MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (KISIP) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Project Report for Infrastructure Upgrading Projects in Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini Informal Settlements, Kitui Town Contract No. MH/KISIP/CS/003/2012-2013: Cluster 1- Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Credit Number: IDA 4873-KE August 2016 SFG3435 V1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Transcript
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE,
HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAMME
(KISIP)
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Project
Report for Infrastructure Upgrading Projects in Kunda Kindu,
Mosquito and Mjini Informal Settlements, Kitui Town
Contract No. MH/KISIP/CS/003/2012-2013: Cluster 1- Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui
Credit Number: IDA 4873-KE
August 2016
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DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report is prepared for:-
The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development
Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project (KISIP)
P.O. Box 30450-00100,
Nairobi, Kenya.
Signed by…………………………………………...........…………
Position…………………………………….....………………………
Signature…………………………………………………………......
Date…………………………………….....…………………………..
I,……………………………………….., a registered Lead ESIA Expert by the National Environment Management Authority (License No…………….…), confirm that the contents of this report are a true representation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading in Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini Informal Settlements within Kitui County.
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This report has been prepared by CPCS Transcom International Limited (CPCS) in association with East African Engineering Consultants Ltd (EAEC), on behalf of Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development.
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Executive Summary The Government of Kenya (GoK), in cooperation with the World Bank, the Agence Française de Dévelopement, and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency has prepared the Kenya Informal settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) in 15 municipalities. KISIP is currently being spearheaded by the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development and is being implemented through participating County Governments. The overall project development objective of the KISIP is to improve living conditions in informal settlements in selected Counties in Kenya. This will be achieved by enhancing security of tenure and improving infrastructure based on plans developed in consultation with the community. The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development through the KISIP Project has engaged the services of CPCS Transcom International Ltd in association with East African Engineers Consulting Ltd to undertake the Consultancy for Socio-Economic Surveys, Infrastructure Upgrading Plans, Engineering Designs, preparation of Bidding Documents, Environmental Impact Assessments and Resettlement Action Plans in Informal Settlements in Cluster 1 – Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Towns. This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report presents, in separate Chapters, the three informal settlements of Kunda Kindu, Mosquito (Kaango) and Mjini, in Kitui Town. These settlements are located next to each other in Kitui town. The location of these settlements is presented in Figure 1-1 in chapter 1 of this report. This report presents the type, location, sensitivity and the scale of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects, as well as the potential environmental impacts, proposed mitigation measures and site-specific environmental management plans for each settlement. The proposed infrastructure projects, which reflect residents’ priority needs, were first identified during socio-economic surveys, through household surveys and consultative focus group discussions. The prioritized infrastructure services were subsequently re-validated in community consultations with community leaders and Settlement Executive Committees (SECs) in the three settlements. Feasibility Studies were conducted and they are presented in the Draft Settlement Upgrading Plan (SUP) Report. The revised engineering designs were presented to the client and to the County Government. This ESIA report presents the preferred infrastructure priorities as validated by the client and by the County Government as presented in the final detailed design report.
The public consultations on potential environmental impacts were identified through consultative meetings held during the identification of the infrastructure projects. While scoping and identifying key baseline information for purposes of developing an environmental profile of each settlement, households further provided data on environmental hazards in their settlements, ranking them in terms of their severity. This ESIA Report is based on the proposed final settlement upgrading plan and the final engineering designs for each settlement, design criteria and the packaging of works contracts. These reports have been submitted separately to the client. The environmental
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measures to be undertaken are outlined in this report while the social and economic issues are dealt with in the RAP report, a separate document that should be read in conjunction with this report. This ESIA report is also informed by the Socio-economic report already submitted to KISIP. The findings of this ESIA report show that there are significant adverse impacts on the residents and on the environment emerging from the inadequate provision of infrastructure services in the three settlements. However, during the construction phase, the prioritized infrastructure will have minimum adverse impacts on the environment. There will be minimum adverse negative impacts on the human environment during and after the implementation of the proposed infrastructure projects. There are, however, significant positive impacts on the human environment after the implementation of the proposed projects. This report has therefore recommended site-specific mitigation measures and context-specific environmental management plans for each of the three settlements, in line with EMSF categories of KISIP projects under Category B. The report has further recommended that during the implementation of the proposed infrastructure projects, mitigation measures be closely followed and monitored. As set out in Sections 68 and 69 and further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice 101 of June 2003 of EMCA this report recommends that annual Environmental Audits be carried out in order to mitigate and control environmental damage from completed projects. The infrastructure components which have been taken into account in this report are presented in the tables below:-
Table 1-1: Proposed Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Infrastructure
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Sensitization campaigns No.) No.) No.)
Technical assistance and capacity building for CBOs
Item Item Item
The road and drainage infrastructure proposed for development in the three settlements is summarized in the tables below:-
Proposed Road and Drainage Design Components in Kunda Kindu
The total length of the planned roads in the settlement is 1.856 km with the respective road reserve width ranging from ≤ 4.5m to 15m. There is no drainage system to evacuate surface runoff in the settlement, to this effect it is proposed that a drainage system be constructed alongside roads.
Proposed Road and Drainage Design Components in Mosquito/Kaango
The total length of the planned roads in the settlement is 1.38 km with the respective road reserve width ranging from ≤ 4.5m to 15m. Currently the access roads are mainly used by light motorized traffic and non-motorized traffic due to their poor riding quality. There is only one drainage system (1000mm diameter) running across the settlement which is dedicated to carry surface runoff collected along the tarmac road separating Mosquito and Mjini settlements.
Proposed Road and Drainage Design Components in Mjini
The road reserve width ranges from ≤ 4.5m to 9m. The drainage system is not developed in the settlement but there is the advantage of the well-drained soils and the natural slope that allows immediate draining of surface runoff
Electrical Works in the settlements
It has been proposed that 10 No. Street Lighting be constructed in Kunda Kindu along the road connecting to Kitui-Kibwezi Road and 6 No. High Flood Mast Lighting be erected in the three settlements.
Table 1-2: Recreational Park Improvement Options
Type of infrastructures Settlement
Mosquito/Kaango Kunda Kindu Mjini
Recreational Park 17,000m2 20,000m
2 None
Cost Estimates
The engineer’s cost estimates for infrastructure investment for the settlements in Kitui is Kenya Shillings Seven Hundred Forty Nine Million Eight Hundred Twenty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred and Sixty One (Kshs. 749,829,961). The estimated cost for the implementation of the ESMP is Kenya Shillings Ten Million (Kshs. 10,000,000)
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Overall it is concluded that the proposed projects will have considerable positive socio-economic impacts and improvement in the quality of life of the residents in the three selected settlements. The proposed project components will respond to the residents’ immediate felt needs as prioritized by them in the various collaborative consultations held with them. The proposed project components will equally have a positive impact on the physical and natural environment. The few negative environmental impacts can easily be mitigated and the mitigation measures and subsequent site-specific environmental management plans have been proposed in this final ESIA report. The main recommendation of this final ESIA report is that during project implementation (i.e. the construction phase) the mitigation measures identified and recommended be closely monitored to ensure that they are being undertaken. All contracts for construction of any of the proposed project components must stipulate the responsibilities of the contractor for implementing the proposed mitigation measures. In this regard, the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) developed in this ESIA report take into account the impacts of construction and of the operation phases of the infrastructure components. The core responsibilities during the implementation of the ESMP have been allocated.
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Table of Contents DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION .......................................................................................... i Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents............................................................................................................. vii Acronyms/Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xix
Annex 1: Environmental Screening Checklists: Kunda Kindu, Mosquito/Kaango and Mjini ...........................................................................................................................2
Figure 6-1: Polluted stream and dumping of solid waste on the streets in Kunda Kindu ...... 6-2
Figure 6-2: Layout of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in the Three Settlements in Kitui .... 6-7
Figure 7-1: Wastewater disposed of on the streets and Solidwaste disposal on the riparian reserve ..................................................................................................................................... 7-2
Figure 8-1: Neat rows of streets and wastewater disposal on the streets in Mjini ................ 8-2
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Table 1-1: Proposed Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Infrastructure ....................... iv
Table 1-2: Recreational Park Improvement Options ................................................................. v
Table 1-1: List of Selected Settlements ................................................................................... 1-3
Table 4-1: Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for Civil Works .................................. 4-8
Table 4-2: The KISIP Project Coordination Team (PCT) ......................................................... 4-12
Table 5-1: Selected Settlements in Kitui town ........................................................................ 5-2
Table 5-2: Socioeconomic Baseline Information for the Settlements .................................... 5-6
Table 6-1: Water and Sewerage Design Components in Kunda Kindu ................................... 6-3
Table 6-2: Social and Environmental Justification for Proposed Water Options in Kunda Kindu ........................................................................................................................................ 6-8
Table 6-3:Social and Environmental Justification- Sewerage and Sanitation in Kunda Kindu6-10
Table 6-4: Social and Environmental Justification – Solid Waste Management-Kunda Kindu6-11
Table 6-5: Social and Environmental justification for roads and drainage –Kunda Kindu ... 6-12
Table 6-6: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in KundaKindu ....... 6-14
Table 6-3: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Kunda Kindu Settlement ................................................................................... 6-22
Table 7-1: Social justification for proposed footbridge and recreational park ....................... 7-6
Table 7-2: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments in Mosquito ................................................................................................................................. 7-8
Table 7-3: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mosquito Settlement........................................................................................ 7-11
Table 8-1: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini ..................... 8-7
Table 8-2: Identification of Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mjini Settlement .................................................................................................................... 8-10
Table 9-1: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Malindi for the Construction Phase ......... 9-4
Table 9-2: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Kitui during the Operation Phase ........... 9-10
Table 9-3: The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ................................................... 9-12
List of Maps
Map 5-1: Location of the Settlements within National Context ............................................. 5-3
Map 5-2: Location of the Settlements within Kitui Town ....................................................... 5-4
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ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
CBO Community Based Organizations
CBD Central Business District
CG Central Government
CGK County Government of Kitui
CWSB Coast Water Services Board
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Screening
EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESO Environmental and Social Officer
ESS Environmental and Social Screening
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GIS Geographical Information System
GR Growth Rate
KCAA Kenya Civil Aviation Authority
KeNHA Kenya National Highways Authority
KeRRA Kenya Rural Roads Authority
KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority
KISIP Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project
KITWASCO Kitui Water and Sewerage Company Ltd
Km Kilometre
MLHUD Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development
MoH Ministry of Health
MTIHUD Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
PAP Project Affected Person
PCT Project Coordination Team
PDP Part Development Plan
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RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RE Resident Engineer
SEC Settlement Executive Committee
SUP Settlement Upgrading Plan
WB World Bank
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1Introduction
Introduction
The Government of Kenya is aware of the importance of upgrading settlements in urban areas. Through the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) and credit from the International Development Association (IDA), selected informal settlements in 15 counties in the country have been identified for infrastructure upgrading. In turn, the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD) has engaged the services of CPCS Transcom International Ltd in association with East African Engineers Consultants Ltd to undertake this assignment. This assignment is for Cluster 1 which comprises settlements in Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui. This is the environmental and social impact assessment report for the proposed infrastructure upgrading in Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu informal settlements in Kitui County.
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1.1 Project Background
This project is funded by the International Development Association (IDA) through the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) under the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. CPCS Transcom International Ltd and East African Engineers Consultants Ltd have being contracted under the authority of Contract No. MH/KISIP/CS/003/2012-2013 signed between the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development and CPCS Transcom International Limited (CPCS) on 28 April 2014, to carry out a study entitled “Consultancy for Socio-Economic Surveys, Infrastructure Upgrading Plans, Engineering Designs, Preparation of Bidding Documents, Environmental and Social Impact Assessments and Resettlement Action Plans in Informal Settlements in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui” (“The Assignment”). KISIP program is now under the newly created Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development. The project has the following four components:- Component 1: Strengthening institutions and project management. Component 2: Enhancing tenure security. Component 3: Investing in infrastructure and service delivery. Component 4: Planning for urban growth. This assignment is under component 3 of the KISIP project. The overall project development objective of KISIP is to improve living conditions in informal settlements in selected Counties in Kenya. This will be achieved by enhancing security of tenure and improving infrastructure based on plans developed in consultations with the community. The key objective of this assignment as stated by the client is to prepare settlement
upgrading plans for selected informal settlements. This involves five major tasks:-
carrying out a socio economic- survey;
in consultations with the community, preparing a preliminary settlement
upgrading plan, including preliminary designs and feasibility studies for proposed
infrastructure investments;
preparing a final upgrading plan as well as detailed engineering designs and bid
documents for the agreed infrastructure investments;
preparing Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) ; and
preparing Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) in cases where there is a need to
relocate Project Affected Persons (PAPs) from land to which they have legal title
(either through possession of a letter of allotment or a title deed) or in cases
where the abovementioned PAPs will lose part or all of their assets or livelihoods,
as a result of the Project.
1.1.1 Scope of Services
The scope of work is limited to selected informal settlements in three towns, namely: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui. This report covers Kaango/Mosquito, Kunda Kindu and Mjini
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settlements in Kitui Town- see figures below for the settlements’ map and spatial location.
Table 1-1: List of Selected Settlements
Town Settlement Area (hectare)
ESTIMATE
Population(no.)
ESTIMATE
Kitui Kaango/Mosquito 7 4 000
Kunda Kindu 3,9 7 000
Mjini 4 2 000
Malindi Kibokoni 6,5 1 000
Sir Ali (Maweni) 12 9 000
Kwa Ndomo 4.2 700
Mombasa Hodi Hodi 8,4 500
Kilimanjaro 1,6 100
Maganda 97 5 000
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Figure 1-1: Spatial Location of Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini
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1.2 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
The main objective of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report, in compliance with the Terms of Reference, is to present the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects as well as the nature and magnitude of the potential environmental and social impacts. The report is required to:
Provide an adequate project description, including the project alternatives;
Present the methodology and approach;
Present the legal, policy and institutional framework relevant to the proposed projects in the settlements;
Identify the potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed projects
Prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
1.3 Structure and Organization of this ESIA Report
This report is structured and organized as follows:-
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Approach and Methodology
Chapter 3: Consultative and Public Participation (CPP)
Chapter 4: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
Chapter 5: Baseline Information
Chapter 6: Kunda Kindu Settlement
Chapter 7: Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Chapter 8: Mjini Settlement
Chapter 9: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans
Chapter 10: Conclusion and Recommendations
Annexes
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2Approach and Methodology
This Chapter briefly summarises the approach and methodology used in carrying out the environmental and social impact assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects for the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu in Kitui County.
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2.1 Methodology
The ESIA methodology commenced by establishing the necessary levels of review in order to analyse the environmental and social issues with respect to the proposed infrastructure service components. At the start, a check list was prepared to scope and identify the key environmental and social issues and their potential impacts. The check list was used during the physical and socio-economic surveys to collect baseline data in the targeted settlements and to identify any significant environmental and social issues and their potential impacts. The ESIA process equally assessed the compliance of the projects with respect to the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies and Kenya’s Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 and with respect to the legal, policy and institutional framework, which are presented in this report. The selection of the proposed infrastructure services was carried out through community consultations, described in the next chapter, in collaboration with the County Government and Settlement Executive Committees.
2.1.1 Screening
Environmental and Social Screening was applied during the feasibility stage of the project. The main aim of screening was to determine the applicability of both Government of Kenya (GoK) and World Bank Safeguard Policies and the need for an ESIA. The process determined that the GoK and World Bank Safeguard Policies were applicable to this project. It was however found that a full ESIA report is not required to be carried out since the proposed projects fall under Category B1.
2.1.2 Scoping
Scoping was undertaken to determine the diversity and severity of impacts anticipated so as to determine the scope of investigations needed and the requisite ESIA skills needed. The process identified the main issues and significant environmental impacts to focus on. The methodology was derived from the scoping exercise. The main focus was on the impacts of the projects in specific settlements, especially with regards to the temporary impacts during construction.
2.1.3 Baseline Survey
The baseline survey involved the study of descriptive environmental and social characteristics of the project sites. The ESIA team visited the sites and made observations, took photographs, conducted the socio-economic surveys, engaged the residents and other key stakeholders in consultative forums and focus group discussions. Data from secondary sources was used to outline the bio-physical features, socio-economic characteristics of the residents, the existing infrastructure services and the forms of land tenure.
1 Category B projects as per the World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01) are those projects that have
potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations and environmentally important areas. These impacts are however site specific and few, if any of them are irreversible.
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2.1.1 Desktop Study
The desktop study mainly focused on relevant legal and policy frameworks, and existing project documents including: The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for KISIP projects – Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development; and The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for KISIP among other relevant documents listed in Annex 6. The next chapter outlines the consultative public participation methodological process that was employed in the preparation of this ESIA report.
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3Consultative Public Participation
This Chapter summarises the consultative public participation process employed in carrying out the environmental and social impact assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects for the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu in Kitui County.
The Consultative Public Participation (CPP) process summarizes the methodology used to engage the public and other key stakeholders, the key issues identified and the recommendations made.
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3.1 Consultative Public Participation (CPP)
The main purpose of the community consultations was to provide a platform for communities to determine their infrastructure priorities as well as to discuss anticipated social and environmental impacts of the proposed projects.
3.1.1 Methodology
This assignment involved elaborate consultative public participation processes with the residents and key stakeholders including the County Government. It included explaining to the residents the objectives of the project and administering household questionnaires as well as conducting focus group discussions.
The survey methodology involved the preparation of an appropriate research design which entailed:
Interpretation of the terms of reference and objectives of the study,
Identification and designing of suitable methods of data collection,
Determining ways of involving the local community in the survey process;
Developing suitable tools for qualitative and quantitative data collection,
Identification of relevant sources of secondary and primary data and information,
Developing a data analysis process for the qualitative and quantitative data collected,
Interpretation and generalisation, where feasible, of the results and information obtained from analysis, and
Preparation of the report as per the terms of reference.
Consultations within each settlement were participatory, driven by community representatives in a process that also drew on the knowledge of County officials and the local administration. The process was backstopped by a social scientist and the ESIA Expert, supported by other experts from the consulting team. In the final phase of the assignment, consultations focused on the impacts of the proposed projects based on the final components for detailed designs. This informed the detailed engineering designs and this final ESIA project report. Stakeholder engagement was conducted at all levels with support from the County Government.
Figure 3-1: Stakeholder Engagement
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The identified infrastructure priorities changed, in some cases, during the consultative process comprising the socioeconomic survey, focus group discussions and the subsequent re-validation processes. The consultation processes contributed to the transfer of knowledge to the residents in the settlements by placing them at the centre of the prioritization of projects. In particular, the process increased their awareness of the infrastructure projects that were eligible for funding under KISIP.
Feasibility studies were conducted and presented in the Draft Settlement Upgrading Plan Report. This final ESIA report sets out the preferred infrastructure to be implemented under this project based on: technical feasibility, economic viability, environmental and social considerations, and availability of land for the proposed investments. The final preferred infrastructure projects in the three settlements were identified as follows:-
1. Water Supply System;
2. Sewerage System;
3. Solid Waste Management;
4. Roads and Drainage;
5. Recreational Park; and
Security Lighting.
3.1.2 Tools used for Data Collection
Focus Group Discussion and Consultative Forums
The first consultative forum was held in June 2014 in the three settlements. At this stage the team identified the existing environmental and social issues affecting the communities and undertook the scoping exercise. The Settlement Executive Committee (SEC) had not been formed and a decision was made that a representative committee from the community be consulted. The selected committee comprised of the local leaders and representatives of women, the youth and disabled members of the community. The summary of the issues discussed including the attendance list are attached in this report as Annex 3. The FGD tool used for environmental and social questions is attached as Annex 2.
Figure 3-2: Focus Group Discussion in Mosquito
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Figure 3-3: Consultative Workshop in Kitui
Source: CPCS June 11, 2014
The infrastructure priorities were identified and validated in consultative forums where the team also engaged the residents on the environmental and social impacts of the proposed infrastructure projects. The attendance lists are attached as Annex 3.
3.1.3 Household Interviews
The households’ surveys and other scheduled interviews were conducted in June 2014. The questionnaire (Annex 1) was designed to obtain basic data on household characteristics, social and economic profiles of households, tenure, access to infrastructure services, and the environmental and residents’ health conditions in the study settlements. The tool, administered in the three settlements, was prepared in English and translated into Kiswahili for ease of execution.
The questionnaire contained the following sections:
1. Respondent’s details
2. House/structure/land tenure details
3. Demographics and household composition
4. Environmental conditions
5. Economic profile
6. Infrastructure priorities
7. Infrastructure services
Water
Sanitation
Solid waste
Electricity
Figure 3-4: Enumerator collecting data in Kaango
Source: CPCS Survey, 10th June 2014
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Internal roads
Drains
8. Health module.
A total of 389 residents were interviewed in the three settlements as follows:
1. Mosquito - a total of 170 residents were interviewed ; 63% Female and 37% Male
2. Kunda Kindu - a total of 115 residents were interviewed; 67% Female and 33% Male
3. Mjini - a total of 104 residents were interviewed; 63% Female and 37% Male
The existing social and environmental conditions were determined and potential impacts of the project identified. Overall, the residents of Kitui were of the opinion that the proposed projects would have more positive social and economic impacts and they were therefore in favour of the implementation of project. The upgrading of infrastructure facilities such as roads was especially supported as it would reduce dust in the settlements and enhance access to basic community services. The residents were keen on the proposed infrastructure projects, as they would provide clean tap water to all and in turn reduce water borne diseases. The proposed street lighting was welcomed as it would enhance security and foster economic growth since traders could operate late into the night
3.1.4 Outcome of the Community Consultations
Environmental and Social Issues identified in Kaango/Mosquito
Kaango (Mosquito) settlement started as an informal squatter settlement and the name mosquito originated from problems associated with mosquito infestation in the area as a result of stagnant water. The residents were allocated the previously government-owned land by the Kitui Municipal Council, but the majority were yet to complete the process of title acquisition. When interviewed, the community was of the opinion that upgrading of infrastructure would improve living conditions but that it would also drive up rents. This is an important caveat since nearly a half of the households are tenants.
In spite of its high population density, the settlement does not have a high satisfactory level of infrastructure services. It is prone to pollution and it has a low quality of community life in general. Shallow wells are an important source of domestic water and there is a propensity for cross-contamination of ground water owing to its close proximity to pit latrines. Solid waste management is a challenge to the residents who dispose of their refuse in undeveloped plots or dig pits outside their houses. Refuse disposed of in this manner readily mixes with storm water run-off, which ends up in the river downstream. Storm water drainage systems do not exist and this often leads to flooding along the footpaths during the rainy season (Figure 3-5).
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Figure 3-5: Flooding and solid waste mangement problems in Kaango
Source: CPCS Survey, 10th June 2014
The level of infrastructure services varies and provision is not uniform across the settlement. The statistics analyzed showed that close to a half of the population have a private water connection in the house or a connection in the compound; pit latrines, private and shared, are the main means of excreta disposal; organized collection of solid waste is limited and crude dumping or burning of refuse is common; the quality of access roads is poor; and whilst the vast majority of households have an electricity connection, street lighting is extremely limited.
