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Mining methods for sMining methods for steeply dipping and massive deposits
Mining methods for sMining methods for steeply dipping and massive deposits
Self supported methods
Sublevel caving
Block caving
Induced Block Caving
Sublevel stoping
Undercut and fill stoping
Square-set stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
Shrinkage stoping
With caving of overburden
Without caving of overburden
Supported methods
Large open stope mining
Top slicing
Continues bench backfilling stoping
CAVING METHODES
Sublevel caving
Sublevel caving
Sublevel caving
Induced block caving
Induced block caving with blasting on the broken rock
1 - drilling drifts ; 2 - level drift ; 3 - haulage drift ; 4 - draw points ; 5 - control crosscut.
Blocs foudroyés avec tir avec chambres de dégagement
1 - galeries de foration ; 2 - points de soutirage; 3 -galerie de transport
2
1
3
Volume relatif des chambres de dégagement - 30%
Bloc caving - non mechanized mining
Bloc caving - mechanized mining
Characteristics of caving methods
Application :massive steeply dipping depositslow ore value
Advantages : high stope output and personnel productivitylow costs good security conditions
Disadvantages :method is not selective high dilution and lossesmethod is inflexiblecaving of surface
Top slicing
Application :steeply dipping deposits ore width > to 3-4 mweak ore and walls high ore value
Advantage : low loss and dilution
Disadvantages :stope production and personnel productivity are lowcosts are high
SELF SUPPORTED METHODS
Sublevel stoping
Sublevel stoping
Sublevel stoping
Sublevel stoping in thick orebody
A-aB-b
C-c
A
A
C C
B
B
Large open stope mining
Large open stope mining
Large open stope mining
Large open stope mining with primary and secondary stopes
Large open stope mining with caving of pillars
Large open stope mining with lost pillars
Characteristics of self supported methods
Application :massive steeply dipping depositscompetent ore and host rockslow ore value with lost pillarshigh ore value with cemented fill
Advantages : high stope output and personnel productivitylow dilutionlow costsgood security conditions
Disadvantages :method is not selective high losses in pillars or higher costs for backfillingmethod is inflexible
SUPPORTED METHODS
Continuous bench backfilling stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - rise for fill and ventilation ; 4 - ore passe ; 5 - manway rise ; 6 - crosscut ; 7, 8 - pillars ; 9 - ore ; 10 - broken ore ; 11 - backfill .
Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
drilling
loading
filling
competent rock weak rockmedium rock
Cut-and-fill stoping
ore
LHD
jumbo
backfill
Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
Drilled stope face LHD in the stope
Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
Dilution calculation
Wdeposit
a
a
Wopening
a2 cosh sin LWopening
a cosh sin LWopening
For > 15 - 20° :
For < 15 - 20° :hL
Characteristics of cut-and-fill stoping
Application :competent oreweak host rockshigh ore valuedeposit can be irregular
Advantages : method is selectivelow dilution and lossesflexibility
Disadvantages :low stope output and personnel productivity high costs
Undercut-and-fill stoping
1 - rise for fill ; 2 - orepasse ; 3 - crosscut ; 4 - ventilation opening ; 5 - limit of mining ; 6 - stop limit haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - rise for fill and ventilation ; 4 - ore passe ; 5 - manway rise ; 6 - crosscut ; I - blasting ; II - loading ; III - backfilling.
Undercut-and-fill stoping
1 - top level ; 2 - haulage level ; 3 - ramp ; 4 - stop access ; 5 - ore and fill pass ; 6 - limit of mining.
Undercut-and-fill stoping
1 - ore mat ; 2 - reinforcement wire mesh ; 3 - anchoring ; 4 - cable ; 5 - polystyrene sheathing ; 6 - ore ; 7 - walls ; 8 - backfill of the previous cut.
Undercut-and-fill stoping
ramp, 20%
access to the cut, 20%
R - fill pass ; J - ore pass.
crosscut for backfilling
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Characteristics of cut-and-fill stoping
Application :weak ore and host rocksvery high ore value
Advantages : method is selectivelow dilution and lossesflexibility
Disadvantages :low stope output and personnel productivity very high costs
1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - manway and ventilation rise ; 4 - doghole ; 5 - pillar ; 6 - crosscut ; 7 - ore ; 8 - drillholes ; 9 - brocken ore .
Shrinkage stoping
Shrinkage stoping
1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport and ventilation drift ; 3 - doghole ; 4 - stop sill.
broken ore
A-A B-B
A
A
B
B
Shrinkage stoping
stop in operation
pillarstubing for ventilation
prepared stop
stop at the end of mining
thin
pil
lar
cap pillar of 5 m
openings
fan
haulage level 200 fan
mined out stop
level 144
Alim
ac r
ise
Shrinkage stoping
mined out stop
thin
pill
ar
level 130
prepared stop
ore width
haulage level 200
stop in operation
pillars 2.5 x 2 m
cap pillar
hei
ght
Shrinkage stoping
Characteristics of shrinkage stoping
Application :stable ore and host rockssteeply dipping depositregular boundaries of ore bodyore thickness up to 5 mbroken ore must not re-cement with time
Advantages : selective blastinglow costs
Disadvantages :mucking is not selective low stope output low personnel productivity loss in pillarsdifficulty in mechanization
Square-set stoping
Application :deposit of 30 to 60° dip and of 1 to 3 m thicknessweak ore and wallshigh value of ore
Advantages :selectivity
low loss and dilution
Disadvantages :stope production and personnel productivity are lowbecause of important wood consumption costs are high
Application of different mining methods insteeply dipping narrow vein deposits
Walls StabilityInstable Stable
Ore
sta
bili
ty
Inst
able
sS
tab
les
Undercut-and-full filling
Cut-and-fill
Continuous bench backfilling
Sublevel stoping
Shrinkage
Undercut-and-partiamlfilling
Application of different mining methods inmassive vein deposits
Ore stabilityLow ore stability High ore stability
Ore
val
ue
Low
ore
val
ue
Hig
h o
re v
alu
e
Block caving
Cut-and-fill
Sublevel caving
Zone de foudroyageForation
roulage
grizzlysoutirage
Large open stoping with cemented fill
Undercut-and-fill
Large open stoping with lost pillars