment and/or fine ofP10,000 to P20,000

Destruction of mine structures

imprisonment not to exceed 5 yearsplus compensation for damages


76/77

Penal Provisions

Mines arson revised Penal Codeplus compensation for damages

Wilfull damage to a mine

imprisonment not to exceed 5 yearsand compensation for damages

Illegal obstruction to permittees or

contractors P5,000 orimprisonment not exceeding 1 yearor both


77/77

Penal Provisions

Violation of the terms and conditionsof the ECC 6 months to 6 yearsimprisonemtn or a fine of P50,000 to

P200,000 or both at the discretion ofthe court

Illegal obstruction to (DENR)government officials P5,000 fine or

imprisonment not exceeding 1 yearor both

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	jotonx
View:	222 times
Download:	0 times

Mining Laws in Philippines

Documents