In view of the poor level of infrastructure provision there is a strong case for investing in infrastructure services as prioritized by the community. Water supply and electricity were ranked high by the households that were interviewed. Communal services, such as street lights and security lighting, access roads and the paving of the pedestrian walkways also attracted high rankings by FGD representative members.
Environmental and Social Issues Identified in Kunda Kindu
Kunda Kindu covers an area approximately 4 hectares with an estimated population of 7,000 people, many of whom are accommodated in multi-storey residential developments. The settlement is located near the town’s primary commercial district. The presence of a bus park/terminus and the resulting heavy traffic of people enable businesses to thrive.
Land owners have letters of allotment from either the defunct Kitui Municipal Council or the national government but the majority of the residents are tenants.
Malaria prevalence is high in the area with residents observing that other major health issues include water borne diseases such as diarrhoea which affects mainly children of less than 10 years of age.
The level of water connection in the settlement is low as only about a third of households have a connection to the house or compound. Earth roads predominate and there is very limited street lighting. The most common types of human waste disposal are public/shared latrines and individual ordinary pit latrines, and dumping of solid waste in the settlement is common.
In view of the poor level of infrastructure provision there is a strong case for investing in infrastructure services as prioritized by the community. The survey indicated that water
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supply, sanitation, access roads, storm water drainage, electricity, communal security and street lights commanded a high priority. This outcome was validated through follow up community consultations.
The inadequate provision of tertiary and secondary storm water drainage systems, in a densely settled area, results in the contamination of surface water run-off by solid and liquid waste from the settlement. Other negative features included flooding, stagnating pools of water, and poor solid waste management, all of which had a negative impact on human health.
Figure 3-6: Solid waste disposal and water well in Kunda Kindu Settlement
Source: CPCS Survey, 10th June 2014
Environmental Issues Identified in Mjini
Mjini is a low density settlement compared to the other two settlements (Mosquito and Kunda Kindu), with a Swahili architectural character. Unlike in many other informal settlements in the county, nearly three quarters of the households have either a private water connection to the house or compound. Still, the overall quality of other infrastructure is unsatisfactory: unimproved pit latrines predominate as the principal means of excreta disposal although about a third of the houses have flush toilets; well over a third of households dump solid waste in the settlement or in the compound; the quality of access roads is poor; and there is very limited street lighting.
Although there are no major industries in the neighbourhood, there are many ‘boda boda’ motor bikes providing public transport, raising the likelihood of noise and air pollution, in particular the concentration of exhaust gases. Solid waste is commonly dumped in open spaces and there is a solid waste disposal site at the edge of the settlement. Waste water constitutes a major risk for soils, and for surface and ground water, since it is untreated. The black cotton soils in the settlement present risks for the digging of pit latrines.
Positive Impacts Anticipated
Reduction of dust by upgrading the roads and footpaths, also anticipated to reduce respiratory diseases;
Figure 3-7: Grey Water Disposal in Mjini
Source: CPCS Survey, 10th June 2014
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Upgrading roads will improve access to services;
The project will improve the living conditions of the residents;
The project will provide clean drinking water to residents of the three settlements, reducing the risk of water borne diseases;
The project will improve security;
The project will improve business in the project sites
Negative Impacts Anticipated
Displacement and loss of livelihoods by moving those people on infrastructure corridors;
Temporary interference of services during construction and installation;
Dust and noise will affect the residents during construction activities
Health and safety of the locals especially their children
Social disruptions due to inaccessible routes under construction
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4Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
This Chapter presents the policy, legal and institutional framework guiding this process of environmental and social impact assessments.
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4.1 General Overview
This section summarises the legal, policy and institutional framework for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment within KISIP. The Environmental and Social Screening Report submitted earlier helped to determine that the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects have minimum impacts and that site-specific EIA project reports are required. This is in pursuant to the Legal Notice No. 101 which provides for two scenarios:
i. ESIA Project Reports for projects with minimum adverse impacts on the environment; and
ii. ESIA Study Reports for projects with significant adverse impacts on the environment
The Environmental and Social Screening Report submitted earlier classified the infrastructure upgrading projects as Category B; this implies that the projects have minimum adverse impacts on the environment and that only ESIA Project Reports need to be prepared for the three settlements.
4.2 Policy Provisions
4.2.1 World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01 and 4.12)
The World Bank requires social and environmental assessments (SEA) of projects proposed for financing by the bank. The Bank further requires Environmental and Social Screening of all proposed projects to determine the appropriate extent and type of SEA required. The Bank uses four categories depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.
a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented.
b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The EMSF categorizes KISIP projects under Category B.
c) Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project.
d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.
The OP 4.01 is triggered in this project as it’s likely to have impacts on its area of influence. The OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural environment, human health and safety, physical and cultural resources and transboundary and global environment concerns.
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OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, the objective of this policy is to:
i. avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs;
ii. assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity and production levels, or at least in restoring them;
iii. encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and
iv. provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.
This policy covers not only physical relocation but also loss of livelihoods and has being applied in this assignment. A resettlement action plan report has been prepared and submitted to the client that addresses those affected by the project. The affected persons included mainly those with activities and structures encroaching on designated road reserves, no land acquisition was required for implementation of this project.
There are other operational policies by the World Bank related to the environment. These are summarized in Annex 1: World Bank policies on environment are key in this project as it is the principal financier.
4.2.2 The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)
The NEAP for Kenya was prepared in 1994. It was a deliberate policy to integrate environmental considerations into the country’s social and economic development process. The integration was achieved through a multi-sectoral approach to develop a comprehensive framework to ensure that environmental management and conservation of natural resources are an integral part of societal decision-making processes.
4.3 Review of Relevant Statutes
4.3.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
The new Constitution of Kenya, states that everyone has a right to a clean and healthy environment in Section 42:
“Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right:
a. To have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69; and
b. To have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.
The Constitution identifies the responsibility of the national government in respect to the environment in Sections 69 and 70:
Section 69
1) The State shall—
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a. ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits;
b. work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya;
c. protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities;
d. encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment;
e. protect genetic resources and biological diversity; f. establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment; g. eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and h. utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
2) Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources.
Section 70:
1) If a person alleges that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognized and protected under Article 42 has been, is being or is likely to be denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter.
2) On application under clause (1), the court may make any order, or give any directions, it considers appropriate: -
a) to prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment;
b) to compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment; or
c) to provide compensation for any victim of a violation of the right to a clean and healthy environment.
3) For the purposes of this Article, an applicant does not have to demonstrate that any person has incurred loss or suffered injury.
4.3.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999, and its attendant Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 provides for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment in Kenya. In the Second Schedule it provides a list of projects for which carrying out an EIA process is mandatory. The projects proposed in the settlements are small in scale and have no minimum effects to the environment and according to this schedule do not require full EIA.
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The Act equally sets a requirement of Annual Environmental Audits in order to mitigate and control environmental damage from ongoing projects. Sections 68 and 69 of EMCA require that all ongoing projects be subjected to annual environmental audits as further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice101 of June 2003.
Other Regulations relevant to this assignment include:
EMCA (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006
The Waste Management Regulations (2006) are contained in the Kenya Gazette Supplement No 69, Legal Notice No 121 of immediate relevance to proposed development for the purposes of this scoping report is Part II, Sections 4(1-2), 5 and 6.
Section 4 (1) states that ‘No person shall dispose of any waste on a public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle’
Sections 4 (2) and 6 explain that the waste generator must collect, segregate (hazardous waste from non-hazardous) and dispose waste in such a facility that shall be provided by the relevant local authority.
Section 5 provides methods of cleaner production (so as to minimize waste generation) which includes the improvement of production processes through: conserving raw materials and energy.
Waste management has been identified as a major problem in all the settlements in the town. Although not all settlements identified solid waste management projects as a priority it is important to consider these regulations.
EMCA (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006
These are described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006. These Regulations apply to drinking water, water used for agricultural purposes, water used for recreational purposes, water used for fisheries and wildlife and water used for any other purposes. This includes the following.
Protection of sources of water for domestic use;
Water for industrial use and effluent discharge;
Water for agricultural use.
These Regulations outline:
Quality standards for sources of domestic water;
Quality monitoring for sources of domestic water;
Standards for effluent discharge into the environment;
Monitoring guide for discharge into the environment;
Standards for effluent discharge into public sewers;
Monitoring for discharge of treated effluent into the environment
These regulations are applicable in the project as it involves provision of domestic drinking water. The contractor will be required to adhere to these regulations as well as regulations by KITWASCO while constructing the water supply network.
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EMCA (Controlled Substances) Regulations, 2007
These regulations aim to regulate the production, trade and use of controlled substances and products and provide for a system of data collection to facilitate compliance. The regulations call for promoting the use of ozone friendly substances and products, equipment and technology to ensure that products used do not deplete the ozone layer.
EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulations, 2009
These Regulations, made under the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999, make provision for the management, conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and wetland resources and the sustainable utilization and conservation of (resources on) river banks, lake shores, and the seashore. The Regulations, among other things, set out general conservation and management principles, define duties of the Standards and Enforcement Review Committee and District Environment Committees in respect of wetlands, shores and banks.
The project proposes to use natural water ways like the natural stream in Kunda Kindu and Mosquito Settlements in Kitui as outfalls for the storm water collected. The Proponent shall comply with the provisions of the Act in protecting the wetlands, preventing and controlling pollution and Siltation in rivers by pre-treating the storm water before disposal into the wetlands.
These regulations are described in Legal Notice No. 131 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement no. 74, October 2006.The regulations include internal combustion engine emission standards, emission inspections, the power of emission inspectors, fuel catalysts, licensing to treat fuel, cost of clearing pollution and partnerships to control fossil fuel emissions. The fossil fuels considered are petrol, diesel, fuel oils and kerosene
EMCA (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009
Part II section 3(I) of these Regulations states that: no person shall make or cause to be made any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment and section 3(2) states that in determining whether noise is loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual, the following factors may be considered:
Time of the day;
Proximity to residential area;
Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant;
The level and intensity of the noise;
Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or mechanical means; and,
Whether the noise can be controlled without much effort or expense to the person making the noise.
Part III, Section 11(1) states that any person wishing to (a) operate or repair any machinery, motor vehicle, construction equipment or other equipment, pump, fan, air-conditioning
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apparatus or similar mechanical device; or (b) engage in any commercial or industrial activity, which is likely to emit noise or excessive vibrations shall carry out the activity or activities within the relevant levels prescribed in the First Schedule to these Regulations. Any person who contravenes this Regulation commits an offence.
During the construction of the proposed projects some form of vibration and noise is expected, and mitigation measures are proposed in the EIA report.
4.3.3 The County Government Act
The County Government Act mandates County Governments to carry out spatial planning within their counties. Section 110 gives guidelines as to what the spatial plan for the county should contain:
contain a strategic assessment of environmental impact of the spatial development framework
The County Government is obligated to provide a clean and safe environment within its area of jurisdiction.
4.3.4 The Public Health Act Cap 242
This Act aims at achieving a clean environment free of any nuisance so as to promote public health and safety. The Act equally provides for the protection of human health through prevention and guarding against introduction of infectious diseases into Kenya from outside, and to promote public health and the prevention, limitation or suppression of infectious, communicable or preventable diseases. This is applicable in this project as a number of the proposed projects will directly and/or indirectly improve the health of the residents.
For the interpretation of the Act, Section 15 (IX) indicates that any noxious matter or wastewater discharged from any premises, such as a building constitutes a nuisance. The Act also stresses that no person shall cause a nuisance to exist on any land or premise occupied by him. Because of the above, the Act acknowledges that it shall be the duty of all local authorities (County Governments) to take all lawful measures for maintaining their district at all times in a clean and sanitary condition for remedy of any nuisance or condition liable to be injurious to health.
4.3.5 The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 and Regulations
This Act replaced the Factories Act (Cap 514). It provides for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons lawfully present at workplaces, and provides for the establishment of the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for connected purposes.
There are several regulations under this Act and the most important to note is the ‘Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Rules’. These will apply during the construction of the proposed projects in the settlements. The rules are summarized below:
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Table 4-1: Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for Civil Works
Legal Requirements Description
General Requirements
Notice of particular works/operations
Notice should be sent in writing to the Occupational Health and Safety Officer, not later than seven days after commencement of construction and building works except where the construction works will be complete in less than six weeks or notice had already been given to the Occupational Health and Safety Officer (Section 60 of the Act).
General Register A general register of every person undertaking building operations or construction works be kept in adherence to the prescribed form L.D.B.C.R.2. This register is kept at the site of operations or at the office of the person undertaking the operations or works.
Special rules and welfares
Printed copies or prescribed abstracts of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act must be kept posted at the site of operations or works (Section 61 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Safety Requirements
Air receivers These should be of sound construction and be properly maintained. They should be thoroughly examined by a competent person at intervals of 24 months and the reports of such examinations attached to the General Register (Section 39 of the Factories and other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Cylinders for compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases
Such cylinders should be of good construction, sound material, and adequate strength and free from patent defect. The cylinders should conform to standards specified under the Standards Act or to a prescribed standard specification, approved in writing, by the Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards. They should be thoroughly examined by a competent person at regular intervals and a maintenance register kept (Section 39A of the amendment of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Notification of accidents
The particulars of an accident causing death or disablement of a worker for more than three days from earning full wages at the work place where he was employed must be sent in the prescribed form (L.D.B.C.R 6) to the Occupational Health and Safety Officer and entered in the General Register.
Certain dangerous occurrences must also be reported whether or not they cause disablement (Section 62 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Health Requirements
Sanitary accommodation
Sufficient and suitable sanitary conveniences must be available for persons employed. These must be kept clean and well lit (Sections 16 and 18 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Miscellaneous Requirements
Prohibition of deduction from wages
The occupier must not make a deduction from wages in respect of anything he has to do or provide in pursuance of the Factories Act or permit any person in his employment to receive payment from other employees for such services (Section 66 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Duties of persons employed
An employee must not wilfully interfere with or misuse any means, appliance, convenience or other thing provided in pursuance of the Act for securing health, safety or welfare provided for his use under the Act.
He must not wilfully and without reasonable cause do anything likely to
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endanger himself or others (Section 65 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
Inspection The Occupational Health and Safety Officer has the power to inspect every part of the premises by day or by night. He may require the production of registers, certificates and other papers. May examine any person alone or in the presence of any other person as he thinks fit and may require him to sign a declaration of truth of the matters about which he is examined.
Every person obstructing an Occupational Health and Safety Officer is liable to a penalty (Section 69 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
4.3.6 The Penal Code, Cap. 63
The chapter on “Offences against Health and Conveniences” contained in the Penal Code enacted in 1930 strictly prohibits the release of foul air into the environment, which affects the health of other persons. Any person who voluntarily violates the atmosphere at any place, to make it noxious to health of persons in general dwelling or carrying out business in the neighbourhood or passing along public ways is guilty of a misdemeanour, attracting imprisonment not exceeding two years with no option of fine.
4.3.7 The Water Act, 2002
Section 25 of the Act requires a permit to be obtained for among others any use of water from a water resource, and discharge of a pollutant into any water resource. According to section 29 of the same Act, application for such a permit shall be subject to public consultation as well as an environmental impact assessment as per the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999.
Section 73 of the Act allows a person with a licence to supply water (licensee) to make regulations for purposes of protecting against degradation of sources of water which he is authorised to take. Under the Act, the licensee could be a local authority, a private Trust or an individual and the law will apply accordingly under the supervision of the Regulatory Board.
Section 76 states that no person shall discharge any trade effluent from any trade premises into sewers of a licensee without the consent of the licensee upon application indicating the nature and composition of the effluent, maximum quantity anticipated, flow rate of the effluent and any other information deemed necessary. The consent shall be issued on conditions including the payment rates for the discharge as may be provided under section 77 of the same Act.
4.3.8 The Water Resource Management Rules, 2007
These rules complement the Water Act, 2002, by setting out the procedures for obtaining water-use permits and the conditions placed on permit holders. Section 54 to 69 of the Water Resources Management Rules 2007 impose certain statutory requirements on dam owners and users in this regard. These provisions address:
Technical design report in respect of the water use permit;
Operational information to be lodged with WRMA;
Dam safety measures and requirements for inspections; and
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Procedures to notify downstream communities in the event of unexpected releases.
Section 104 of the Water Resource Management Rules requires certain water permit holders to pay water use charges. The intention of the water use charges was to:
Raise revenue for water resource management;
Raise revenue for catchment conservation activities;
Improve efficiency of water resource abstraction; and
Provide a system of data collection on water resource usage.
4.3.9 The Roads Act, 2007
The legal and institutional aspects of the new road sub-sector policy were subsequently incorporated in the Kenya Roads Act 2007 which provides for the establishment of three independent Road Authorities namely:
i. Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) responsible for the administration, control, development and maintenance of all class A, B and C roads in Kenya.
ii. Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) responsible for rural and small town roads including class D, E roads and Special Purpose Roads.
iii. Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) is significant for KISIP as it is in charge of all city and municipal roads. This is the Authority that LAs will co-ordinate with in the design and implementation of investments targeting improvement of roads.
The Authorities fall under the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development which will retain the role of policy formulation and general oversight of public roads including regulatory aspects such as technical standards. The County Governments also have a role to play in the development and maintenance of local roads within their areas of jurisdiction. This was previously under the local authorities.
4.3.10 The Traffic Act, Cap 403
This Act consolidates the law relating to traffic on all public roads. The Act also prohibits encroachment on and damage to roads including land reserved for roads. This law is applicable in this assignment as upgrading of roads within the settlement has been prioritized by most of the settlements.
4.3.11 The Wayleaves Act, Cap 292
Section 3 of the Act states that the government may carry any works through, over or under any land whatsoever provided it shall not interfere with any existing building or structures of an ongoing activity. Notice, however, will be given one month before carrying out any such works (section 4) with full description of the intended works and targeted place for inspection. Any damage caused by the works would then be compensated to the owner as per this section. Finally, section 8 states that any person without consent causes any building to be newly erected on a way leave, or cause hindrance along the way leave shall be guilty of an offence and any alteration will be done at his/her costs.
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4.4 The Institutional Framework
4.4.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
NEMA is constituted by EMCA, 1999. NEMA’s main role is to provide coordination and supervision of all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of government in the implementation of environmental policies.
The implementation of KISIP projects will be subject to NEMA’s supervision and regulation, in particular to ensure that the projects conform to:
General principles of EMCA that guarantee a clean and healthy environment for all;
Principles of sustainable development as espoused by section 5 of EMCA, 1999;
Provisions relating to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements of EMCA 1999 and subsidiary legislation i.e. Legal Notice 101;
Part V on protection and conservation of the environment; and
Subsidiary legislation- Waste Management Regulations, Water Quality Regulations, Noise and Excessive Pollution control Regulations, River Banks, Wetlands, Lakeshores and Oceans Regulations 2007.
4.4.2 Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP)
KISIP is currently under the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development. Within the Ministry, KISIP operates under the overall supervision of the Principal Secretary, and the Project Coordination Team (PCT) comprising diverse components namely: Social and Community Development, Monitoring and Evaluation, Finance, Procurement, Institutional Development, Tenure Security, Environment, Infrastructure; and Planning for pro-poor growth, see Table 4-2.
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Table 4-2: The KISIP Project Coordination Team (PCT)
Title Main Tasks
Program Management and Coordination
Project Coordinator Overall project management
Finance Head Financial management
Procurement Specialist Procurement and stores management
Monitoring and Evaluation Project management, monitoring and evaluation
Environmental Specialist Mainstreaming environmental issues in the project to
minimize adverse effects
Social and Community Development Community participation and social issues
Component Managers
Head of Component 1: Institutional
Development
Responsible for implementation of Component 1
Head of Component 2: Tenure Security Responsible for implementation of Component 2
Head of Component 3: Infrastructure Responsible for implementation of Component 3
Head of Component 4: Planning for
Pro-poor growth
Responsible for implementation of Component 4
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Figure 4-1: KISIP Organizational Structure
4.4.3 The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development
The ministry merged the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development and the Ministry of Lands to create the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. KISIP is currently under the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development.
The Ministry’s main responsibilities include:
Improving the speed and efficiency of the processes for moving through the stages of mapping, planning, survey and land registration;
Creation of a database identifying potential land for the urban poor;
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Development and implementation of a systematic training and capacity building program;
Spearheading the development of new and revised policies for housing and delivery of serviced land.
4.4.4 The County Government
The County Governments are created in Chapter Eleven of the Constitution with powers, functions and responsibilities to deliver services provided for in the County Governments Act, 2012. Each county participating in KISIP has to constitute a Program Coordination Team (PCT) which consists of the component heads as shown in Figure 4-1 to facilitate project implementation at the county level. The PCT is led by the County KISIP Coordinator. The maintenance of the proposed infrastructure will largely lie within the mandate of the County Governments.
4.4.5 Other Relevant Institutions
Other institutions involved as stakeholders in this project include:
Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA). The mandate of KURA as defined in the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 is the Development, Management, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of all public roads in the cities and municipalities in Kenya except where those roads are national roads. KURA is hence responsible for the main City trunk roads and settlement level unclassified road networks. The settlements’ roads fall under KURA.
Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA). KeNHA mandate is defined in the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 with the responsibility for management, development, rehabilitation and maintenance of national roads (Class A, B & C roads).
Kenya Power. It is responsible for the transmission, distribution and retail of electricity in the country. This will be a key stakeholder in the implementation of the street lighting and high mast security lights in the settlements.
Community Based Organizations (CBO). The CBOs already play a role in the settlements through various initiatives aimed at improving the livelihoods of the residents. The SEC members include representatives from the existing CBOs in the settlements or the wider area.
Kitui Water and Sanitation Company Ltd (KITWASCO)- KITWASCO is mandated by the Water Act of 2002 to be responsible for operations and maintenance of all water supply and waste water management, collection and treatment. KITWASCO is in charge of these services in Kitui County and will play a key role in the design and implementation of water and sewerage projects in the settlements.
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5Baseline Information
This Chapter presents general baseline information in Kitui Town and in the three settlements.
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5.1 Introduction
This section outlines the baseline information for the three selected settlements in Kitui town - see Table 5-1.
Table 5-1: Selected Settlements in Kitui town
Settlement Size (Hectare) 2Population
Mjini 4 2000
Mosquito/Kaango 7 4000
KundaKindu 3.9 7000
Overall, the environmental and social impact assessment considered the physical and natural environment of the wider area where the settlements are situated. Although the impacts of the proposed projects lie within the settlements it is important to understand the wider area and its physical characteristics. The crucial environment to look at is the human environment which includes the settlements with their resident population and their socio-economic conditions. This aspect was covered in detail in the Socio-Economic Reports already prepared and presented to the client. A summary of the key indicators is provided in this section.
5.2 Physical and Natural Environment
Kitui County is located in the former Eastern Province of Kenya, about 160 km east of Nairobi. It is one of the largest counties in the country covering an area of 30,496.5 square kilometers. The name Kitui means ‘a place where iron goods are made’. The Kamba iron-smiths who settled in the county many years before the colonial period are the ones who named the area Kitui.
5.2.1 Geology, Topography and Soils
The altitude of the area ranges between 400m and 1800m above sea level. The central part of the county is characterized by hilly ridges separated by wide low-lying areas and has slightly low elevation of between 600m and 900m above sea level to the eastern side of the county, the main relief feature is the Yatta plateau, which stretches from the North to the South between rivers Athi and Tana. The plateau is almost plain with wide shallow spaced valleys. The highest areas in the county are Kitui Central, Mutitu hills and Yatta plateau. Due to their high altitude they receive more rainfall than other parts in the county and are the most productive areas.
5.2.2 Climate
The climate of the county is arid and semi-arid with very erratic and unreliable rainfall. Most of the areas are generally hot to dry leading to a high rate of evaporation. This combined with unreliable rainfall limits intensive and meaningful land use and related development activities. The annual rainfall ranges between 500 and 1050mm with 40 percent reliability. The long rains come in April/May and short rains in November/December. The short rains are more reliable while long rains are usually unreliable. The periods falling between June to
2 The population data was provided to the consultant by the client. No census was done
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September and January to March are usually dry. The topography of the landscape influences the amount of rainfall received. The highland areas of Central hills in Kitui and Mutitu in the Eastern parts of the county receive between 500-760mm of rainfall per year. The Endau hills receive 500- 1050mm per year while the drier eastern and southern areas receive less than 500mm. The county experiences high temperatures throughout the year, which ranges from 160C to 340C. The hot months are between June and September and January and February. The minimum mean annual temperatures are 280C in the western part and 220C in the eastern parts. Maximum mean annual temperatures on other hand are 28oC in the western part and 32oC in the eastern part. There are four (4) major soil types in the central part of the county, two (2) of which are found in the central part of the County. The distribution of soil types in different ACZS provides information that may facilitate planning of land use and management. Soils vary in their physical and chemical characteristics, being either saline or sodic or both.
Map 5-1: Location of the Settlements within National Context
Source: CPCS, 2014 from Google Maps
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Map 5-2: Location of the Settlements within Kitui Town
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5.2.3 Water Resources
Kitui County is characterized as a semi-arid area with few water resources. The settlements are supplied with water from Masinga dam with supplementary water from Ithookwe boreholes. There is a stream that runs between Kunda Kindu and Mosquito settlements that is usually dry during the dry season and is heavily polluted by untreated water supply from the settlements.
5.2.4 Natural Habitats
The settlements in the county are all situated in densely populated areas. There is a stream that runs between Kunda Kindu and Mosquito settlements. However, the project will not directly and significantly affect any natural habitat to trigger OP 4.04.
5.3 The Human Environment
Kitui County had a population of 1,012,709 people (male - 48% and female - 52%) according to the 2009 National Census, and the annual population growth rate is 2.2%. The county has among the highest poverty incidence in the country with an estimated 63% of the population living below the poverty line. The residents of the informal settlements of Kunda Kindu, Kaango and Mosquito were cumulatively recognized as vulnerable groups rather than disaggregated into specific categories. In an effort to have a fair representation the disabled, women, religious groups were among those groups represented in the Settlement Executive Committees (SECs) in the three settlements. The needs of these vulnerable groups were discussed in depth and a consensus reached during the validation workshops conducted in the settlements. For instance the need for public toilets was discussed with interest to the religious bias (Muslim) of most residents. They were in favour of connection of sewerage to individual homes in the spirit of promoting privacy.
The survey however revealed that there were well-established economic activities being carried out which include wood/soapstone carving, basket weaving, livestock rearing, subsistence farming and light industries. The recent discovery of coal and other minerals will contribute greatly to the growth of the economy in the county of Kitui.
The estimated population is based on information given by the client to the consultant and no census was conducted in the three settlements. During the socio-economic survey the average household size was established as follows:
Kunda Kindu - the estimated households to benefit from the project is 2,330
Mosquito/Kaango - the estimated households to benefit from the project is 1,000
Mjini - the estimated households to benefit from the project is 500
5.4 HIV /AIDS in Kitui
Kenya has experienced a notable decline in HIV prevalence over the last decade. The country has a current HIV/AIDs prevalence of 6% from the previous 10% in the late 1990s. Kitui County has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.3%. Women in Kitui just like most parts of the country are more vulnerable and have a higher HIV prevalence of 5.8% compared to men at 2.5% (MoH, 2014). Kitui County and especially in the town where the informal settlements are located has a higher prevalence attributed to early sexual debut, with 55% of those
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interviewed by the National Council of Aids in 2014 having engaged in sex before the age of 15 years.
This KISIP project is expected to improve the lives of those living in the three informal settlements and beyond by proving infrastructure which will contribute to improved living conditions and open up the area for economic development. Women who are more vulnerable will benefit from well-lit streets, proper drainage and sanitation. This will give even those living with HIV/AIDs a better chance to enjoy longer lives from living in conducive environment.
Table 5-2: Socioeconomic Baseline Information for the Settlements
Indicator Unit Kunda Kindu Kaango
Mosquito
Mjini
Population No. 7000 4000 2000
Mean HH Size No. 3 4 4
Unemployment % 3.1% 2.4% 4.8%
Land/Structure Owner % 3.1% 7.1% 37.5%
Tenants % 90.6% 85.3% 52.9%
Feels Tenure is Secure % 1.6% 4.1% 11.5%
Have Electricity % 65.6% 80.6% 78.8%
Water
Have piped water in the house % 7.8% 25.9% 30.8%
Have piped water in the
Compound
% 23.4% 34.1% 41.3%
Borehole/Well water % 9.1% 5.3% 1%
Borehole/well privately owned
as Sources of drinking water for
H/H
% 15.6% 8.8% 2.9%
Water kiosk as source of drinking
water
25% 6.5% 13.5%
Toilet Facilities
No facility % - - -
Individual Toilet- VIP, Pit % 26.6% 14.7% 31.7%
Flush toilet/WC 9.4% 26.5% 31.7%
Shared Toilet % 14.1% 24.7% 35.6%
Formal Connection to Sewer % 1.6% 7.1% 17.3%
Septic Tank/Soak pit % 23.4% 32.9% 22.1%
Pit latrine % 73.4% 56.5% 58.7%
Garbage Disposal
Dumping within settlement % 64.1% 52.4% 35.6%
Burning/burying in own
compound
% 25% 7.2% 5.8%
Organized private collection
system
% 1.6% 18.5% 7.7%
Municipal/ County Collection % 9.4% 21.9% 51%
Source: CPCS, June 2014
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6Kunda Kindu
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in Kunda Kindu Settlement in Kitui.
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6.1 The Settlement
Kunda Kindu informal settlement is located in Kitui town. One of the first residents built a bar and named it Kunda Kindu meaning “have a drink”. Residents would refer to the area by the name of the bar and so the name stuck. The settlement is characterized by business people. The presence of a bus park enables businesses to thrive as it gives rise to a lot of human traffic. The area has a low population density because most of the land is not developed and the business people live outside the settlement.
6.1.1 The Physical Characteristics
Kunda Kindu settlement slopes steeply from the main tarmacked Kitui-Kibwezi road towards the stream. The soil type is categorized as well draining. The settlement is sparsely populated on the South East and highly densely populated in the North–West direction.
Figure 6-1: Polluted stream and dumping of solid waste on the streets in Kunda Kindu
Source: CPCS, July 2014
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6.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives
The proposed infrastructure project alternatives are presented in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report and the detailed designs are presented in Annex 1: Book of Drawings of the same report, submitted separately to the Client.
6.2.1 Water Supply and Sewerage System
Kunda Kindu is currently undergoing an expansion of the existing water supply and sewerage system. The preferred option is to carry out an upgrading of the old system and connect residents’ dwellings that are not connected to the water supply system.
The project involves densification of supply from existing trunk lines. The project is not constructing new water projects. Design studies showed that there is sufficient water to meet the new connection demands. The quality of water is good as it is managed by the local water company.
The water and sewerage system design components are presented below and illustrated in Table 6-1:
1. Construction of water supply distribution pipelines of lengths as follows: DN90mm HDPE (900m), DN63mm HDPE (265m), DN50mm HDPE (615m), and DN40mm HDPE (400m);
2. Installation of bulk water meters, air valves, wash outs and sluice valves of various sizes, complete with bulk meter and valve chambers;
3. Installation of 300 No. individual consumer water connections consisting of water meters and meter boxes;
4. GMS service pipelines for individual consumer connections of lengths as follows: DN 25mm (1150m) and DN 15mm (500m);
5. Construction of a total length of 785m of DN160mm uPVC sewer pipelines;
6. Construction of 300 No. individual sewer connection points for individual households, consisting of DN 110mm uPVC service sewer lines and sewer connection chambers.
Table 6-1: Water and Sewerage Design Components in Kunda Kindu
Type of infrastructures Settlement
Kunda Kunda
Water Supply Pipelines
DN 90mm HDPE 1,089m
DN 63mm HDPE 318m
DN 50mm HDPE 1,138
DN 40mm HDPE 0
DN 25mm GI 1150m
DN 15mm GI 500m
Individual connections 300 No.
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Type of infrastructures Settlement
Kunda Kunda
Sewer Pipelines
DN 160mm HDPE 1,140m
Households sewer connection manholes
300 No.
6.2.2 Street and Security Lights
It is proposed that 2 No. High mast Security Lights be constructed in the settlement. Each Flood Mast will consist of 30 m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m. It is also proposed to erect street lighting along the main access road connecting Mosquito and Kunda Kindu. This section is busy and serves mainly as a commercial centre. 10 No. street lighting are proposed each with 8m high, single arm solar pole with square base plate root mounted with M16 bolts on a steel base plate mounted on a precast concrete base size 225mmx225mmx1500mm deep. Spacing ranging from 25 – 30m.
6.2.3 Recreational Park
It is proposed that the existing riparian reserve in Kunda Kindu be restored to create a recreational park.
6.2.4 Access Roads and Storm Water Drainage
Kunda Kindu has good access from the Kitui-Kibwezi tarmac road. The streets in the settlement are narrow due to encroachment with poor drainage. The proposed infrastructure improvements are as follows and as illustrated on Figure 6-2:-
a) Construction of 1,856 m length road with a carriage width of `3m to bitumen standards.
b) Construction of foot path of 1.2m width to bitumen standards on specified sides of the road.
c) Lined closed drainage structures consisting of pipe culverts and slotted drains will be constructed on specified sides of the roads
6.2.5 Solid Waste Management
It is proposed that a comprehensive system be put in place to ensure solid waste is collected within the settlement and collected by the County Government for final disposal. The town does not operate a land fill and the final destination of waste is open dumpsites. In the meantime, as a mitigation measure, the County Governments are expected to improve the conditions of the dumpsites by implementing minimum requirements across the waste management cycle as developed by NEMA.
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i. Recycling and Reuse
In the initial stages of the project recycling of wastes is proposed to be carried out by the CBOs who will be collecting the waste from the residential places and transferring it to the temporary holding yards, from where they will sort out the wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. However, it is expected that the community members will be sensitised with time in order to carry out wastes segregation at the household level. The CBOs will provide them with two types of plastic bags, properly labelled, one for recyclables and the other for non-recyclables. Several CBOs involved in recycling could unite to form a cooperative society that helps in seeking for good markets for their recyclables. Such recyclables will include plastics, paper, glass and metallic wastes.
ii. Payment for refuse collection services
The amount of fees charged per household for refuse collection should be agreed upon after consultations with all stakeholders, including the residents, the County Government, local administration and the CBOs. It is important that all households are involved in solid waste management plans, since every household contributes to solid waste generation. In most cases those who do not get involved in community waste management plans are the ones who establish illegal dumpsites in the settlements since their refuse is not collected through the established channels. The CBOs should carry out a massive sensitization, and where necessary should involve the local administration to try and get all households involved in solid waste management plans. Specific representatives from the CBOs should be charged with the responsibility of collection of the monthly fees from the residents. These persons should be introduced to the community members in a public baraza, and if possible should have a special badge for identification. All payments made must be issued with an official receipt for accountability purposes. Payments should be done preferably at the beginning of every month, or as agreed upon by individual households.
iii. Collection and transportation plan
The consultant proposes the use of plastic waste paper bags which will be provided to each household in the three settlements. CBO teams will collect the waste bags from each household on agreed days of the week, and transport them to the transfer stations. CBOs will use non-motorised transportation means such as hand carts and wheelbarrows in view of the narrow roads in some sections of the settlements. This type of equipment could be provided by the county government who will be in charge of the overall supervision of the solid waste management plan. Transportation from the transfer station to the final dump site will be the responsibility of the County government since they already have the transportation facilities. The CBOs will need to align their solid waste collection with the existing County waste collection programme, so that wastes do not stay for long at the transfer stations leading to decomposition and foul smell. There is a need for the CBOs to forge a good working relationship with the County government so that each party clearly understands their mandate and their boundaries of operation, to ensure that solid waste service provision is efficient and adequate.
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Figure 6-2: Layout of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in the Three Settlements in Kitui
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6.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects
6.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of the Proposed Projects in Kunda Kindu
Water
Water is universally accepted as the panacea for sustainable human development Standards and conditions of living conditions in any human settlement are virtually determined by the availability and accessibility of water (World Health Organization, 2010). Access to safe water is a human need and basic right.
Water supply is unreliable in the settlement, just as many other parts of Kitui Town and some residents have settled on shallow wells for domestic and commercial water supply. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be:
Health hazard, from use of contaminated shallow well water;
Increased health care use from use of poor quality water;
Wastage of water from spillage from the poor quality water pipes, this also leads to a small degree or soil erosion;
Loss of productive time in fetching water;
Low quality of life in the settlement
The proposed water options and the social and environmental feasibility are summarized in the table below:
Table 6-2: Social and Environmental Justification for Proposed Water Options in Kunda Kindu
Water supply upgrading options Social and Environmental justification
(i) Extension of the existing water distribution network
Increased access to safe water to a larger population
Improved health of the population by reducing the cases of water borne diseases in the area
Environmentally this option will not resolve the numerous cases of water spillage and may lead to more environmental degradation;
It will connect more residents to water supply reducing case of diseases contracted from poor quality water
No connection will be offered to individual homes and this may not see all residents supplied with clean water supply
(ii) Replacing of the existing water distribution network
This will eliminate illegal connection and burst which opens the pipe to contamination which causes water borne disease
Eliminate cases of water spillage. Water is a scarce resource in Kitui and minimum spillage will help conserve this resource.
Connect more residents
(iii) Individual Consumer This will increase access to safe and affordable water
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Connections safe water will bring improvements in health and
therefore saving costs of healthcare
increased access will bring time cleared for economic
and social activities other than water collection
especially women who carry the burden of collecting
water
Pregnant women, disabled and the sick can access water
easily
Reduce cases of illegal connection, increasing revenue
for KITWASCO as well as cases of burst pipes as
residents tap on illegal connections hence conserving
water as a resource
(iv) Supply of all pipes and materials to the WSP for future connections
This will increase access to safe and affordable water as it will reduce the cost of connection
This will be an incentive to the WSP to extend water network into the unserved areas
(v) Communal water points A water kiosk will impact positively on many households’ health through service of safe water as it will serve many people
The poor population will end up paying much more than those fortunate enough to have a tap in their house
The community cannot define opening and closing hours
Pregnant women and the disabled living in far distance from the water kiosk cannot access the water
Sewerage and Sanitation
Kunda Kindu like the rest of Kitui town has no sewerage system in place. Residents rely on septic tanks, pit latrines. From the field visit the lack of proper sewerage and sanitation system has led to environmental degradation in the settlement and especially on the seasonal stream. No project intervention would lead to the following outcome:
Further pollution of the seasonal stream;
Unhygienic playing spaces for children
Ground water pollution
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Table 6-3:Social and Environmental Justification- Sewerage and Sanitation in Kunda Kindu
No Option Environmental Justification/Feasibility
1 Sewer System Extension and Household Connections
Improve habitation reducing unhealthy environments which causes parasites including Salmonella.
This will reduce the cost of medication Individual connection will be eliminate onsite
connections that have adverse impacts on the environment like ground water pollution
2. Public Toilet / Ablution Blocks
This will provide sanitation facilities to the residents at a small fee.
Kunda Kindu has a fairly high number of commercial properties that attract a number of clients, this will benefit from the public ablution blocks and will minimize cases of environmental pollution from those who use the ‘bush’ and those with improper onsite sanitation facilities
Increased dignity for women and girls Social perception of the community on the
public toilet is not put into consideration. A section of the residents were against the setting up of public ablution blocks in the settlements based on their religious faith beliefs.
3. Septic Tanks for individual homes
Will improve onsite sanitation and minimize environmental pollution from untreated waste water and sewerage
Will improve sanitation, providing conducive environment for children to play;
Improve health conditions, hence burden of disease and cost of medication
Solid Waste Management
There are no designated solid waste collection points in the settlement. During the field visit heaps of uncollected solid wastes were spotted in the settlement. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be:
Proliferation of diseases;
Continued pollution of the stream;
Pollution of the soil and ground water;
Blockage of drainage system by uncollected solid waste posing a danger of water borne diseases.
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Table 6-4: Social and Environmental Justification – Solid Waste Management-Kunda Kindu
Solid Waste Management Options Social and environmental justification
i. Energy recovery methods
(community cooker)
Reduce deforestation due to alternative source of energy for cooking
Effective solid waste management will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
Communal cooker will enhance cohesion among the community and improve the social bond
Disagreements among the users may lead to serious dangers and this calls for conflict resolution mechanism
Provides alternative source of energy Caution is needed to ensure toxic waste is
not burnt in the cooker least toxic smoke is emitted into the environment, causing air pollution
ii. Recycling and reuse Effective solid waste management through recycling and reuse will reduce environmental hazards lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
iii. On-Site Burial
Effective solid waste management through on-site burial will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
Burying the waste will return nutrients to the ground
If not properly done, it could result into ground water pollution and contamination of soil;
Leakage of dangerous gases may also be experienced, causing air pollution and fire hazard.
iv. Landfill disposal Effective solid waste management through landfill will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
Returns nutrients to the ground
v. Composting Effective solid waste management through composting will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
Returns nutrients to the ground Positive perception on crops grown using
organic manure (fertilizer)
vi. Open burning It is easy and convenient for individual household
- This is not recommended due to the spread of contaminants into the air.
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vii. CBO formation and community sensitization Program
Effective solid waste management will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
Self-employment of the youths will reduce crime in Kunda Kindu
Roads and Drainage
The settlement has dusty roads and has some cases of encroachment. If no project intervention is done, this could lead to:
continued encroachment on the road reserve;
Higher chances of contracting diseases from the dusty roads;
Low income from the developments due to poor access;
Poor drainage, posing the danger of communicable diseases and danger of physical injury. Also leading to soil erosion.
Table 6-5: Social and Environmental justification for roads and drainage –Kunda Kindu
Roads and drainage options Social justification
Development of all the roads as per the area part development plan and in compliance with standard road reserves
Opening the settlement by building roads will improve the lives of population and increase access.
Increased access will improve other services such as public transport, firefighting and ambulance.
This option will have positive environmental impact and is recommended.
Selective development of the roads to avoid resettlement of people and consideration of narrow widths for one way carriageway
This will evade social disturbance caused by resettlement
Street and Security Lighting
There is currently no street and security lighting in the settlement. During community consultation the residents cited insecurity as a problem in the settlement. The women emphasised the need to illuminate the settlement to ensure security at night as residents return home from their places of work. Overall the installation of street lighting and high security lights will improve the social well being of the community. Well lite streets will enhance security and lead to longer business hours.
The impacts of these are minimum on the environment. The likely impacts of the project include:
Dusty roads may be unsuitable for solar street lighting equipment;
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Bright street lights and high mast security lighting (Mulika Mwizi) may result in interruption of sleep by the residents
Recreational Park and Pedestrian Crossing
The proposed intervention is that one of cleaning up the river and landscaping. With no project intervention the riparian reserve in Kunda Kindu would continue to be highly polluted and un-used by the residents. The proposed intervention is likely to have the following environmental impacts:
Cleaning up the stream;
Reduction of pollution in the river as the residents will have a sense of ownership;
Improvement of flora and fauna;
Provision of recreational grounds in the residents; and
Minimize the chances of land grabbing at the riparian reserve.
6.3.2 Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects
The proposed infrastructure has been subjected to economic analysis in order to determine whether or not it is economically justified. This analysis falls into three main parts. The first is a qualitative analysis of the economic costs and benefits of each type of infrastructure that has been proposed. The purpose of this type of analysis is to give insight into the main costs and benefits of infrastructure provision, with and without the project. No quantitative test is applied as to whether or not the infrastructure is justified.
Secondly, a cost-effectiveness analysis of each type of infrastructure is conducted. In this analysis, the capital cost of provision per person, or unit cost, is calculated. This comparison gives a rough idea as to whether or not the costs of the proposed infrastructure are “reasonable” relative to unit costs for the other settlements. This is a rough and ready method for examining the cost-effectiveness of the proposed infrastructure.
Thirdly, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted of all the infrastructure proposed for Kunda Kindu. The aim is to compute the benefit/cost ratio (BCR), a metric that allows one to determine whether or not the infrastructure is economically justified. If the BCR is greater than 1 (one), the investment is economically justified.
The cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and a detailed cost-benefit methodology, are set out in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report, submitted separately. The qualitative economic analysis is presented in the Table 6-6 below.
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Table 6-6: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in KundaKindu
Infrastructure Economic Impact
With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic costs
New Water Supply System
For households without access to piped water, provides an alternative source of potable supply with no up-front payment or connection fee except for those eligible for direct connections immediately
Savings in cost of water for those with direct connections
Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea as well as water-borne diseases and therefore savings in health costs and higher labour productivity
A new system will help to weed out any illegal connections within the system
Zoning, including zonal water meters, will enable monitoring of water use trends in the settlement as a way of controlling non-revenue water.
If realistic pricing (tariffs) is used, this will encourage financial self-sufficiency
A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings will give the utility company an updated layout of the entire distribution system
Improved property values
Capital and operation and maintenance costs Growing scarcity of good quality water
Continued wastage of time and resources on fetching water
Possibility of increasing health care costs due to lack of supply of quality water
Continued loss of productivity due to time spent fetching water
Low quality of life
Sewerage Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea as well as water-borne diseases and therefore savings in health costs and higher labour productivity
If minimum velocity maintained, in line with design, reduction in the production of hydrogen sulphide and methane. This in turn reduces odours, blockages, pipe corrosion, and the
Capital and operation and maintenance costs
Increased health care costs due to illnesses caused by continued low level of sanitation and increasing population
Low quality life
Increasing potential of heavy pollution
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Infrastructure Economic Impact
With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic costs
potential for explosion
Positive impacts on ground water and improvement of hygiene
Improved property values
Increasing insects and pest problems as a result of overflowing soak-pits
Solid waste
management
Improved health
Relatively low cost
Potential for recycling
Mainstreaming of solid waste collection by CBOs and job opportunities in settlement garbage collection
Clean living environment and a more appealing settlement
Residents will have to play a part in maintenance and operation of the system
Would have to be adequately managed
Potential uncontrolled dumpsites
Lack of expertise in collecting waste may worsen the issue
Although the settlement is mostly well organized and cleaner compared to the other two settlements this could change if no waste management system is put in place
Street and
High Flood
Mast security
lighting
Safer movement of persons at night
Reduction in theft as thieves cannot hide under the cover of darkness
Longer business hours
Prevention of accidents at night
Reduced possibility of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians
Improved property values
Capital and maintenance costs
Stray voltage can accidentally electrify lampposts
Physical dangers if children climb up poles for recreational purposes
Poor lighting at night leading to unsafe environment
Recreational
park
Protection of the riparian reserve
Pollution abatement and cooling
Controlling storm water runoff
Recreation opportunities for children and adults alike
Green spaces build community and social ties
Will increase the amenity value of the neighbourhood
Capital and maintenance costs
May lead to build up of waste from patrons of the park
May lead to construction of illegal structures
Increasing encroachment on riparian reserve
Possible blockage due to increase in waste material
Reduced amenity value of the neighbourhood
Improved Improved storm water drainage Capital and maintenance costs Poor access to the
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Infrastructure Economic Impact
With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic costs
Road Access
to
Settlement,
including
drainage and
footbridge
Better roads means safer travel, which results in less accidents (and associated reduction in costs)
Reduced vehicle maintenance costs and reduced fuel usage
Quicker access and travel through better roads leads to time savings (and higher productivity)
Less dust and improved quality of life
Improved access to the settlement (which can save lives if an ambulance has to quickly get to an individual)
Increased economic development opportunities
Improved access to resources, employee bases, markets, and customers
Foot bridge will lead to safer crossing of the river
Footbridge will reduce the time taken to cross the river
Improved property values
Noise pollution from vehicles
Increased number of vehicles and option to drive faster on the road may lead to increased accidents
Poor maintenance of drainage systems can lead to spread of diseases
settlement
Low quality roads
Health hazard caused by stagnant water
Continued poor drainage system
Risky river crossing
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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6.3.3 The Preferred Infrastructure Projects for Kunda Kindu
Water Supply Preferred Options
No. Preferred Option Justification
1. Extension of the newly laid water distribution system to replace the existing distribution system
The existing distribution pipelines are old, spaghetti-like and unmapped, very shallow and with frequent bursts due low quality materials used.
There is need to install a new system which has zones, including zonal water meters to monitor water use trends in the settlements, as a way of controlling non-revenue water.
A new system will help to weed out any illegal connections within the system.
Installation of new high quality pipelines eliminates possibility of bursts in the system due to old and low quality pipe materials;
A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings, so that the WSP has an updated layout of the entire distribution system in their records.
2. Individual consumer connections for approved households.
Individual consumer connections provide a measurable way of gauging the impact of the project on the beneficiary community. This is in line with Client’s requirements.
This will provide an opportunity for many residents who could not have afforded the high costs of materials to own individual connections at a greatly subsidized cost.
Individual connections will lead to less consumers depending on the water kiosks and water vendors, which ultimately results in financial savings by households;
More consumers on the system will result into more revenues for the water service provider;
Mass connection of households with professional supervision will forestall the possibility of households resorting to cheap materials and improper installation which introduces vulnerable sections within the system.
Sanitation Preferred Options
No. Preferred Option Justification
1. Extension of the newly laid sewer pipelines system and provide individual household connection points (manholes adjacent to the houses)
This will help to bring the new sewer system closer to residents to enable them connect into it.
As it is now those who want to connect to the sewer system must incur high costs for materials and inspection chambers.
Kunda Kindu has spacious road reserves along which the new sewer lines will be laid.
Will ensure more residents abandon the on-site sanitation options which have a huge negative impact on the environment.
Will greatly reduce the costs of owning a sewer connection, since most of the costs for materials will be eliminated.
Sewer system has very little maintenance costs on the
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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residents since the system is maintained by the sewerage service provider.
A new water supply system has been installed which will augment the water supply to the settlements, reducing fears of overstraining the existing supply.
Proposed Solid Waste Management Plan
No. Preferred Option Technical Justification
1. Recycling and re-use
This will be spearheaded by the
CBO proposed to be formed.
Recycling will be done at
household levels and at the
temporary holding yards
This will not only solve the problem of solid
wastes but will also provide a source of
employment and revenue generation for
the CBOs.
Reduces the amount of wastes needing to
be transported to the dumping site, thus
cutting on costs.
Saves on space in the landfill by minimizing
the amount of waste needing disposal.
2. Formation of a Community Based
Organisation (CBO)
Option to form a new CBO or
strengthen an existing one.
Membership should comprise
preferably of youths from
within the settlements.
CBO’s role will be to collaborate with the
County government towards proper solid
waste management in their respective
settlements.
They will provide the missing link between
the residents and the county government.
They will spearhead sensitization campaigns
amongst the communities towards solid
waste management.
Will also coordinate community clean-up
programmes on quarterly basis.
Will collect refuse from households at a fee
and transport it to the temporary holding
yard, from where they will carry out sorting
of recyclable and re-usable materials for
sale.
3. Community sensitization and clean-
up exercises
Community needs a change of attitude
towards solid waste management.
Need to understand their role towards
proper solid waste management in their
residential areas.
Community to be more conscious and more
responsible about how they dispose their
wastes
Community to be more aware about effects
of solid waste on the environment and on
their own health.
Community to keep watch over their
existing solid waste facilities instead of
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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vandalising them.
Community to be willing to pay the
minimum fees charged for collecting their
solid wastes by the CBOs.
This concept needs to be driven by
members of their own community for them
to easily embrace it.
Sensitization and community clean-up
exercises require finances; we therefore
propose that they be funded under this
project.
Proposed Roads and Drainage
No. Preferred Option Technical Justification
1. Improvement of Roads 1 -13
Compliance with standard planning regulations
No interruption to the social fabric of the community
- A total of 2.02 km is proposed for improvement in Kunda Kindu
Street and security lighting
No. Preferred Option Justification
1. Street lighting
The road network proposed for installation will be improved to bitumen standard and therefore maintenance related to dust will be minimal
- The infrastructure will consist of 8m high, single arm solar pole with square base plate root mounted with M16 bolts on a steel base plate mounted on a precast concrete base size 400mmx400mmx1500mm deep. Spacing ranging from 25 – 30m
2 Floodlight high mast connected to the national grid
Initial cost of investment is low;
Strength of illumination is high and appropriate for security lighting and wide coverage;
Land for installation is available and has already been identified by the County Government;
Availability of skilled labour to operate and maintain
- The infrastructure consists of a 30m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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Public park and open space
No. Preferred Option Justification
1. Fence off the area and clean the river and conserve the remaining wetland by improving to a public park or an open space.
Meets the basic needs of the citizens in the settlement through enhancement of their physical, social, spiritual, cultural and intellectual wellbeing;
Enhancement of natural environment through preservation and conservation particularly the riparian land;
Strengthening the community cohesion;
Necessitated activity of removing solid waste from the river, cleaning and maintaining clean flow of the river.
- An area of 20,000 m2 is proposed for
improvement as a public park and open space in Kunda Kindu settlement. The scope of work will include river cleaning, draining of the river and removal of river flow obstructions, bush clearing and preparation of the ground ready for tree planting and landscaping
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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6.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives
The anticipated negative and positive impacts of the projects are expected to be minor during the construction phase and very few to none during the operational phase. These are summarized in Table 6-7 below.
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Table 6-7: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Kunda Kindu Settlement
Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
1. Physical Environment
1.1 Climate Hot and dry climatic conditions with two rainy seasons between March and May and between October and December
Potential infrastructure projects are
unlikely to cause impacts on the
climate
None
1.2 Air quality
1.2.1 Dust Primary road is paved. Internal roads are unpaved and dust is produced during dry season which has negative impacts on the residents’ health
There is a possibility of slight to modest increase of dust during the construction phase for roads but it will decrease once the proposed roads are upgraded to improved surface standards. Slight negative impact.
Construction site management to involve sprinkling water on roads
Additional measures e.g. barriers to control dust at sensitive receptacles e.g. schools, hospitals, open water sources etc.
1.2.2 Exhaust
gases from
traffic and
industries
Primary road is busy with vehicular traffic, thus emission of smoke
No large industries in the neighbourhood but small wood work and welding workshops exist within the settlement
There is a possibility of slight
increase of exhaust gases during
the construction of any of the
project components. Slight negative
impact.
Machines and vehicles to be maintained
in good working order in the construction
Machines and vehicles should be parked
and serviced away from sensitive
receptacles e.g. schools and hospitals
1.2.3 Cooking
fires (indoor
pollution)
Negative impacts on households using various fuels for cooking such as firewood, charcoal and paraffin
No project components currently
selected that have an impact on
such fuel use or use of energy in
general
None
1.2.4 Smell from
Solid Waste
Solid waste is currently disposed of outside residents’ houses and on undeveloped plots
Residents have dug pits for disposal of solid
Solid waste currently posing a
significant negative impact to the
densely populated settlement.
Transfer station to be cleared of solid waste twice weekly and high levels of cleanliness maintained
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
waste
Town of Kitui generally clean and urban-wide solid waste disposal site exists at Kalundu
Proposed provision of solid waste
collection and transfer points will
significantly reduce solid waste
management problems
Solid waste collection bins have
potential of becoming mini-
dumpsites if waste collection
system is dysfunctional. Slight
negative impact
Potential pollution from
construction waste
Construction waste to be safely disposed
of in county designated site
Involvement of local CBOs for collection and
manning the transfer stations.
County Government to ensure:
a) that the waste collection areas are zoned;
b) timely and regular collection of all solid wastes either through door to door collection or from centralized collection points;
c)waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores;
d) there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal
e) that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal site.
f) motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access during disposal;
g) the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals
h) appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires
1.3 Noise Noise not currently perceived as a problem apart from plots close to major spine roads in comparison with the EHS guidelines on noise
Some noise may be caused by
potential projects’ construction
activities as well as from the likely
Machines to be maintained in good working order and statutory standards to be met in the construction phase
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
for :
a) Residential/institutional/educational areas- 55dB (daytime) and 45dB (night time).
b) Commercial areas- 70dB (day and night times).
traffic increase due to improved
road conditions. Slight negative
impact.
Personal protection equipment to be
provided to workers exposed to noise
during construction
Work will be restricted within working
hours
Special provisions made in areas around
schools and other community service
infrastructure to minimize disturbance as
per the Noise regulations.
1.4 Water Storm Water – tertiary and secondary drainage system is undeveloped at settlement level
Drinking Water – limited piped water and water from shallow wells
Waste Water – no infrastructure provided but residents use pit latrines and septic tanks
Proposed secondary storm
water drainage along with roads to
collect tertiary storm water at
plot/unit level – positive impact
Proposed water supply project
component to improve potable water at
household level – positive impact
Proposed sewer lines to improve
sanitation and waste water disposal
at household level – positive impact
Mitigation measures will be required. See
sections below for the specific mitigation
measures during the construction and
operation phase
1.4.1 Surface
and Ground
Water
Settlement topographical character has gentle slope
Flooding has notable negative impacts on houses located in the lower areas of settlement
By improving the management of
secondary and tertiary storm water
drainage system, potential project
components will have an overall
During the construction phase potentially harmful toxic products to be suitably stored to reduce risk of contamination to ground water
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
Stagnating pools of water are breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other water-related diseases
Solid waste disposed of in the open spaces is prone to mixing with storm water run-off which eventually ends up in the nearby stream
Dense settlement without infrastructure leads to increased pollution and low quality of life
positive impact on the resident
population
Tertiary and secondary storm water
drainage system to be linked up to the
town-wide storm water drainage system
during the operation phase
Trenches for water lines should be clearly
flagged, fenced, and covered either
temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as
possible to avoid potential accidents.
Proper traffic signage for traffic control
and safety during trenching and laying of
pipes
Community education and awareness on
efficient water use and maintenance of
infrastructure.
Take measures to minimize negative
impacts of cost increases from paying for
services such as water/wastewater/solid
waste especially for the vulnerable.
Take special measures to prevent
pollution of surface and ground water
1.4.2 Waste
water
Shallow pit latrines have propensity to contaminate surface and ground water. Proximity of pit latrines and shallow water wells may result in cross-contamination
Black cotton soils not compatible with pit latrines which become water logged
Plots are developed to 70 % ground coverage
Proposed sewerage project
components selected will improve
sanitation and the management of
waste water at household and
settlement levels which has positive
impacts on the resident population
Potential pollution from contractor’s
Appropriate Mitigation measures to be developed for anticipated impacts from contractor’s waste water management during construction.
Trenches for waste water lines should be
clearly flagged, fenced, and covered
either temporarily or as backfilled as
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
leaving very little space for pit latrines or disposal of liquid waste
Where solid waste is disposed in open spaces there is propensity of pollution of run-off storm water and surface water
waste water
quickly as possible to avoid potential
accidents.
Proper traffic signage for traffic control
and safety during trenching and laying of
pipes
Community education and awareness on
waste water management, basic hygiene
and maintenance of infrastructure.
Take measures to minimize negative
impacts of cost increases from paying for
services such as water/wastewater/solid
waste especially for the vulnerable.
2. Natural (biological) environment
2.1 Vegetation
and flora
Settlement is not a natural habitat
Limited natural vegetation cover, mainly fruit trees and flower beds
Reeds and riparian vegetation near stream
Potential project components to be
responsive to vegetation present.
Slight negative impact
Residents to be involved in re-planting adequate ground cover with grass, shrubs and tree cover
Potential project components to be
responsive to natural vegetation present
2.2 Terrestrial
fauna
Settlement is not a habitat for wildlife No impact by potential project
components
None
2.3 Aquatic
fauna
Settlement is not a habitat for aquatic fauna No impact by potential project
components
None
3. Human Environment
3.1
Resettlement
The settlement is largely a highly densely populated and building density is high as well
Residents living in precarious living conditions in the lower sections of the settlement along the
The creation of a recreation park
along the riparian reserve will
improve quality of life of the
Unavoidable resettlement mitigation
measures are specified in the abbreviated
RAP
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
riparian reserve which is prone to flooding and their shallow wells are a health hazard
Residents have encroached on road reserves and other wayleaves
residents and significantly reduce
the vulnerabilities of residents to
flooding and other health related
problems. Positive impact.
Potential negative impacts on
resident population with residential
structures along the riparian
reserve and those who have
encroached on roads needs
mitigation measures
3.2 Local
economy
Unemployment is high among the youth and the lower income bracket of the population in the active working age cohorts
Water vendors operating water kiosks as an entrepreneurial economic activity
Servicing, emptying and cleaning pit latrines is an entrepreneurial economic activity as well
Public-paying toilet not present but could be useful as an entrepreneurial economic activity
Project components will integrate
training and skills transfer to the
youth and the active working age
cohorts. Positive impact.
Project components will consider
employment and income
generating aspects during and after
construction for the benefit of
women, the youth and men in the
active working age cohorts. Positive
impact.
Overall project components will
have direct and indirect positive
impacts in improving the socio-
economic conditions of the
residents
Overall the project will improve
Tendering documents to include contractor’s obligation to hire local human labour as part of income generation during the construction phase
High priority to be accorded to local
residents for permanent jobs during
construction and operation and
maintenance of all infrastructure project
components
To ensure that settlements enjoy
increased accessibility and mobility,
maintenance of the developed
infrastructure projects is key
Rent increases and expulsion of people
due to increasing costs should also be
monitored and mitigated as feasible.
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
access in the settlements and led to
increased property value
3.3
Infrastructure
Services
Infrastructure services namely storm water drainage, waste water, street lights, fresh drinking water, generally inadequate
Potential project components including
roads and storm water drainage
infrastructure upgrading, Recreation
Park, potable water and waste water
sewer lines, security lighting, street
lights and solid waste management
system will have overall improvement
in the quality of life and general
community life of the resident
population. Positive impact.
Potential disruption of access to
property and interference with access
to services during the construction
phase
Potential short-term negative impacts with long-term gains to residents
Residents/local community to be communicated to during the construction phase by contractor
For the sustainability of the projects
residents to be involved through training on
the operation and maintenance of all
project components
3.4 Health Poor solid waste disposal, proximity of shallow water wells to pit latrines and flooding have potential for health risks to resident population
Malarial diseases are a high risk in the settlement. Eliminating the risks of flooding and stagnant pools of water and mosquito-breeding grounds are basic ways to improve residents’ health
Risks of pest and insect related and water-related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea,
The recreation park on the riparian
reserve will significantly reduce
flooding, manage storm water drainage
system and eliminate propensity for
stagnant pools of water, thus reducing
the risk of malarial, sanitary and water
related diseases. Positive impact.
All potential negative impacts from dust, noise and road accidents to be minimized during the construction phase
Employ skilled and trained workers and provide all construction workers with personal protection equipment and training on construction site safety procedures
Enforce occupational health and safety standards
Have adequate worker insurance cover
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Description
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
typhoid and malaria are high in the settlement. Improving sanitation and general hygiene are basic ways to improve residents’ health
3.5 Worker and
Community
Health and
Safety
Risks of conflicts between the contractor, workers, and the community
Risks to community safety and security during construction and after
Potential negative impact. Apply the World bank EH&S general guidelines
Set up and operationalize Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRMs) with community representation.
Regular community meetings to evaluate progress
Community sensitization on safety and security
Develop and enforce a code of conduct for construction workers
Proper and visible signage
Establishment and training of safety committee at the work place
Training of all workers on safety before deployment
Safety procedures posted on notice boards
A dedicated officer on safety issues
Regular safety reports and remedial actions taken by the contractor to the RE and client
Safety issues / incidents to be discussed in the site meetings and remedial measures taken
Ensure no worker is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substances that interfere with judgment.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
CPCS Ref: 12359
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7Mosquito (Kaango)
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in Mosquito Settlement in Kitui Town.
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7.1 The Settlement
7.1.1 Physical Characteristics
Kaango informal settlement, also referred to as Mosquito by the local population, has an estimated population of 4,000 people on 7 hectares of land. The settlement is characterised by structures built in neat rows, with many serviced by shallow water wells and pit latrines. There are numerous small scale businesses and a small light industry zone where furniture and fittings are fabricated. The residents were allocated the previously government-owned land by the Kitui Municipal Council but the majority are yet to complete the process of title acquisition.
Figure 7-1: Wastewater disposed of on the streets and Solidwaste disposal on the riparian reserve
Source: CPCS, July 2014
7.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives
The project alternatives are presented in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report and the detailed designs are presented in Annex 1: Book of Drawings of the same report, submitted separately to the Client.
7.2.1 Water Supply and Sewerage Systems
The proposed water supply will replace the old system and connect the unconnected residents. The sewerage system is under construction and the proposed option is to extend the sewerage lines and connect individual homes. The design components for water and sewerage are as follows:
1. Construction of water supply distribution pipelines of lengths as follows: DN90mm HDPE (1025m), DN63mm HDPE (325m), DN50mm HDPE (350m), and DN40mm HDPE (600m);
2. Installation of bulk water meters, air valves, wash outs and sluice valves of various sizes, complete with bulk meter and valve chambers;
3. Installation of 315 No. individual consumer water connections consisting of water meters and meter boxes;
4. GMS service pipelines for individual consumer connections of lengths as follows: DN 25mm (250m) and DN 15mm (350m);
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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5. Construction of a total length of 630m of DN160mm uPVC sewer pipelines;
6. Construction of 315 No. individual sewer connection points for individual households, consisting of DN 100mm uPVC service sewer lines and sewer connection chambers
7.2.2 Solid Waste Management
It is proposed that a comprehensive system be put in place to ensure solid waste is collected within the settlement and collected by the County Government for final disposal.
i. Recycling and Reuse
In the initial stages of the project recycling of wastes is proposed to be carried out by the CBOs who will be collecting the waste from the residential places and transferring it to the temporary holding yards, from where they will sort out the wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. However, it is expected that the community members will be sensitised with time in order to carry out wastes segregation at the household level. The CBOs will provide them with two types of plastic bags, properly labelled, one for recyclables and the other for non-recyclables. Several CBOs involved in recycling could unite to form a cooperative society that helps in seeking for good markets for their recyclables. Such recyclables will include plastics, paper, glass and metallic wastes.
ii. Payment for refuse collection services
The amount of fees charged per household for refuse collection should be agreed upon after consultations with all stakeholders, including the residents, the County Government, local administration and the CBOs. It is important that all households are involved in solid waste management plans, since every household contributes to solid waste generation. In most cases those who do not get involved in community waste management plans are the ones who establish illegal dumpsites in the settlements since their refuse is not collected through the established channels. The CBOs should carry out a massive sensitization, and where necessary should involve the local administration to try and get all households involved in solid waste management plans. Specific representatives from the CBOs should be charged with the responsibility of collection of the monthly fees from the residents. These persons should be introduced to the community members in a public baraza, and if possible should have a special badge for identification. All payments made must be issued with an official receipt for accountability purposes. Payments should be done preferably at the beginning of every month, or as agreed upon by individual households.
iii. Collection and transportation plan
The consultant proposes the use of plastic waste paper bags which will be provided to each household in the three settlements. CBO teams will collect the waste bags from each household on agreed days of the week, and transport them to the transfer stations. CBOs will use non-motorised transportation means such as hand carts and wheelbarrows in view of the narrow roads in some sections of the settlements. This type of equipment could be provided by the county government who will be in charge of the overall supervision of the solid waste management plan. Transportation from the transfer station to the final dump site will be the responsibility of the County
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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government since they already have the transportation facilities. The CBOs will need to align their solid waste collection with the existing County waste collection programme, so that wastes do not stay for long at the transfer stations leading to decomposition and foul smell. There is a need for the CBOs to forge a good working relationship with the County government so that each party clearly understands their mandate and their boundaries of operation, to ensure that solid waste service provision is efficient and adequate.
7.2.3 Road, River Crossing Structure and Drainage
It is proposed that Mosquito settlement be improved and roads upgraded. The proposed improvements include:
1. Construction of 2,395m length of road with a carriage width of `3m to bitumen standards.
2. Construction of foot path of 1.2m width to bitumen standards on specified sides of the road.
3. Lined closed drainage structures consisting of pipe culverts and slotted drains will be constructed on specified sides of the roads.
4. River Crossing Structures: Box culvert 2m X 2m with a length of 8m
5. 2 No pedestrian crossing steel bridges with a span of 10m and width of 2m
7.2.4 Street and Security Lights
It is proposed to construct 2 No. high mast security lighting in the settlement. Each Flood Mast will consist of 30 m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m.
7.2.5 Recreational Park
It is proposed that the existing riparian reserve in Mosquito covering an area of approximately 17,000m² be restored to create a recreational park.
7.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito
7.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito
Water Supply
Water supply is unreliable in the settlement, just as in many other parts of Kitui Town and some residents have settled on shallow wells for domestic and commercial water supply. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be:
Health hazard, from use of contaminated shallow well water;
Increased health care use from use of poor quality water;
Wastage of water from spillage from the poor quality water pipes, this also leads to a small degree or soil erosion;
Loss of productive time in fetching water;
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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Low quality of life in the settlement
The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of social and environmental feasibility for the preferred water supply system is presented in Table 6-2
Sewerage and Sanitation
Kaango/Mosquito, like the rest of Kitui town, has no sewerage system in place. Residents rely on septic tanks, pit latrines. From the field visit the lack of proper sewerage and sanitation system has led to environmental degradation in the settlement and especially on the seasonal stream. No project intervention would lead to the following outcome:
Further pollution of the seasonal stream;
Unhygienic playing spaces for children
Ground water pollution
The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of environmental feasibility for the preferred sewerage system is presented in Table 6-3.
Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management in the settlement is wanting. There are no designated solid waste collection points in the settlement. During the field visit heaps of uncollected solid wastes were spotted in the settlement. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be:
Proliferation of diseases;
Continued pollution of the stream;
Pollution of the soil and ground water;
Blockage of drainage system by uncollected solid waste posing a danger of water borne diseases.
The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of social and environmental feasibility for the preferred solid waste management is presented in Table 6-4.
Roads and Drainage
The settlement has dusty roads and has some cases of encroachment. If no project intervention is done, this could lead to:
continued encroachment on the road reserve;
Higher chances of contracting diseases from the dusty roads;
Low income from the developments due to poor access;
Poor drainage, posing the danger of communicable diseases and danger of physical injury. Also leading to soil erosion.
The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of social and environmental feasibility for the preferred solid waste management is presented in Table 6-4.
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Street Lighting
There is currently no street and security lighting in the settlement. The impacts of these are minimum on the environment. The likely impacts of the project include:
Dusty roads may be unsuitable for solar street lighting equipment;
Bright street lights and high mast security lighting (Mulika Mwizi) may result in interruption of sleep by the residents
Recreational Park
The proposed intervention is that one of cleaning up the river and landscaping. With no project intervention the riparian reserve in Kaango/Mosquito would continue to be highly polluted and un-used by the residents. The proposed intervention is likely to have the following environmental impacts:
Cleaning up the stream;
Reduction of pollution in the river as the residents will have a sense of ownership;
Improvement of flora and fauna;
Provision of recreational grounds in the residents; and
Minimize the chances of land grabbing at the riparian reserve.
Pedestrian Crossing/Foot Bridge
Residents currently have no foot bridge to connect Kaango/Mosquito and Kunda Kindu Settlements. It is proposed to construct a footbridge and box culvert at the stream to connect the two settlements. The likely environmental impacts include:
Improved safety crossing the stream
If no proper measures are taken for solid waste management, the box culvert could easily get blocked. This would interfere with the water flow at the stream and pose a health hazard from water borne diseases. It would also interfere with flora and fauna at the stream.
Overall the footbridge will have positive impacts on the environment.
Table 7-1: Social justification for proposed footbridge and recreational park
Infrastructure option Social justification
Foot bridge Foot bridge will reduce the travel time of school going children and therefore increase their disposable time for studies;
It will also reduce time spent by residents going round to the crossing area, thereby increasing their disposable time.
Improve safety
Recreation park The park constructed along the riparian area will promote the gains of solid waste management
Improve health and hygiene and reduce occurrence of water, vector and air borne diseases.
Also it will open up the area which is currently considered insecure especially at night
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7.3.2 Preferred Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito/Kaango
The preferred infrastructure projects analyzed the preferred options for development are as follows:
Extension of the newly laid water distribution system to replace the existing distribution system
Individual connection for approved households
Extension of the newly laid sewer pipelines system and provide individual household connection points (manholes adjacent to the houses)
Solid Waste Management System through community sensitization and training to encourage recycling and re-use, formation of community based organizations (CBOs) and clean up exercises
Upgrading of identified roads in accordance to the Physical Development Plan (PDP)
The justification of the preferred infrastructure projects is similar to those summarized for Kunda Kindu Settlement in Section 6-176.3.3
Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments
The proposed infrastructure has been subjected to economic analysis in order to determine whether or not it is economically justified. This analysis falls into three main parts. The first is a qualitative analysis of the economic costs and benefits of each type of infrastructure that has been proposed. The purpose of this type of analysis is to give insight into the main costs and benefits of infrastructure provision, with and without the project. No quantitative test is applied as to whether or not the infrastructure is justified.
Secondly, a cost-effectiveness analysis of each type of infrastructure is conducted. In this analysis, the capital cost of provision per person, or unit cost, is calculated. This comparison gives a rough idea as to whether or not the costs of the proposed infrastructure are “reasonable” relative to unit costs for the other settlements. This is a rough and ready method for examining the cost-effectiveness of the proposed infrastructure.
Thirdly, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted of all the infrastructure proposed for Mosquito. The aim is to compute the benefit/cost ratio (BCR), a metric that allows one to determine whether or not the infrastructure is economically justified. If the BCR is greater than 1 (one), the investment is economically justified.
The cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and a detailed cost-benefit methodology, are set out in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report, submitted separately. The qualitative economic analysis is presented in the Table 7-2 below.
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Table 7-2: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments in Mosquito
Infrastructure Economic Impact
With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic Costs
New Water
Supply
System
For households without access to piped water, provides an alternative source of potable supply with no up-front payment or connection fee except for those eligible for direct connections immediately
Savings in cost of water for those with direct connections
Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea as well as water-borne diseases and therefore savings in health costs and higher labour productivity
A new system will help to weed out any illegal connections within the system
Zoning, including zonal water meters, will enable monitoring of water use trends in the settlement as a way of controlling non-revenue water.
If realistic pricing (tariffs) is used, this will encourage financial self-sufficiency
A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings will give the utility company an updated layout of the entire distribution system
Improved property values
Capital and operation and maintenance costs
Growing scarcity of good quality water
Continued wastage of time and resources on fetching water
Possibility of increasing health care costs due to lack of supply of quality water
Continued loss of productivity due to time spent fetching water
Low quality life
Solid waste
management
Improved health
Relatively low cost
Potential for recycling
Mainstreaming of solid waste collection by CBOs and job opportunities in settlement garbage collection
Clean living environment and a more appealing settlement
Residents will have will have to play a part in maintenance and operation of the system
Would have to be adequately managed
Potential uncontrolled dumpsites
Although the settlement is mostly well organized and cleaner compared to the other two settlements this could change if no waste management system is put in place
Street and
security
Safer movement of person at night
Reduction in theft as thieves cannot hide under cover of darkness
Capital and maintenance costs
Stray voltage can
Poor lighting at night leading to unsafe
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lighting Longer business hours
Prevention of accidents at night
Reduced possibility of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians
Improved property values
accidentally electrify lampposts
Physical dangers if children climb up poles for recreational purposes
environment
Improved
Roads and
drainage
Improved storm water drainage
Better roads means safer travel, which results in less accidents (and associated reduction in costs)
Reduced vehicle maintenance costs and reduced fuel usage
Quicker access and travel through better roads leads o time savings (and higher productivity)
Less dust and improved quality of life
Improved access to the settlement (which can save lives if an ambulance has to quickly get to an individual)
Increased economic development opportunities
Improved access to resources, employee bases, markets, and customers
Improved property values
Capital and maintenance costs
Noise pollution from vehicles
Increased number of vehicles and option to drive faster on the road may lead to increased accidents
Poor maintenance of drainage systems can lead to spread of diseases
Poor access to the settlement
Low quality roads
Health hazard caused by stagnant water
Continued poor drainage system
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7.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives
Table 7-3 below summarizes the anticipated environmental and social impacts of the infrastructure service projects proposed for implementation in Mosquito.
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Table 7-3: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mosquito Settlement
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
1. Physical Environment
1.1 Climate Hot and dry climatic conditions with two rainy seasons between March and May and between October and December
Potential infrastructure projects are
unlikely to cause impacts on the
climate
None
1.2 Air quality
1.2.1 Dust Primary road is paved. Internal roads are unpaved and dust is produced during dry season which has negative impacts on the residents’ health
There is a possibility of slight to modest increase of dust during the construction phase for roads but it will decrease once the proposed roads are upgraded to improved surface standards
Construction site management to involve sprinkling water on roads
Additional measures e.g. barriers to control dust at sensitive receptacles e.g. schools, hospitals, open water sources etc.
1.2.2 Exhaust gases
from traffic and
industries
Primary road is busy with vehicular traffic, thus emission of smoke
No large industries in the neighbourhood but small wood work and welding workshops exist within the settlement
There is a possibility of slight
increase of exhaust gases during
the construction of any of the
project components
Machines and vehicles to be maintained in
good working order in the construction
phase
Machines and vehicles should be parked
and serviced away from sensitive
receptacles e.g. schools and hospitals
1.2.3 Cooking fires
(indoor pollution)
Negative impacts on households using various fuels for cooking such as firewood, charcoal and paraffin
No project components
currently selected that have an
impact on such fuel sources or
use of energy in general
None
1.2.4 Smell from
Solid Waste
Solid waste is currently disposed of outside residents’ houses and on undeveloped plots
Solid waste currently posing a
significant negative impact to
Transfer station to be cleared of solid waste twice weekly and high levels of cleanliness
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
Residents have dug pits for disposal of solid waste
Town of Kitui is generally clean and urban-wide solid waste disposal site exists at Kalundu
the densely populated
settlement.
Solid waste collection will be
significantly improved with the
provision of the proposed
collection bins, which is a
potential positive impact.
Potential pollution from
construction waste
maintained
Construction waste to be safely disposed
of in county dump site
Involvement of local CBOs for collection and
manning the transfer stations.
County Government to ensure:
i) that the waste collection areas are zoned; j) timely and regular collection of all solid
wastes either through door to door collection or from centralized collection points;
k) waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores;
l) there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal
m) that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal site.
n) motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access during disposal;
o) the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals
p) appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires
1.3 Noise Noise not currently perceived as a problem Some noise may be caused by Machines to be maintained in good working
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
apart from plots close to major spine roads in comparison with the EHS guidelines on noise for :
c) Residential/institutional/educational areas- 55dB (daytime) and 45dB (night time).
d) Commercial areas- 70dB (day and night times).
potential projects’ construction
activities as well as from the
increase in traffic due to
improved road network. Slight
negative impact.
order and statutory standards to be met in the construction phase
Personal protection equipment to be
provided to workers exposed to noise
during construction
Work will be restricted within working
hours
Special provisions made in areas around
schools and other community service
infrastructure to minimize disturbance as
per the Noise regulations.
1.4 Water Storm Water – tertiary and secondary drainage system is undeveloped at settlement level
Drinking Water – limited piped water and water from shallow wells
Waste Water – no infrastructure provided but residents use pit latrines and septic tanks
Proposed secondary storm
water drainage along with roads
to collect tertiary storm water at
plot/unit level – positive impact
Proposed water supply project
component to improve potable
water at household level –
positive impact
Proposed sewer lines to improve
sanitation and waste water
disposal at household level –
positive impact
Mitigation measures will be required. See sections below for the specific mitigation measures during the construction and operation phase
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
1.4.1 Surface and
Ground Water
Settlement topographical character has gentle slope
Flooding has notable negative impacts on houses located in the lower areas of settlement
Stagnating pools of water are breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other water-related diseases
Solid waste disposed of in the open spaces is prone to mixing with storm water run-off which eventually ends up in the nearby stream
Dense settlement without infrastructure leads to increased pollution and low quality of life
By improving the management
of secondary and tertiary storm
water drainage system,
potential project components
will have an overall positive
impact on the resident
population
Mitigation measures to be
considered for the potential
increase in the pollution load by
the receiving environment/river
from construction works of the
drainage systems
During the construction phase potentially harmful toxic products to be suitably stored to reduce risk of contamination to ground water
Tertiary and secondary storm water
drainage system to be linked up to the
town-wide storm water drainage system
during the operation phase
Trenches for water lines should be clearly
flagged, fenced, and covered either
temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as
possible to avoid potential accidents.
Proper traffic signage for traffic control
and safety during trenching and laying of
pipes
Community education and awareness on
efficient water use and maintenance of
infrastructure.
Take measures to minimize negative
impacts of cost increases from paying for
services such as water/wastewater/solid
waste especially for the vulnerable.
Take special measures to prevent pollution
of surface and ground water
1.4.2 Waste water Shallow pit latrines have propensity to contaminate surface and ground water.
Proposed sewerage project
components selected will
Appropriate Mitigation measures to be developed for anticipated impacts from
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
Proximity of pit latrines and shallow water wells may result in cross-contamination
Black cotton soils not compatible with pit latrines which become water logged
Plots are developed upto 70 % ground coverage leaving very little space for pit latrines or disposal of liquid waste
Where solid waste is disposed in open spaces there is propensity of pollution of run-off storm water and surface water
improve sanitation and the
management of waste water at
household and settlement levels
which has positive impacts on
the resident population
Potential pollution from contractor’s waste water
contractor’s waste water management during construction.
Trenches for waste water lines should be
clearly flagged, fenced, and covered either
temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as
possible to avoid potential accidents.
Proper traffic signage for traffic control
and safety during trenching and laying of
pipes
Community education and awareness on
waste water management, basic hygiene
and maintenance of infrastructure.
Take measures to minimize negative
impacts of cost increases from paying for
services such as water/wastewater/solid
waste especially for the vulnerable.
2. Natural (biological) environment
2.1 Vegetation and
flora
Settlement is not a natural habitat
Limited natural vegetation cover, mainly fruit trees and flower beds
Reeds and riparian vegetation near stream
Potential project components to
be responsive to vegetation
present. Slight negative impact.
Residents to be involved in re-planting adequate ground cover with grass, shrubs and tree cover
Potential project components to be responsive to natural vegetation present
2.2 Terrestrial
fauna
Settlement is not a habitat for wildlife No impact by potential project
components
None
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
2.3 Aquatic fauna Settlement is not a habitat for aquatic fauna No impact by potential project
components
None
3. Human Environment
3.1 Resettlement The settlement is largely highly densely populated and building density is high as well
Residents living in precarious living conditions in the lower sections of the settlement along the riparian reserve which is prone to flooding and their shallow wells are a health hazard
Residents have encroached on road reserves and other wayleaves
Potential negative impacts on
resident population with
residential structures along the
riparian reserve and those who
have encroached on roads
The creation of a recreation park
along the riparian reserve will
improve quality of life of the
residents and significantly
reduce the vulnerabilities of
residents to flooding and other
health related problems
Unavoidable resettlement mitigation
measures are specified in the abbreviated
RAP
3.2 Local economy Unemployment is high among the youth and the lower income bracket of the population in the active working age cohorts
Project components to integrate
training and skills transfer to the
youth and the active working
Tendering documents to include contractor’s obligation to hire local human labour as part of income generation during the construction phase
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
Water vendors operate water kiosks as an entrepreneurial economic activity
Servicing, emptying and cleaning pit latrines is an entrepreneurial economic activity as well
Public-paying toilet not present but could be useful as an entrepreneurial economic activity
age cohorts. Positive impact.
Project components to consider
employment and income
generating aspects during and
after construction for the
benefit of the youth and the
active working age cohorts.
Positive impact.
Overall project components
need to aim to have direct and
indirect positive impacts in
improving the socio-economic
conditions of the residents
High priority to be accorded to local
residents for permanent jobs during
construction and operation and maintenance
of all infrastructure project components
3.3 Infrastructure
Services
Infrastructure services namely storm water drainage, waste water, street lights, fresh drinking water, generally inadequate
Potential project components
including roads and storm water
drainage infrastructure upgrading,
Recreation Park, potable water and
waste water sewer lines, security
lighting, street lights and solid
waste management system will
have overall improvement in the
quality of life and general
community life of the resident
population. Positive impact.
Potential short-term negative impacts with long-term gains to residents
Residents/local community to be communicated to during the construction phase by contractor
For the sustainability of the projects
residents to be involved through training on
the operation and maintenance of all project
components
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
Potential disruption of access to
property and interference with
access to services during the
construction phase
3.4 Health Poor solid waste disposal, proximity of shallow water wells to pit latrines and flooding have potential for health risks to resident population
Malarial diseases are a high risk in the settlement. Eliminating the risks of flooding and stagnant pools of water and mosquito-breeding grounds are basic ways to improve residents’ health
Risks of pest and insect related and water-related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid and malaria are high in the settlement. Improving sanitation and general hygiene are basic ways to improve residents’ health
The recreation park on the riparian
reserve will significantly reduce
flooding, manage storm water
drainage system and eliminate
propensity for stagnant pools of
water, thus reducing the risk of
malarial, sanitary and water related
diseases. Positive impact.
All potential negative impacts from dust, noise and road accidents to be minimized during the construction phase
Employ skilled and trained workers and provide all construction workers with personal protection equipment and training on construction site safety procedures
Enforce occupational health and safety standards
Have adequate worker insurance cover
3.5 Worker and
Community Health
and Safety
Risks of conflicts between the contractor, workers, and the community
Risks to community safety and security during construction and after
Potential negative impact. Apply the World bank EH&S general guidelines
Set up and operationalize Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRMs) with community representation.
Regular community meetings to evaluate progress
Community sensitization on safety and security
Develop and enforce a code of conduct for
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Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
construction workers
Proper and visible signage
Establishment and training of safety committee at the work place
Training of all workers on safety before deployment
Safety procedures posted on notice boards
A dedicated officer on safety issues
Regular safety reports and remedial actions taken by the contractor to the RE and client
Safety issues / incidents to be discussed in the site meetings and remedial measures taken
Ensure no worker is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substances that interfere with judgment.
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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8Mjini
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in Mjini Settlement in Kitui.
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8.1 The Settlement
Mjini informal settlement has an approximate population of 2,000 people. The settlement covers approximately 4 ha. and it is characterized by rows of housing structures most of which are constructed of bricks or earth and wattle. The settlement was one of the first to be established in the town and hosts a number of institutions and offices, for example, the Muslim primary school, a mosque and the assistant chief’s office. Residents are largely small-scale business operators.
8.1.1 The Physical Characteristics
Mjini is a U-shaped small settlement sandwiched by bitumen roads on all sides. The soil is well drained with the land sloping at 2% in the North–East to South–West direction. The settlement is mostly well organized and is cleaner than the other two settlements
Figure 8-1: Neat rows of streets and wastewater disposal on the streets in Mjini
c S Source: CPCS, July 2014
8.2 Analysis of Proposed
Infrastructure Project
Alternatives
The proposed infrastructure project alternatives are presented in the Settlement Upgrading Plan Report and the detailed designs are presented in Annex 1: Book of Drawings of the same report which has been submitted parallel to this report.
8.2.1 Water and Sewerage System
Mjini is currently undergoing an expansion of the existing water supply and sewerage system. The preferred option is to carry out an upgrading of the old system and connect residents’ dwellings that are not connected to the water supply system. The water and sewerage system design components are as follows:
1. Construction of water supply distribution pipelines of lengths as follows: DN90mm HDPE (900m), DN50mm HDPE (180m), and DN40mm HDPE (400m);
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2. Installation of bulk water meters, air valves, wash outs and sluice valves of various sizes, complete with bulk meter and valve chambers;
3. Installation of 330 No. individual consumer water connections consisting of water meters and meter boxes;
4. GMS service pipelines for individual consumer connections of lengths as follows: DN 25mm (1390m) and DN 15mm (650m);
5. Construction of a total length of 700m of DN160mm uPVC sewer pipelines;
6. Construction of 330 No. individual sewer connection points for individual households, consisting of DN 100mm uPVC service sewer lines and sewer connection chambers.
8.2.2 Solid Waste Management
It is proposed that a comprehensive system be put in place to ensure solid waste is collected within the settlement and collected by the County Government for final disposal.
i. Recycling and Reuse
In the initial stages of the project recycling of wastes is proposed to be carried out by the CBOs who will be collecting the waste from the residential places and transferring it to the temporary holding yards, from where they will sort out the wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. However, it is expected that the community members will be sensitised with time in order to carry out wastes segregation at the household level. The CBOs will provide them with two types of plastic bags, properly labelled, one for recyclables and the other for non-recyclables. Several CBOs involved in recycling could unite to form a cooperative society that helps in seeking for good markets for their recyclables. Such recyclables will include plastics, paper, glass and metallic wastes.
ii. Payment for refuse collection services
The amount of fees charged per household for refuse collection should be agreed upon after consultations with all stakeholders, including the residents, the County Government, local administration and the CBOs. It is important that all households are involved in solid waste management plans, since every household contributes to solid waste generation. In most cases those who do not get involved in community waste management plans are the ones who establish illegal dumpsites in the settlements since their refuse is not collected through the established channels. The CBOs should carry out a massive sensitization, and where necessary should involve the local administration to try and get all households involved in solid waste management plans. Specific representatives from the CBOs should be charged with the responsibility of collection of the monthly fees from the residents. These persons should be introduced to the community members in a public baraza, and if possible should have a special badge for identification. All payments made must be issued with an official receipt for accountability purposes. Payments should be done preferably at the beginning of every month, or as agreed upon by individual households.
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iii. Collection and transportation plan
The consultant proposes the use of plastic waste paper bags which will be provided to each household in the three settlements. CBO teams will collect the waste bags from each household on agreed days of the week, and transport them to the transfer stations. CBOs will use non-motorised transportation means such as hand carts and wheelbarrows in view of the narrow roads in some sections of the settlements. This type of equipment could be provided by the county government who will be in charge of the overall supervision of the solid waste management plan. Transportation from the transfer station to the final dump site will be the responsibility of the County government since they already have the transportation facilities. The CBOs will need to align their solid waste collection with the existing County waste collection programme, so that wastes do not stay for long at the transfer stations leading to decomposition and foul smell. There is a need for the CBOs to forge a good working relationship with the County government so that each party clearly understands their mandate and their boundaries of operation, to ensure that solid waste service provision is efficient and adequate.
8.2.3 Road and Drainage
Mjini has relatively good access from two bitumen roads. The existing drainage system is poor and there are a few cases of encroachment on the road reserves. The proposed infrastructure improvements are as follows:-
1. Construction of 1,388m footpath with a carriage width of 3m to bitumen standards.
2. Lined closed drainage structures consisting of pipe culverts and slotted drains will be constructed on specified sides of the roads.
8.2.4 High Mast Security
It is proposed that 2 No. High Mast Security Mast Lights be constructed in Mjini. Each Flood Mast will consist of 30 m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m.
One of the security lights is proposed in the Muslim Primary School where it will illuminate the school and part of the settlement. No negative impact is anticipated during the operation as the light will be used at night while students are away. During construction, the students are likely to face disturbances from the use of heavy machinery. It is therefore proposed that the light be constructed on weekends or during school holidays while students are away
8.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini
8.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects
Water Supply
Mjini settlement has a relatively higher number of residents with individual or compound water supply from KITWASCO. During the socio-economic survey 60% of the respondents reported to have in-house and/or compound tap. The preferred
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water supply option and social feasibility are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu and are summarized in Table 6-2.
Sewerage
During the socio-economic survey it was reported that 32% of the households use flush toilets that drain into septic tanks and soak-away pits, while majority (59%) use pit latrines. The preferred sewerage option and social feasibility are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu and are summarized in Table 6-3.
Solid Waste Management
51% of the population in Mjini have access to the county collection system of the solid waste but a significant 35.6% dump their waste in their neighbourhood. Solid waste in the settlement has led to blocked drains especially during the rainy season. This is also a breeding site for mosquitos and a major cause of vector as well as air borne diseases. The gains from improved roads and a drainage system could be reversed by the lack of a proper solid waste management system. Effective solid waste management will lessen the prevalence of malaria and improve the health of the population. See Table 6-4 for a summary of the preferred option and social feasibility.
Roads and drainage
An improved road network is a key infrastructure investment for the community. 51% of the population operate businesses in the settlement and opening up the road network will improve access and improve other services such as public transport, firefighting, garbage collection and ambulance services. This intervention will also expand business opportunities along the roads due to increased access. N effective drainage system will reduce the risks of flooding and improve the quality of life. See Table 6-5 for a summary of the preferred option and social feasibility.
Street Lighting and High Mast Security Lighting
During community consultation the residents cited insecurity as a problem in the settlement. The women emphasised the need to illuminate the settlement to ensure security at night as residents return home from their places of work. Overall the installation of street lighting and high security lights will improve the social wellbeing of the community. Well-lit streets will enhance security and lead to longer business hours.
8.3.2 Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments
The proposed infrastructure has been subjected to economic analysis in order to determine whether or not it is economically justified. This analysis falls into three main parts. The first is a qualitative analysis of the economic costs and benefits of each type of infrastructure that has been proposed. The purpose of this type of analysis is to give insights into the main costs and benefits of infrastructure provision, with and without the project. No quantitative test is applied as to whether or not the infrastructure is justified.
Secondly, a cost-effectiveness analysis of each type of infrastructure is conducted. In this analysis, the capital cost of provision per person, or unit cost, is calculated. This comparison gives a rough idea as to whether or not the costs of the proposed infrastructure are “reasonable” relative to unit costs for the other settlements. This is a rough and ready method for examining the cost-effectiveness of the proposed infrastructure.
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Thirdly, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted for all the infrastructure projects proposed for Mjini. The aim is to compute the benefit/cost ratio (BCR), a metric that allows one to determine whether or not the infrastructure is economically justified. If the BCR is greater than 1 (one), the investment is economically justified.
The cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and a detailed cost-benefit methodology, are set out in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report, submitted separately. The qualitative economic analysis is presented in Table 8-1 below.
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Table 8-1: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini
Infrastructure Economic Impact
With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic Costs
New Water Supply
System
For households without access to piped water, the system provides an alternative source of potable supply with no up-front payment or connection fee except for those eligible for direct connections immediately
Savings in cost of water for those with direct connections
Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea as well as water-borne diseases and therefore savings in health costs and higher labour productivity
A new system will help to weed out any illegal connections within the system
Zoning, including zonal water meters, will enable monitoring of water use trends in the settlement as a way of controlling non-revenue water.
If realistic pricing (tariffs) is used, this will encourage financial self-sufficiency
A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings will give the utility company an updated layout of the entire distribution system
Improved property values
Capital and operation and maintenance costs
Growing scarcity of good quality water
Continued wastage of time and resources on fetching water
Possibility of increasing health care costs due to lack of supply of quality water
Continued loss of productivity due to time spent fetching water
Low quality of life
Solid waste
management
Improved health
Relatively low cost
Potential for recycling
Mainstreaming of solid waste collection by CBOs and job opportunities in settlement
Residents will have will have to play a part in maintenance and operation of the system
Would have to be adequately managed
Although the settlement is mostly well organized and cleaner compared to the other two settlements this could change if no waste
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garbage collection
Clean living environment and a more appealing settlement
Potential uncontrolled dumpsites
management system is put in place
High Flood Mast
security lighting
Safer movement of persons at night
Reduction in theft as thieves cannot hide under cover of darkness
Longer business hours
Prevention of accidents at night
Improved property values
Capital and maintenance costs
Stray voltage can accidentally electrify lampposts
Physical dangers if children climb up poles for recreational purposes
Poor lighting at night leading to unsafe environment
Improved Roads
and drainage
Improved storm water drainage
Better roads means safer travel, which results in less accidents (and associated reduction in costs)
Reduced vehicle maintenance costs and reduced fuel usage
Quicker access and travel through better roads leads to time savings (and higher productivity)
Less dust and improved quality of life
Improved access to the settlement (which can save lives if an ambulance has to quickly get to an individual)
Increased economic development opportunities
Improved access to resources, employee bases, markets, and customers
Improved property values
Capital and maintenance costs
Noise pollution from vehicles
Increased number of vehicles and option to drive faster on the road may lead to increased accidents
Poor maintenance of drainage systems can lead to spread of diseases
Poor access to the settlement
Low quality roads
Health hazard caused by stagnant water
Continued poor drainage system
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8.3.3 Preferred Infrastructure Projects in Mjini
The preferred infrastructure projects analyzed the preferred options for development are as follows:
Extension of the newly laid water distribution system to replace the existing distribution system
Individual connection for approved households
Extension of the newly laid sewer pipelines system and provide individual household connection points (manholes adjacent to the houses)
Solid Waste Management System through community sensitization and training to encourage recycling and re-use, formation of community based organizations (CBOs) and clean up exercises
Upgrading of identified roads in accordance to the Physical Development Plan (PDP)
The justification of the preferred infrastructure projects is similar to those summarized for Kunda Kindu Settlement in Section 6-176.3.3
8.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives
The anticipated negative and positive impacts of the projects are expected to be minor during the construction phase and very few to none during the operational phase. These are summarized in Table 8-2 below.
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Table 8-2: Identification of Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mjini Settlement
Description
Within and Outside Mjini Settlement
Environmental
aspect
Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures
1. Physical Environment
1.1 Climate Hot and dry climatic conditions with two rainy seasons between March and May and between October and December
Potential infrastructure projects are
unlikely to cause impacts on the climate.
Neutral impact.
None
1.2 Air quality
1.2.1 Dust All internal roads are unpaved and dust is produced during dry season which has negative impacts on the residents’ health
There is a possibility of slight increase of dust during the construction phase for roads but it will decrease once the proposed roads are upgraded to improved surface standards. Slight negative impact.
Contractor to water the roads during construction
Additional measures e.g. barriers to control dust at sensitive receptacles e.g. schools, hospitals, open water sources etc.
1.2.2 Exhaust gases
from traffic and
industries
There are many ‘boda boda’ motor bikes which are major polluting sources for exhaust fumes
There is a possibility of slight increase
of exhaust gases during the
construction of any of the project
components. Slight negative impact.
Machines and vehicles to be maintained in
good working order in the construction
Machines and vehicles should be parked and
serviced away from sensitive receptacles e.g.
schools and hospitals
1.2.3 Cooking fires
(indoor pollution)
Negative impacts on households using various fuels for cooking such as firewood, charcoal and paraffin
There are few users of electricity and gas
No project components currently
selected that have an impact on fuel
use or use of energy in general
None
1.2.4 Smell from
Solid Waste
Residents commonly dump solid waste along access roads
Solid waste currently posing a
significant negative impact to the
Transfer station to be cleared of solid waste twice weekly and high levels of cleanliness
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Main dump site is at the edge of the settlement
densely populated settlement.
Proposed provision of mobile
collection bins will significantly
reduce solid waste management
problems. Positive impact.
Solid waste collection bins have
potential of becoming mini-dumpsites
if waste collection system is
dysfunctional. Slight negative impact
Potential pollution from construction
waste
maintained
Construction waste to be safely disposed of
in county dump site
Involvement of local CBOs for collection and
manning the transfer stations.
County Government to ensure:
q) that the waste collection areas are zoned; r) timely and regular collection of all solid wastes
either through door to door collection or from centralized collection points;
s) waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores;
t) there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal u) that the disposal site is secured with a fence
and a gate manned to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal site.
v) motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access during disposal;
w) the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals
x) appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires
1.3 Noise Noise currently perceived as a problem from the “boda boda” motor bikes
However there is a buffer of 80-100m from the bus terminus and main road
Some noise may be caused by
potential projects’ construction
activities. Slight negative impact.
Machines to be maintained in good working order and statutory standards to be met in the construction phase
Personal protection equipment to be
provided to workers exposed to noise during
construction
Work will be restricted within working hours
Special provisions made in areas around
schools and other community service
infrastructure to minimize disturbance as
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per the Noise regulations.
1.4 Water Storm Water – main road has a developed secondary drainage system
Drinking Water – KITWASCO supplies drinking water and there are water wells also
Waste Water – no sewer infrastructure provided
Proposed secondary storm
water drainage along with roads to
collect tertiary storm water at
plot/unit level – positive impact
Proposed water supply project
component to improve potable water at
household level – positive impact
Proposed sewer lines to improve
sanitation and waste water disposal
at household level – positive impact
Mitigation measures will be required. See
sections below for the specific mitigation
measures during the construction and
operation phase
1.4.1 Surface and
Ground Water
Settlement topographical character is of a gentle slope
Local flooding is not of much significance
Storm water is contaminated with waste water from houses. Settlements’ storm water links with the secondary drainage system along the main road
Stagnating surface water has potential risk of being a breeding ground for mosquitoes
By improving the management of
secondary and tertiary storm water
drainage system, potential project
components will have an overall
positive impact on the resident
population
During the construction phase potentially harmful toxic products to be suitably stored to reduce risk of contamination to ground water
The proposed project components secondary and tertiary storm water drainage systems will be linked to the town-wide storm water drainage system in the operation phase
Trenches for water lines should be clearly flagged, fenced, and covered either temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as possible to avoid potential accidents.
Proper traffic signage for traffic control and safety during trenching and laying of pipes
Community education and awareness on efficient water use and maintenance of infrastructure.
Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable.
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1.4.2 Waste water Shallow pit latrines have propensity to contaminate surface and ground water. Proximity of pit latrines and shallow water wells may result in cross-contamination
Black cotton soils sometimes cause the caving in of pit latrines
Where solid waste is disposed of in open spaces there is propensity of pollution of run-off storm water and surface water
The dense settlement makes the land not open or limited to new pit latrines
Proposed sewerage project
components selected will improve
sanitation and the management of
waste water at household and
settlement levels which has positive
impacts on the resident population
Potential pollution from construction
waste water
Appropriate Mitigation measures to be developed for anticipated impacts from contractor’s waste water management during construction.
Trenches for waste water lines should be
clearly flagged, fenced, and covered either
temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as
possible to avoid potential accidents.
Proper traffic signage for traffic control and
safety during trenching and laying of pipes
Community education and awareness on
waste water management, basic hygiene and
maintenance of infrastructure.
Take measures to minimize negative impacts
of cost increases from paying for services such
as water/wastewater/solid waste especially
for the vulnerable.
Take special measures to prevent pollution of
surface and ground water
2. Natural (biological) environment
2.1 Vegetation and
flora
Settlement is not a natural habitat
Few mango fruit trees
Patchy grass cover
Potential project components to be
responsive to vegetation present.
Slight negative impact.
Residents to be involved in re-planting adequate ground cover with grass, shrubs and tree cover
Potential project components to be responsive to natural vegetation present
2.2 Terrestrial fauna Settlement is not a habitat for wildlife
No impact by potential project
components
None
2.3 Aquatic fauna Settlement is not a habitat for aquatic fauna
No impact by potential project
components
None
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3. Human Environment
3.1 Resettlement The settlement can be considered to be high density
Poor drainage of waste water may cause exposure to diseases
There is notable encroachment on road reserves and streets by hawkers and residential units
Potential negative impacts on
resident population who have
encroached on roads. Low impact
Efforts to be made to minimize resettlement
Unavoidable resettlement mitigation measures are specified in the abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report
3.2 Local economy Unemployment is high among the youth and the lower income bracket of the population in the active working age cohorts
Water vendors operating water kiosks as an entrepreneurial economic activity
Emptying toilets and garbage are entrepreneurial economic activities
Project components will integrate
training and skills transfer to the
youth and the active working age
cohorts
Project components will consider
employment and income generating
aspects during and after construction
for the benefit of the youth and the
active working age cohorts. Positive
impact.
Overall project components will have
direct and indirect positive impacts in
improving the socio-economic
conditions of the residents
Tendering documents to include contractor’s obligation to hire local human labour as part of income generation during the construction phase
High priority to be accorded to local residents for permanent jobs during construction and operation and maintenance of all infrastructure project components
Rent increases and expulsion of people due
to increasing costs should also be monitored
and mitigated as feasible.
3.3 Infrastructure
Services
Infrastructure services namely drainage and solid waste are generally inadequate
Potential project components including
roads and storm water drainage
infrastructure upgrading, potable water
and waste water sewer lines, security
lighting, street lights and solid waste
Potential short-term negative impacts with long-term gains to residents
Residents/local community to be communicated to during the construction phase by contractor
For the sustainability of the projects residents to be involved through training on the operation and
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management system will have overall
improvement in the quality of life and
general community life of the resident
population. Positive impact.
maintenance of all project components
3.4 Health Poor solid waste disposal, proximity of shallow water wells to pit latrines and flooding have potential for health risks to residents
Malarial diseases are a high risk in the settlement. Eliminating the risks of flooding and stagnant pools of water and mosquito-breeding grounds are basic ways to improve residents’ health
Risks of water-related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid and malaria are high in the settlement. Improving sanitation and general hygiene are basic ways to improve residents’ health
Project components such as the
construction of roads and drainage will
reduce flooding, manage storm water
drainage system and eliminate
propensity for stagnant pools water, thus
reducing the risk of malarial, sanitary and
water related diseases. Positive impacts.
All potential negative impacts from dust, noise and road accidents to be minimized during the construction phase
Employ skilled and trained workers and provide all construction workers with personal protection equipment and training on construction site safety procedures
Enforce occupational health and safety standards
Have adequate worker insurance cover
3.5 Worker and
Community Health
and Safety
Risks of conflicts between the contractor, workers, and the community
Risks to community safety and security during construction and after
Potential negative impact. Apply the World bank EH&S general guidelines
Set up and operationalize Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRMs) with community representation.
Regular community meetings to evaluate progress
Community sensitization on safety and security
Develop and enforce a code of conduct for construction workers
Proper and visible signage
Establishment and training of safety committee at the work place
Training of all workers on safety before deployment
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Safety procedures posted on notice boards
A dedicated officer on safety issues
Regular safety reports and remedial actions taken by the contractor to the RE and client
Safety issues / incidents to be discussed in the site meetings and remedial measures taken
Ensure no worker is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substances that interfere with judgment.
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9Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact, the proposed mitigation measures, the responsible party in the Environmental and Social Management Plans and the estimated cost of implementing the ESMPs. Towards the end of the chapter the responsible parties for the monitoring of the ESMPs is laid out.
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9.1 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures and ESMP
9.1.1 Environmental Impacts during the Construction Phase
The selected projects in the settlements have minor negative environmental impacts that will generally manifest themselves during the construction phase. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is based on the settlement upgrading plan and final selected projects derived from the detailed engineering designs. The mitigation measures have been proposed to be implemented during the construction phase.
9.1.2 Socio-economic Impacts and Resettlement
All the three settlements are densely populated and building density is high as well. Residents living in precarious living conditions in the lower sections of the settlements along the riparian reserve which is prone to flooding and their shallow wells are a health hazard. In the three settlements residents have encroached on road reserves and other wayleaves. In all the three settlements there are insignificant negative impacts on resident population with respect to resettlement issues. Any unavoidable resettlement issues are addressed in the abbreviated RAP, which is submitted as a separate report to KISIP. Any anticipated negative impacts while moving those with structures on road reserves will be mitigated.
9.1.3 Responsibilities
The responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures are split between KISIP, the project proponent and the main contractor (Tables 8-1 and 8-2). The main contractor will be directly responsible for the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures. The ESMF highlights the generic code of practice that contractors are required to comply with, which is provided in Annex 4. The project proponent will be responsible for overseeing that the projects are implemented according to best practice, regularly monitor the works progress and its compliance with adopted mitigation measures and statutory standards.
The key stakeholders involved in the implementation of this ESMP:
Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project –KISIP);
National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA);
Resident Engineer;
The County Government;
Contractor
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
The responsibility of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is to exercise general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment and to ensure that all mitigation measures proposed are actually implemented.
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The Resident Engineer and Environmental and Social Officer
The Resident Engineer (RE) will be appointed by the client (KISIP) or the Supervising Consultant to oversee the construction programme and construction activities performed by the contractor, in compliance to the EMSP. It is hereby proposed that the RE, have an Environmental and Social Officer (ESO) in its team to co-ordinate all aspects of the environment during the project implementation.
The ESO under the RE will be responsible for the following tasks:
Ensuring the implementation of the ESMP and where required updating it to cover environmental and social issues not captured during the preparation of the ESIA and ESMP;
Auditing environmental and safety issues at the project sites;
Participate and oversee the HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention Campaign every three months, during the project implementation phase. The cost will be bore by the Contractor and included in the cost of the project;
Participate and oversee the training of community members on safety and health concerns as well as traffic management;
Liaise with the NEMA on the level of compliance with the ESMP achieved by the Contractor on a regular basis for the duration of the contract;
Preparing quarterly environmental and social progress or “audits” reports on the status of implementation of measures and management of work sites.
The County Government
The relevant departmental officers in the County Government of Mombasa should be called upon where necessary during project implementation to provide the necessary permits and advisory services to the project implementers. The County Government will be required to liaise with the SEC to assist in the sensitization campaigns for HIV/AIDs and safety and health.
The Contractor
The client will appoint the Contractor and will be required to comply with the requirements of the ESIA/ESMP and other relevant laws, policies and standard specifications such as Standard Specifications for Road Works in Kenya, Environmental Protection and Waste disposal, Borrow Pit and Quarry Acquisition and Exploitation, Landscaping and grassing among others. The provisional cost of implementation of the ESMP is included in the Bill of Quantities.
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Table 9-1: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Kitui for the Construction Phase
Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Occupational Health and Safety concerns for construction crew and others.
Risk of accidents – fire, road and construction activity
Deploy sober qualified staff under competent supervision. Must provide personal protection equipment PPEs
Provide first aid material on site and instruction in first aid to workers.
Have emergency phone numbers (ambulance, fire squad) available.
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction Mobilization and Construction Works
Sanitation concerns for construction crew
Provide onsite sanitation facilities
Define "code of conduct" for workers.
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During
Construction
Mobilization and
Construction
Works
Influx of speculative job seekers
Include obligation to recruit locally in the contracts.
No on-the-spot recruiting of non-residents
County Government of Kitui/KISIP
No additional Cost During
Construction
Mobilization
Proliferation of social concerns (commercial sex, alcohol and drug abuse, multiple homes, etc.) Small concern, since construction sites are rather small, no living
Local hiring of workers coupled with an awareness-raising program If required, provide transport for workers from outside to and from worksite.
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During
Construction
Mobilization and
Construction
Works
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Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Exposure to HIV/AIDS and other vices Small concern, since construction sites are rather small, no living facilities for workers provided on site.
Local hiring of workers who go home after work coupled with awareness raising programs. If required, provide transport for workers
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction Mobilization and Construction Works
Material borrowing and transport
Contractor will source materials from approved existing quarries. Impact anticipated is low
N/A Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Storage of fuel oils, lubricants, chemicals and Flammable materials
Hazards of fire outbreak, oil and chemical spills. Low impact; storage of major quantities of fuels and lubricants onsite is not foreseen.
Follow specifications of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, EMCA 1999 and others in the development and operation of stores. Good maintenance of vehicles and machines for preventing loss of oils.
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Opening up sites for construction
Disruption of existing natural vegetation No concern: all activities in already used/degraded areas, no natural habitats or ecologically sensitive areas to be touched.
N/A Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
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Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Generation of debris, waste soil and rubble. Only small quantities of material to be disposed of will remain.
Disposal as appropriate. Reuse in civil works, landfills etc. Some material might be used locally, e.g. to fill in depressions where runoff water accumulates.
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Operation of plants, equipment and big labour force.
Generation of nuisances: dust, noise and vibrations. Impact will generally be small: no very large works, short duration, small workforce.
Prior warning to residents followed by effective management to shorten period of construction activity. Wet curing to control dust. Measures for dust prevention will be important. PPE for workers exposed to noise
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Maintenance of plant and equipment
Generation of waste oil, filters and spare parts maintenance of machine /equipment. Potential pollution from construction machinery
All repairs in designated garages. Apply the 3Rs principle (Reduce, re-use and recycle) in waste management
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Excavation, levelling and general civil works
Damage to existing infrastructure (water, electricity).
Map and zone out all infrastructures for preservation. Budgetary allocation for replacement. Proper shoring, worker protection, pedestrian and traffic crossing, covering and
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
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Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Road transport Risk of accidents especially within settlements where there is usually not much traffic). Small risk, but with potentially major consequences Pollution from transportation, storage and handling of construction materials
Impose strict traffic rules (maximum speed to be respected) on all drivers. Have emergency plan ready in case of an accident. Containment of noisy operations and limiting construction work to day hours only Construction work to take minimal time possible
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
General Solid waste management
Waste (other than surplus material) will be generated on site.
Waste must be disposed of properly, and recycled where feasible. Provide waste bins onsite.
Contractor Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Waste Water Management
Waste water generated during construction is likely to pollute the ground water
Contractor to arrange for mobile toilets on site which will be emptied in accordance to the County Government of Kitui and NEMA regulations
Contractor
Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
Asphalt, Bitumen and
Paving
Poorly stored Asphalt and Bitumen could result in water and ground pollution
The plant should be situated on flat ground;
Topsoil shall be removed prior to site establishment and stockpiled for later rehabilitation of the site;
Contractor Resident Engineer
Cost Included in Contractor Bid
During Construction
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Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Bitumen drums / products shall be stored in an area approved by the RE.
This area shall be indicated on the construction camp layout plan. The storage area shall have a smooth impermeable (concrete or thick plastic covered in gravel) floor. The floor shall be bunded and sloped towards a sump to contain any spillages of substances;
The area shall be covered to prevent rainwater from contacting the areas containing fuels, oils, bitumen etc
The plant shall be secured from trespassers and animals through the provision of fencing and a lockable gate to the satisfaction of the Resident Engineer (RE);
Materials requiring disposal shall be disposed of at an appropriate waste facility.
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The estimated cost for implementing the ESMP during construction is Kshs. Ten (10,000,000) Million, this has been included in the contractor bidding document. Breakdown of the specific items is included in the Bill of Quantities attached in Annex 6
9.1.4 Environmental and Social Management during the Operation Phase
Positive impacts are expected during the operational phase of the projects. Minor negative impacts, if any, are expected during the operational phase of the projects. Possible impacts of the various projects are described briefly below:-
Water Supply and Sewerage System: - clean water supply and a waste water sewerage system in the settlement will have positive impacts to the residents of the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu. Residents will spend less time and money getting clean water for domestic use.
Roads and Storm Water Drainage Improvements: - obstruction of drainage channels can lead to accumulation of stagnant water. Stagnant water provides a breeding place for mosquitoes and constitutes a hygienic hazard.
Solid Waste Management: -uncollected solid waste will pose a health hazard in the settlement. It will be crucial to ensure that the planned collection bins in the commercial areas in the settlement are collected regularly. The local community will be sensitized towards solid waste management procedures and technical capacity and assistance will be accorded to CBOs to manage solid waste.
High-Mast (Security) Lights: - no negative impacts are anticipated. It is expected that increased lighting in the settlement will foster security. The necessary clearances have been sought indicating that the high-mast security lights are not on flight paths hence no negative impacts.
Recreational Park: community sensitization will be required to maintain the park. Failure to sensitize the community during the operational phase may easily see it return to its former state with unchecked solid waste dumping and untreated waste water disposal.
Capacity building plan for the beneficiaries for operation and maintenance of the
infrastructure:
An operational and maintenance plan (O&M) for all the infrastructure has been
developed as part of the consultancy for design to ensure sustainability. Relevant
stakeholders including the communities and the counties were consulted.
Communities will be trained on basic maintenance before hand-over
A community solid management strategy has been developed as part of the O&M.
Communities will be trained, sensitized and empowered to handle solid waste as
part of maintenance.
The County which is the custodian of the projects on behalf of the communities will
set aside a budget for operation and maintenance.
Maintaining the Settlement Executive Committees (SECs) beyond the project
completion to mobilize communities in operation and maintenance.
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Table 9-2: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Kitui during the Operation Phase
Community Concern Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Level of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
Health and Safety of Community during the operational phase of road component
Risk of accidents – road accidents from speeding vehicles
Low Speed control measures
Community / County Government of Kitui
Routine operating budget of County Government of Kitui
Continuous
Storm water drainage Obstruction of drainage channels leading to accumulation of stagnant water
Hazards of accidents from open drainage
Medium Sensitization of local community on management of drainage
Planned drainage is underground and in boxed culverts
Community included in the contractors bid
Continuous
Solid waste management
Recreational Park
Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste that blocks the storm water drainage channels
Unchecked solid waste dumping and untreated waste water disposal.
High
High
Sensitization of local community on solid waste management and recreation park
Technical assistance and capacity building of CBOs on solid waste management and maintenance of the park
Local community/ RE
Kshs. 5.4 million Continuous
High mast security lights Potential theft of security lights accessories
Medium planned security lights in order to mitigate risk
Community/RE
Nil ,,
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
CPCS Ref: 12359
|9-11
9.1.5 Environmental and Social Management during Decommissioning
The identified projects selected for investment are all basic urban infrastructure. There is therefore no element of decommissioning that is foreseen among the selected projects.
9.1.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
The monitoring of the projects will be conducted jointly between the local communities and the County Government of Kitui. The roles of monitoring the projects include
1. The Community will be assisted with technical capacity for the routine monitoring of the operations and maintenance of the projects.
2. The Resident Engineer (RE) will be the supervising agent of the client on the site. It is proposed that the RE have an Environmental and Social Officer (ESO) in his team to co-ordinate all aspects of the environment during the project implementation.
3. The County Government of Kitui – the environmental officer will be responsible for the annual statutory environmental auditing (undertaken under KISIP financing).
The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan is presented in Table 8-3 below.
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Table 9-3: The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
Means of Verification Responsibility Timeline / Frequency
Construction Site Management
Generation of Construction waste debris, waste soil and rubble
Disposal of construction waste as appropriate. Reuse in civil works, landfills and recycle/reuse where necessary
Some material might be re-used locally e.g. to fill in depressions where run-off water accumulates
Ensure that construction waste, debris and rubble are disposed of appropriately
Visual inspection
Contractor
CGK to enforce implementation
Daily
Hazards of fire outbreak, oil and chemical spillage
Follow specifications of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, EMCA 1999 and others in the development and operation of stores. Good maintenance of vehicles and machines for preventing loss of oils.
Storage and maintenance is appropriate and follows laid-down specification
Visual inspection Contractor
CGK/KISIP to oversee implementation
Daily
Generation of waste oil, filters and spare parts
Maintenance of machine and equipment
Apply the principle of 3Rs (reduce, re-use and recycle) in management of waste
All repairs to be conducted in designated garages
Ensure a waste management plan is in place
Ensure repairs are undertaken in designated garages only
Visual inspection Contractor
CGK to enforce implementation
Daily
Construction waste Waste to be disposed of properly and recycled where feasible
Appropriate waste bins to be provided on site
Ensure waste bins are provided on site and that contents are recycled or disposed of appropriately
Visual inspection
Contractor
CGK to enforce implementation
Daily
Generation of nuisances (dust, noise
Residents to be given prior warning Ensure that local population has no complaints due to
Visual and acoustic Whenever
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Means of Verification Responsibility Timeline / Frequency
and vibrations) of potential nuisances
Construction period to be as short as possible
Damping down of site to reduce dust
nuisances inspection Contractor
CGK to enforce implementation
applicable
Damage to existing infrastructure
Map and zone out all infrastructures for preservation.
Ensure budgetary allocation for replacement.
Ensure that map and budget are available
Ensure damaged infrastructure is replaced
Visual inspection CGK/KISIP Whenever
applicable
Risk of accidents Have emergency plans in place in case of an accident
Ensure rules are in place and communicated to local residents
Visual inspection CGK/KISIP/Contractor Whenever
applicable
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
|9-15
9.1.7 End of Project Impact Monitoring
Aspect Indicator Means of Verification
Improvements in
health
Disease incidences e.g. Malaria, cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, typhoid, respiratory diseases etc.
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Reports
Environmental
quality
Access to garbage disposal
facilities and collection either by
municipality or CBO.
Incidences of flooding and
mudslides.
Water quality of the streams in
the three areas
Groundwater quality
Connection to formal sewer
system
Incidences of smell
Dust prevalence
Noise levels
Field inspection Reports
Quality of life
Average household size
School attendance rates for boys
and girls.
Monthly household income
Monthly per capita consumption
expenditure of the households
Percentage of households
engaged in business ( formal and
informal);
Land and property/structure
ownership- security of tenure.
Average duration of stay in the
settlement
Percentage of the households
with access to paved roads.
Percentage of households with
access to piped water supply
Field inspection Reports
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
|9-16
either through shared connection
or private individual connection.
Percentage of households with
access to electricity connection.
Households with access to flush
toilets and pit latrines.
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
CPCS Ref: 12359
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10Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations emerging from the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in the three settlements of Mosquito/Kaango, Mjini and Kunda Kindu in Kitui Town. It is recommended that this project report is sufficient for this project and therefore there is no need for a full ESIA Study Report.
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
CPCS Ref: 12359
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10.1 Conclusion
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report has outlined a broad overview of the potential impacts of infrastructure services components proposed for implementation in the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/ Kaango and Kunda Kindu.
The findings of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment that was carried out in the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/ Kaango and Kunda Kindu has established that
1. There are significant adverse impacts on the residents and on the environment emerging from the inadequate provision of infrastructure services in the three settlements
2. During the construction phase the infrastructure service projects prioritized by the residents and proposed for implementation in the three settlements have minimum adverse impacts on the environment
3. There are minimum adverse negative impacts on the human environment during and after the implementation of the proposed infrastructure service projects
4. There are significantly positive impacts that are accruable on the human environment after the implementation of the proposed infrastructure service projects
10.2 Recommendations
This report has outlined site-specific Environmental and Social Impacts for each of the settlements based on the final detailed engineering designs and the final settlement upgrading plans of Mjini, Mosquito/ Kaango and Kunda Kindu settlements. The report has further recommended site-specific mitigation measures and context-specific environmental and social management plans for each of the settlements. This is in line with EMSF categories of KISIP projects under Category B.
This ESIA report recommends that during the implementation of the proposed infrastructure projects mitigation measures be closely followed and monitored. During this construction phase the responsibilities for implementing these mitigation measures have been allocated to the contractor and the client.
This report recommends that as set out in Sections 68 and 69 and further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice 101 of June 2003 of the EMCA, Annual Environmental Audits be carried out in order to mitigate and control environmental damage from completed projects. This responsibility has been allocated to the County Government of Kitui (with KISIP financing).
10.3 Sustainability
The proposed infrastructure projects will accrue full benefits to the local communities when they are fully operational in the long term period. Sustainability in the long term will be achieved when full and adequate maintenance of the project components is undertaken in the operational phase. Sensitization, technical assistance and capacity building of the local community by professional staff are crucial for knowledge transfer and skills exchange
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
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between the technical experts and residents. This ESIA report has recommended surveillance and monitoring of all project components. In particular solid waste and waste water are components that technical staff will provide technical assistance to the local community and build capacity within the CBOs involved in solid waste management. Availability of technical staff and funding from KISIP is needed to fulfil this undertaking.
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
CPCS Ref: 12359
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ANNEXES Annex 1: Environmental Screening Checklists: Kunda Kindu, Kaango/Mosquito and Mjini
Annex 2: World Bank Environmental Related OP and Applicability
Annex 3: Attendance Lists
Annex 4: KISIP ESMP Generic Mitigation Measures for Contractors
Annex 5: Cost Estimates
Annex 6: List of Documents Reviewed
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
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Annex 1: Environmental Screening Checklists: Kunda Kindu, Mosquito/Kaango and Mjini
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part A: Triggers to EMCA
Applicability of Second Schedule of EMCA
Yes WB Safeguards (Operational
Policies, OP) that are possibly
applicable in this type of a
project:
OP 4.01: Environmental
Assessment
OP 4.12: Involuntary
Resettlement
- Environmental management and
Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- Environmental Impact and
- Audit) Regulations, 2003.
- Waste Management and Water
Quality Regulations of 2006
Category B: KISIP projects are classified
under category B of projects which have
less adverse effect on environment, are
site specific and in most cases mitigation
measures can be designed to avert
negative impacts.
Resettlement will be limited, in line with
KISIP policy no project should be situated
on private land and no involuntary
resettlement is anticipated from this
assignment. Impacts on the entire
settlement are minor. Those with
structures outside their plot boundaries
will be required to move them within their
plot boundaries.
A resettlement Action Plan will be
prepared in accordance to the TOR of this
assignment and the WP OP 4.12
Under the EMCA, the proposed projects do
not require a full EIA study. A project study
will be prepared for the projects.
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part B: Details of Site location
• Is the site or proposed investment a protected or reserved site.
• Biosphere Reserve
• National park
• Wildlife / Bird Sanctuary
• Wetland
• Important Bird Areas
• Coastal area with corals
• Mangrove areas (or Estuary with, mangroves)
• Natural lakes
• Habitat of migratory birds (outside protected areas)
• Migratory Route of Wild Animals/Birds
• Area with threatened/ rare/endangered fauna (outside protected areas)
• Area with threatened/rare/ endangered flora (outside protected areas)
• Reserved/Protected Forest
• Zoological Park /Botanical Garden
If yes,
provide
distance
Mosquito
shares
the small
stream
with
Kunda
Kindu
which
forms the
border
between
the two
settleme
nts
The stream/wetland is a
small natural feature,
currently polluted with
untreated grey/black water
and solid waste
GOK:
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks,
Lake Shores and Sea Shore
management) Regulation,
2009
WB:
- OP 4.01
- OP 4.04
- OP 4.12
Ensure that solid waste and untreated wastewater do not flow into the stream/wetland;
Transferring sewerage to waste water treatment plant (either centralized or decentralized);
Intermediate collection points;
Recommendation to contain solid waste at the central dump site
• Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or aquatic) in the area?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• Are there natural habitats in the site? Or in its proximity
Yes The stream/wetland is a natural
habitat. Though currently it has
very minimum flora/fauna due to
pollution
GOK:
EIA Guidelines 2002
EIA Revised Regulations,
2003
WB OP 4.01, 4.04
Same as above
• If there are natural habitats, are they fragile, unique, and limited in size? Are these world heritage / Ramsar sites
No
• Are there wetlands, areas of saturated soils (permanent or temporary), or evidence of pending (cracks, high clay content in soils, dead vegetation, water marks)?
Yes
There is the steam passing at the
edge of the settlement
GOK:
- EMCA, 1999
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks,
Lake Shores and Sea Shore
Management) Regulation, 2009
Gabions, pilings, improved drainage system
• Is the site already degraded (low groundwater, poor soil quality)?
Yes Waste water disposal is very poor
and this has resulted into the
pollution of ground water sources
e.g. wells
Improved sanitation facilities centralized or
decentralized will help alleviate this
problem.
• Are there steep slopes in the proximity of the investment site?
No
• Do people live on the proposed site? Yes The settlement is fairly densely
settled
Same as above
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• List existing land uses (ranching, farming)?
Yes Residential, small scale
commercial.
GOK:
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- Physical Planning Act, 1996
There is a Spatial Plan being prepared for
the County. This should be followed to
ensure compatibility of the land-uses in the
settlement
• Is there existing site access (roads)? Yes
• Is the site vulnerable to natural hazards (in floodplain, near volcano, on seismic fault, near coastline in hurricane zone)?
No
• Are there land title conflicts? No During the field survey the
residents all indicated to
have land allocation letters.
Titles for majority have not
yet being processed. No
land disputes were
observed
- Land Act, 2012
- Land Registration Act, 2012
- Registered Land Act, Cap 300
- Registration of Titles Cap 281
- EMCA, 1999
- There a few residents who have structures
on the riparian reserve,
• Are there known archaeological, historical or other cultural property? Are any of these world heritage/ UNESCO designated etc
No
• Do indigenous peoples live on or near the site?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part C: Analysis of likely physical Impacts
(i) Scope of proposed activities
Will the investment generate an increase in solid wastes or machine wastes (oil, etc)?
Yes This will mostly be during
the construction phase
- EMCA, 1999
- EIA Guidelines, 2002 A solid waste management plan will be
developed by the contractors as well as in
the final EIA report (EMP)
(ii) Water Resource Impacts
Could the investment result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or increasing water extraction?
Yes
As above
Develop drainage systems along the
upgraded roads.
Could it affect groundwater quality?
Yes
Investment in improved waste
water treatment plants
(WWTP)would likely improve
ground water quality
Improved WWTP and storm water drainage
will improve ground water quality.
Could it affect quality (through sediment, wastewater, storm discharge or solid waste) of nearby surface waters (lake, rivers, and streams)?
Yes
As above
Improved WWTP will improve the steam as
less populated water will get into the
wetland.
Will it affect water quantity in nearby water bodies (lake, river, and stream)?
Yes Planned projects are likely to
increase the surface runoff to
the stream.
Ensure grey/black water is not drained into
the storm water drainage system
Are there nearby potable water sources that need to be protected?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
(iii) Ecosystem Impacts
Could the investment affect natural habitats or areas of high ecological value?
Yes Positive impacts The intervention of this project will result
into less/no polluted water into the
stream/wetland Could it affect natural characteristics of adjacent or nearby sites?
Yes Positive impacts As above
Could it affect wildlife or natural vegetation?
Yes As above As above
(iv) Drainage Impacts
Will the investment in storm water drainage affect existing drainage patterns?
Yes Improved storm water drainage will
make the existing drainage patterns
more efficient
Improved storm water drainage
Will it cause standing water, which could cause public health risks?
No Improved storm water drainage will
eliminate stagnant water
Will erosion result in sediment discharge to nearby water bodies?
No
Will surface drainage patterns be affected in borrow pits and quarries?
No Kaango/Mosquito is has a fairly dense
population. No materials will be extracted
from the site. Will infiltration patterns be affected? Yes Upgrading of access roads and
opening of more roads will increase
paved surfaces
Storm water drainage will be constructed
to manage increased surface runoff
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Socio-economic impacts
Will the project entail resettlement of population?
Yes The issue of resettlement
will be determined during
the final engineering design
and RAP report
- The Land Acquisition Act, Cap
295
This will be addressed in the RAP report
Will the project affect indigenous peoples?
No
Will it limit access to natural resources to local populations?
No
Will it have an impact on land use? Yes The development of
infrastructure will trigger
more development and this
will see a change in the
existing land-uses
- The Physical Planning Act, 1996
- Require development to be approved by
the County government to ensure
compliance.
Will it induce further encroachment of nearby areas?
No
Will it cause any health impacts? Yes Anticipated positive
impacts on the health of
the residents
Improved sanitation and drainage will have
positive impact on the health of the
residents
Will it disturb nearby communities during construction?
Yes Limited to the construction
period
Contractor to undertake necessary
measures to reduce disturbance to the
residents Could cultural resources be affected? No
Could it affect nearby properties? No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part D Analysis of Resettlement Impacts
Yes/No Remarks/Identified Problems
Acquisition of private land? No
Alienation of any type of government land including that owned by urban local body?
No
Clearance of encroachment from government/ urban local body land?
To be determined during detailed design phase
Clearance of squatting from Government/Urban local body?
No
Number of structures, both authorized and/or unauthorized to be acquired/cleared?
To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Number of household to be displaced? To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Details of village common properties to be alienated, Pasture land (acres) cremation /burial ground and others specify?
No
These have already being designated in the PDP
Describe existing land uses on and around the project area ( e.g Community facilities, agriculture, tourism, private property)?
The settlement is mainly residential and commercial. There are several retail shops and small light industrial establishment
such as carpentry, wielding etc along the main tarmac road separating Kaango and Mjini Settlement.
Will the project result in construction of workers or other people moving into or having access to the area (for a long period and in large numbers compared to permanent residents)?
No
The construction phase will not be long to require the workers to move into the settlement for long periods of time. The
exact timeline will be determined during the detailed engineering design phase. The contractor will be encouraged to
engage the local residents in most of the labour works
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Are financial compensation measures expected to be needed?
No
Loss of Crops, fruit, household infrastructure and livelihood
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of
• Crops? No
• Fruit trees/coconut palms? Specify with numbers
No
• Household infrastructure? Specify with numbers
No
• Loss of agriculture land? specify with numbers
No
Occupational health and safety, welfare , employment and gender
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems
Is the project likely to provide local employment opportunities, including employment opportunities for women?
Yes Contractor will be required to offer temporary employment to the residents. Most manual labour will be taken up by men.
Women are mostly expected to offer supportive services such as providing food, fetching water etc.
Is the project being planned with sufficient attention to local poverty alleviation objectives?
Yes The projects were identified together with the community and will address key issues that will help alleviate poverty in the
settlement
Is the project being designed with sufficient local participation of women in the planning design and implementation process?
Yes Participation of women was key in the whole process of this assignment. Household questionnaire were used , as well as
focus group discussions with members of the SEC who included women
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Historical, Archaeological, or cultural Heritage sites Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Based on available sources, consultation with local Authorities, local knowledge and/ or observation could the project alter?
Historical heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same?
No
Archaeological heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same?
No
Cultural heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same
No
Graves or sacred locations or require excavation near the same?
No
Part D (i): Result/Outcome of Environmental/ Social and Resettlement Screening Exercise
No Environment Impact Assessment Required
Environment Impact Assessment Required Yes, however under the EMCA doesn’t require full EIA for this type of developments. A study EIA report will
be prepared for the project
OP4.12 category ( S1, S2, S3) The project falls under Category B of the WB OP 4 and S2
RAP category required Abbreviated RAP will be prepared in accordance to OP 4.12 para.25
Any special conditions Will be captured in the EMP
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Environmental Screening Checklist- Kunda Kindu
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part A: Triggers to EMCA
Applicability of Second Schedule of EMCA
Yes WB Safeguards (Operational
Policies, OP) that are possibly
applicable in this type of a
project:
OP 4.01: Environmental
Assessment
OP 4.12: Involuntary
Resettlement
- Environmental management and
Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- Environmental Impact and
- Audit) Regulations, 2003.
- Waste Management and Water
Quality Regulations of 2006
Category B: KISIP projects are classified
under category B of projects which have
less adverse effect on environment, are
site specific and in most cases mitigation
measures can be designed to avert
negative impacts.
Resettlement will be limited, in line with
KISIP policy no project should be situated
on private land and no involuntary
resettlement is anticipated from this
assignment. Impacts on the entire
settlement are minor. Those with
structures outside their plot boundaries
will be required to move them within their
plot boundaries.
A resettlement Action Plan will be
prepared in accordance to the TOR of this
assignment and the WP OP 4.12
Under the EMCA, the proposed projects do
not require a full EIA study. A project study
will be prepared for the projects.
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part B: Details of Site location
• Is the site or proposed investment a protected or reserved site.
• Biosphere Reserve
• National park
• Wildlife / Bird Sanctuary
• Wetland
• Important Bird Areas
• Coastal area with corals
• Mangrove areas (or Estuary with, mangroves)
• Natural lakes
• Habitat of migratory birds (outside protected areas)
• Migratory Route of Wild Animals/Birds
• Area with threatened/ rare/endangered fauna (outside protected areas)
• Area with threatened/rare/ endangered flora (outside protected areas)
• Reserved/Protected Forest
• Zoological Park /Botanical Garden
If yes,
provide
distance
Kunda
Kindu
borders a
small
stream
and/or
wetland
The stream/wetland is a
small natural feature,
currently polluted with
untreated grey/black water
and solid waste
GOK:
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks,
Lake Shores and Sea Shore
management) Regulation,
2009
WB:
- OP 4.01
- OP 4.04
- OP 4.12
Ensure that solid waste and untreated wastewater do not flow into the stream/wetland;
Transferring sewerage to waste water treatment plant (either centralized or decentralized);
Intermediate collection points;
Recommendation to contain solid waste at the central dump site
• Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or aquatic) in the area?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
|17
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• Are there natural habitats in the site? Or in its proximity
Yes The stream/wetland is a natural
habitat. Though currently it has
very minimum flora/fauna due to
pollution
GOK:
EIA Guidelines 2002
EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
WB OP 4.01, 4.04
Same as above
• If there are natural habitats, are they fragile, unique, and limited in size? Are these world heritage / Ramsar sites
No
• Are there wetlands, areas of saturated soils (permanent or temporary), or evidence of pending (cracks, high clay content in soils, dead vegetation, water marks)?
Yes
There is the steam passing at the
edge of the settlement
GOK:
- EMCA, 1999
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake
Shores and Sea Shore
Management) Regulation, 2009
Gabions, pilings, improved drainage system
• Is the site already degraded (low groundwater, poor soil quality)?
Yes Waste water disposal is very poor
and this has resulted into the
pollution of ground water sources
e.g. wells
Improved sanitation facilities centralized or
decentralized will help alleviate this
problem.
• Are there steep slopes in the proximity of the investment site?
No
• Do people live on the proposed site? Yes The settlement is partially settled
and fairly well planned
Same as above
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• List existing land uses (ranching, farming)?
Yes Residential, small scale
commercial.
GOK:
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- Physical Planning Act, 1996
There is a Spatial Plan being developed for
the town and covers the settlement. This
should be followed to ensure compatibility
of the land-uses in the settlement
• Is there existing site access (roads)? Yes
• Is the site vulnerable to natural hazards (in floodplain, near volcano, on seismic fault, near coastline in hurricane zone)?
No
• Are there land title conflicts? No During the field survey the
residents all indicated to have
land allocation letters. Titles
for majority have not yet
being processed. No land
disputes were observed
- Land Act, 2012
- Land Registration Act, 2012
- Registered Land Act, Cap 300
- Registration of Titles Cap 281
- EMCA, 1999
• Are there known archaeological, historical or other cultural property? Are any of these world heritage/ UNESCO designated etc
No
• Do indigenous peoples live on or near the site?
No
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part C: Analysis of likely physical Impacts
(i) Scope of proposed activities
Will the investment generate an increase in solid wastes or machine wastes (oil, etc)?
Yes This will mostly be during
the construction phase
- EMCA, 1999
- EIA Guidelines, 2002 A solid waste management plan will be
developed by the contractors as well as in
the final EIA report (EMP)
(ii) Water Resource Impacts
Could the investment result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or increasing water extraction?
Yes
As above
Develop drainage systems along the
upgraded roads.
Could it affect groundwater quality?
Yes
Investment in improved
waste water treatment
plants (WWTP)would likely
improve ground water
quality
Improved WWTP and storm water
drainage will improve ground water
quality.
Could it affect quality (through sediment, wastewater, storm discharge or solid waste) of nearby surface waters (lake, rivers, and streams)?
Yes
As above
Improved WWTP will improve the steam as
less populated water will get into the
wetland.
Will it affect water quantity in nearby water bodies (lake, river, and stream)?
Yes Planned projects are likely
to increase the surface
runoff to the stream.
Ensure grey/black water is not drained into
the storm water drainage system
Are there nearby potable water sources that need to be protected?
No
(iii) Ecosystem Impacts
Could the investment affect natural habitats or areas of high ecological value?
Yes Positive impacts The intervention of this project will result
into less/no polluted water into the
stream/wetland
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Could it affect natural characteristics of adjacent or nearby sites?
Yes Positive impacts As above
Could it affect wildlife or natural vegetation?
Yes As above As above
(iv) Drainage Impacts
Will the investment in storm water drainage affect existing drainage patterns?
Yes Improved storm water drainage
will make the existing drainage
patterns more efficient
Improved storm water drainage
Will it cause standing water, which could cause public health risks?
No Improved storm water drainage
will eliminate stagnant water
Will erosion result in sediment discharge to nearby water bodies?
No
Will surface drainage patterns be affected in borrow pits and quarries?
No Kunda Kindu is has a fairly dense
population. No materials will be extracted
from the site. Will infiltration patterns be affected? Yes Upgrading of access roads and
opening of more roads will
increase paved surfaces
Storm water drainage will be constructed
to manage increased surface runoff
Socio-economic impacts
Will the project entail resettlement of population?
Yes The PDP for the settlement was
not available to us during the field
survey. The issue of resettlement
will be determined during the final
engineering design and RAP report
- The Land Acquisition Act, Cap
295
This will be addressed in the RAP report
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Will the project affect indigenous peoples?
No
Will it limit access to natural resources to local populations?
No
Will it have an impact on land use? Yes The development of
infrastructure will trigger
more development and
this will see a change in the
existing land-uses
- The Physical Planning Act, 1996
- Require development to be approved by
the County government to ensure
compliance.
Will it induce further encroachment of nearby areas?
No
Will it cause any health impacts? Yes Anticipated positive
impacts on the health of
the residents
Improved sanitation and drainage will have
positive impact on the health of the
residents
Will it disturb nearby communities during construction?
Yes Limited to the construction
period
Contractor to undertake necessary
measures to reduce disturbance to the
residents
Could cultural resources be affected? No
Could it affect nearby properties? No
Part D Analysis of Resettlement Impacts
Yes/No Remarks/Identified Problems
Acquisition of private land? No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Alienation of any type of government land including that owned by urban local body?
No
Clearance of encroachment from government/ urban local body land?
To be determined during detailed design phase
Clearance of squatting from Government/Urban local body?
No
Number of structures, both authorized and/or unauthorized to be acquired/cleared?
To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Number of household to be displaced? To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Details of village common properties to be alienated, Pasture land (acres) cremation /burial ground and others specify?
No
These have already being designated in the PDP
Describe existing land uses on and around the project area ( e.g Community facilities, agriculture, tourism, private property)?
The settlement is mainly residential and commercial. It is famous for the numerous bars and lodgings. There is also the bus
station situated on the edge of the settlement. There are several retail shops and small light industrial establishment such
as carpentry, wielding etc.
Will the project result in construction of workers or other people moving into or having access to the area (for a long period and in large numbers compared to permanent residents)?
No
The construction phase will not be long to require the workers to move into the settlement for long periods of time. The
exact timeline will be determined during the detailed engineering design phase. The contractor will be encouraged to
engage the local residents in most of the labour works
Are financial compensation measures expected to be needed?
No
Loss of Crops, fruit, household infrastructure and livelihood
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of
• Crops? No
• Fruit trees/coconut palms? Specify with numbers
No
• Household infrastructure? Specify with numbers
No
• Loss of agriculture land? specify with numbers
No
Occupational health and safety, welfare , employment and gender
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Is the project likely to provide local employment opportunities, including employment opportunities for women?
Yes Contractor will be required to offer temporary employment to the residents. Most manual labour will be
taken up by men. Women are mostly expected to offer supportive services such as providing food, fetching
water etc.
Is the project being planned with sufficient attention to local poverty alleviation objectives?
Yes The projects were identified together with the community and will address key issues that will help alleviate
poverty in the settlement
Is the project being designed with sufficient local participation of women in the planning design and implementation process?
Yes Participation of women was key in the whole process of this assignment. Household questionnaire were used
, as well as focus group discussions with members of the SEC who included women
Historical, Archaeological, or cultural Heritage sites Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Based on available sources, consultation with local Authorities, local knowledge and/ or observation could the project alter?
Historical heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same?
No
Archaeological heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Cultural heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same
No
Graves or sacred locations or require excavation near the same?
No
Part D (i): Result/Outcome of Environmental/ Social and Resettlement Screening Exercise
No Environment Impact Assessment Required Environment Impact Assessment Required Yes, however under the EMCA doesn’t require full EIA for this type of developments. A study EIA report will be prepared
for the project
OP4.12 category ( S1, S2, S3) The project falls under Category B of the WB OP 4 and S2
RAP category required Abbreviated RAP will be prepared in accordance to OP 4.12 para.25
Any special conditions Will be captured in the EMP
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Environmental Screening Checklist- Mjini
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part A: Triggers to EMCA
Applicability of Second Schedule of EMCA
Yes WB Safeguards (Operational
Policies, OP) that are possibly
applicable in this type of a
project:
OP 4.01: Environmental
Assessment
OP 4.12: Involuntary
Resettlement
- Environmental management and
Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- Environmental Impact and
- Audit) Regulations, 2003.
- Waste Management and Water
Quality Regulations of 2006
Category B: KISIP projects are classified
under category B of projects which have
less adverse effect on environment, are
site specific and in most cases mitigation
measures can be designed to avert
negative impacts.
Resettlement will be limited, in line with
KISIP policy no project should be situated
on private land and no involuntary
resettlement is anticipated from this
assignment. Impacts on the entire
settlement are minor. Those with
structures outside their plot boundaries
will be required to move them within their
plot boundaries.
A resettlement Action Plan will be
prepared in accordance to the TOR of this
assignment and the WP OP 4.12
Under the EMCA, the proposed projects do
not require a full EIA study. A project study
will be prepared for the projects.
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part B: Details of Site location
• Is the site or proposed investment a protected or reserved site.
• Biosphere Reserve
• National park
• Wildlife / Bird Sanctuary
• Wetland
• Important Bird Areas
• Coastal area with corals
• Mangrove areas (or Estuary with, mangroves)
• Natural lakes
• Habitat of migratory birds (outside protected areas)
• Migratory Route of Wild Animals/Birds
• Area with threatened/ rare/endangered fauna (outside protected areas)
• Area with threatened/rare/ endangered flora (outside protected areas)
• Reserved/Protected Forest
• Zoological Park /Botanical Garden
If yes,
provide
distance
No
• Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or aquatic) in the area?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• Are there natural habitats in the site? Or in its proximity
No
• If there are natural habitats, are they fragile, unique, and limited in size? Are these world heritage / Ramsar sites
No
• Are there wetlands, areas of saturated soils (permanent or temporary), or evidence of pending (cracks, high clay content in soils, dead vegetation, water marks)?
Yes
There is the steam in Kaango
where the storm water from Mjini
eventually drains to.
GOK:
- EMCA, 1999
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks,
Lake Shores and Sea Shore
Management ) Regulation, 2009
Improved drainage system
• Is the site already degraded (low groundwater, poor soil quality)?
Yes Waste water disposal is very poor
and this has resulted into the
pollution of ground water sources
e.g. wells
Improved sanitation facilities centralized or
decentralized will help alleviate this
problem.
• Are there steep slopes in the proximity of the investment site?
No
• Do people live on the proposed site? Yes The settlement is fully settled and
fairly well planned
Same as above
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• List existing land uses (ranching, farming)?
Yes Residential, small scale
commercial, religious (mosque)
and there is a primary school in
the settlement as well as the
Assistant Chief office.
GOK:
- EIA Guidelines 2002
- EIA Revised Regulations, 2003
- Physical Planning Act, 1996
There is a Spatial Plan being prepared for
the County. This should be followed to
ensure compatibility of the land-uses in the
settlement
• Is there existing site access (roads)? Yes
• Is the site vulnerable to natural hazards (in floodplain, near volcano, on seismic fault, near coastline in hurricane zone)?
No
• Are there land title conflicts? No During the field survey the
residents all indicated to have land
allocation letters. Titles for
majority have not yet being
processed. No land disputes were
observed
- Land Act, 2012
- Land Registration Act, 2012
- Registered Land Act, Cap 300
- Registration of Titles Cap 281
- EMCA, 1999
• Are there known archaeological, historical or other cultural property? Are any of these world heritage/ UNESCO designated etc
No
• Do indigenous peoples live on or near the site?
No
Part C: Analysis of likely physical Impacts
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
(i) Scope of proposed activities
Will the investment generate an increase in solid wastes or machine wastes (oil, etc)?
Yes This will mostly be during
the construction phase
- EMCA, 1999
- EIA Guidelines, 2002 A solid waste management plan will be
developed by the contractors as well as in
the final EIA report (EMP)
(ii) Water Resource Impacts
Could the investment result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or increasing water extraction?
Yes
As above
Develop drainage systems along the
upgraded roads.
Could it affect groundwater quality?
Yes
Investment in improved waste
water treatment plants
(WWTP)would likely improve
ground water quality
Improved WWTP and storm water drainage
will improve ground water quality.
Could it affect quality (through sediment, wastewater, storm discharge or solid waste) of nearby surface waters (lake, rivers, and streams)?
Yes
Storm water drainage from the
settlement drains into the access
road and eventually into the
stream in Kaango/Mosquito.
Improved WWTP will improve the steam as
less populated water will get into the
wetland.
Will it affect water quantity in nearby water bodies (lake, river, and stream)?
Yes Planned projects are likely to
increase the surface runoff to the
stream.
Ensure grey/black water is not drained into
the storm water drainage system
Are there nearby potable water sources that need to be protected?
No
(iii) Ecosystem Impacts
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Could the investment affect natural habitats or areas of high ecological value?
Yes Improved storm water drainage
will improve water quality
Could it affect natural characteristics of adjacent or nearby sites?
Yes Less polluted storm water will
reach the stream.
As above
Could it affect wildlife or natural vegetation?
No
(iv) Drainage Impacts
Will the investment in storm water drainage affect existing drainage patterns?
Yes Improved storm water drainage
will make the existing drainage
patterns more efficient
Improved storm water drainage
Will it cause standing water, which could cause public health risks?
No Improved storm water drainage
will eliminate stagnant water
Will erosion result in sediment discharge to nearby water bodies?
No
Will surface drainage patterns be affected in borrow pits and quarries?
No Mjini is has a fairly dense population. No
materials will be extracted from the site.
Will infiltration patterns be affected? Yes Upgrading of access roads and
opening of more roads will
increase paved surfaces
Storm water drainage will be constructed
to manage increased surface runoff
Socio-economic impacts
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Will the project entail resettlement of population?
Yes The issue of resettlement will be
determined during the final
engineering design and RAP report
-
- The Land Acquisition Act, Cap
295
This will be addressed in the RAP report
Will the project affect indigenous peoples?
No
Will it limit access to natural resources to local populations?
No
Will it have an impact on land use? Yes The development of infrastructure
will trigger more development and
this will see a change in the
existing land-uses
- The Physical Planning Act, 1996
- Require development to be approved by
the County government to ensure
compliance.
Will it induce further encroachment of nearby areas?
No
Will it cause any health impacts? Yes Anticipated positive impacts on
the health of the residents
Improved sanitation and drainage will have
positive impact on the health of the
residents
Will it disturb nearby communities during construction?
Yes Limited to the construction period Contractor to undertake necessary
measures to reduce disturbance to the
residents Could cultural resources be affected? No
Could it affect nearby properties? No
Part D Analysis of Resettlement Impacts
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Yes/No Remarks/Identified Problems
Acquisition of private land? No
Alienation of any type of government land including that owned by urban local body?
No
Clearance of encroachment from government/ urban local body land?
To be determined during detailed design phase
Clearance of squatting from Government/Urban local body?
No
Number of structures, both authorized and/or unauthorized to be acquired/cleared?
To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Number of household to be displaced? To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Details of village common properties to be alienated, Pasture land (acres) cremation /burial ground and others specify?
No
These have already being designated in the PDP
Describe existing land uses on and around the project area (e.g. Community facilities, agriculture, tourism, private property)?
The settlement is mainly residential and commercial. There is a mosque, primary school and the assistant chief office in
the settlement.
Will the project result in construction of workers or other people moving into or having access to the area (for a long period and in large numbers compared to permanent residents)?
No
The construction phase will not be long to require the workers to move into the settlement for long periods of time. The
exact timeline will be determined during the detailed engineering design phase. The contractor will be encouraged to
engage the local residents in most of the labour works
Are financial compensation measures expected to be needed?
No
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Loss of Crops, fruit, household infrastructure and livelihood
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of
• Crops? No
• Fruit trees/coconut palms? Specify with numbers
No
• Household infrastructure? Specify with numbers
No
• Loss of agriculture land? specify with numbers
No
Occupational health and safety, welfare , employment and gender
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Is the project likely to provide local employment opportunities, including employment opportunities for women?
Yes Contractor will be required to offer temporary employment to the residents. Most manual labour will be taken up by men.
Women are mostly expected to offer supportive services such as providing food, fetching water etc.
Is the project being planned with sufficient attention to local poverty alleviation objectives?
Yes The projects were identified together with the community and will address key issues that will help alleviate poverty in the
settlement
Is the project being designed with sufficient local participation of women in the planning design and implementation process?
Yes Participation of women was key in the whole process of this assignment. Household questionnaire were used , as well as
focus group discussions with members of the SEC who included women
Historical, Archaeological, or cultural Heritage sites Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies applicable
Recommended scale of Environmental Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Based on available sources, consultation with local Authorities, local knowledge and/ or observation could the project alter?
Historical heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same?
No
Archaeological heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same?
No
Cultural heritage site(s) or require excavation near the same
No
Graves or sacred locations or require excavation near the same?
No
Part D (i): Result/Outcome of Environmental/ Social and Resettlement Screening Exercise
No Environment Impact Assessment Required
Environment Impact Assessment Required Yes, however under the EMCA doesn’t require full EIA for this type of developments. A study EIA report will
be prepared for the project
OP4.12 category ( S1, S2, S3) The project falls under Category B of the WB OP 4 and S2
RAP category required Abbreviated RAP will be prepared in accordance to OP 4.12 para.25
Any special conditions Will be captured in the EMP
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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ANNEX 2: FGD GUIDE
The positive and negative social and environmental impacts that the selected projects are anticipated to have will manifest themselves mainly or exclusively during construction. Likewise, the Social and Environmental Management Plan [ESMP] and its mitigation measures will have to be implemented during this period. The following table summarises a check list of what to observe as the current situational analysis and what the project specific impacts are likely to be [both positive and negative] during or after the construction of the anticipated infrastructure services. These aspects can be recorded on paper or visually by taking photographs.
Environmental aspect
Current situation
Project specific impacts
1. Physical Environment
1.1 Climate
What are the overall climatic conditions? How will the project activities have on the overall climatic conditions?
1.2 Air quality
1.2.1 Dust
What is the general condition of roads within or neighbouring the settlement? Paved or unpaved roads and how does this affect the dust situation?
Is there a possibility of dust
increase during construction?
Will upgrading, say once roads are
upgraded with improved surfacing reduce the negative impacts of dust?
1.2.2 Exhaust gases from traffic and industries
Is there high pedestrian, boda boda cyclists, motor bikes, vehicular or train traffic concentrations or other major polluting sources such as light, medium or heavy industries nearby or within the settlement which are a big concern at the moment?
Is there a possibility of increase
during or after construction?
1.2.3 Cooking fires (indoor pollution)
What are the households using as their fuels for cooking?
Will the proposed projects have any positive
or negative impacts on fuel use (or use of energy in general)?
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Environmental aspect
Current situation
Project specific impacts
1.2.4 Smell (from solid waste transfer stations)
What is the current situation with respect to solid waste within the settlements,
existing solid waste situation within the town?
Solid Waste Management Component of the
Project
Are there any solid waste transfer stations
planned in the infrastructure package of projects?
1.3 Noise
Is noise generally perceived as a
problem?
Is noise anticipated by construction
activities likely to have negative impacts on
the construction workers or on the residents of the settlements?
1.4 Water
What is the current situation with
respect to
Storm water
Drinking water
Waste water
Water Projects Components
How will the selected project types have either positive or negative impacts on storm water drainage, drinking water or waste water?
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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1.4.1 Surface and ground water, water quality
(drainage component)
STORM WATER
topographical terrain of the settlement?
Do storm water drainage and flooding have a high impact in the settlements with respect to destruction of property and loss of lives? Are there any records of destruction of property and loss of lives?
Is storm water draining through the settlement contaminated by solid and liquid waste? Where does the secondary drainage system finally link with the primary drainage system e.g. valleys, rivers, lakes or ocean?
What is the impact of increased urbanisation within the settlement and the wider urban area have on surface water run-off?
Does the stagnating surface water (rain water as well as household grey water) in the settlements have a negative sanitary impact on the local population?
Drainage component:
Will improving the overall storm water drainage and wastewater management in the settlement have an overall positive impact on surface water and flooding mitigation?
There is a risk of contamination of surface water during construction activities. In light of the natural drainage pattern, all contamination will drain towards the National Park.
Does a town/urban-wide storm water drainage plan for the management of tertiary, secondary and primary drainage exist?
project link up with the town’s SWD plan?
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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1.4.2 Surface and ground water, water quality (sewerage component)
WASTE WATER
Does waste water constitute a major risk for soils, surface and ground water quality and for human health?
Does untreated wastewater flowing into the primary drainage system have any impact on water quality in the rivers, lakes, ocean, etc
Do latrines in the settlements result in contamination of groundwater and sub-surface water?
Are latrines compatible with the soil conditions?
available land open or limited to new pit latrines?
Sewerage component:
How would a Waste Water Project in the settlement improve or reduce the negative impacts on the soils, surface or ground water quality and human health?
with urban/town wide infrastructure?
1.4.3 Surface and ground water, water quality (Road Component)
Does the condition of the roads have any major impact on the surface and ground water quality and for human health?
Roads, Streets’ Project Component
Will road construction, streets’
paving present any risks of water contamination during construction?
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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Environmental aspect
Current situation
Project specific impacts
2. Natural (biological) environment
Does the settlement comprise any natural habitats?
natural habitats beyond the settlements –
e.g. downstream?
2.1 Vegetation and flora
What is the present natural vegetation and flora?
vegetation and flora?
2.2 Terrestrial fauna
Are the settlements a natural habitat for wildlife?
wildlife in or beyond the settlement?
2.3 Aquatic fauna
Are the settlements a natural
habitat for aquatic fauna.
aquatic fauna in or beyond the settlement?
2.4 Important habitats and protected areas
Are the important habitats and protected areas that are likely to be affected by the negative impacts of the settlements’ storm water drainage system?
Drainage and sewerage components:
Will water related projects (drainage, sewerage) have direct/indirect impacts on
these important habitats and protected areas?
3. Human environment
Any precarious living conditions in
the settlements?
Is there any exposure to environmental hazards (including flooding, lack of water, bad hygienic conditions).
All Project components:
What are the overall projects’ aims at improving the situation and precarious living conditions in the settlements?
What are the negative side effects or socio-economic impacts that can arise to the existing population/residents in the provision of infrastructure services to the settlements?
3.1 Resettlement
Are the project areas low, medium or highly densely populated urban informal settlements?
Have any of the residents encroached on public rights-of-ways (sewer, water, riparian, power, pipeline, street, road, railway line way leave).
All Project components:
How will the Part Development Plan or Infrastructure Upgrading Plan for the provision of infrastructure services have on way leaves and how will this positively and negatively impact on the Project Affected Persons
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
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3.2 Local economy
What is the level of
employment/unemployment in the informal settlements?
currently rely on infrastructure services as a means of eking out
a living? This could be
entrepreneurial, survivalist or exploitative in terms of selling
water, electricity, toilets,
bathrooms, etc to the other residents?
All Project components:
Are temporary jobs likely to be created
during construction?
Are residents likely to be involved in the
maintenance of the systems installed and will that be necessary; will that create some permanent jobs to the residents?
Will projects have direct income-
generating effects?
generate permanent employment for
management of ablution blocks, for example?
Will overall infrastructure improvements positively or negatively impact on the socio-economic conditions in the settlements?
provision of infrastructure services be affected by the project components?
The program/projects aim at improving living conditions in the settlements, but they are not a directly income generating program. How will this affect those expecting to earn an income from the project?
3.3 Services
The program aims at improving services, q u a l i t y o f l i f e a n d g e n e r a l c o m m u n i t y l i f e in the settlements. What are the overall infrastructure services that are lacking?
All Project components:
How will the project activities potentially interfere with access to or disruption of services during the construction phase?
Environmental aspect
Current situation
Project specific impacts
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3.4 Health
Is malaria a high risk in the settlements? Eliminating mosquito breeding sites would be one basic way to reduce the risks.
Is there high risk of diarrhoea,
dysentery or even cholera?
associated with hygiene where provision of infrastructure
services would significantly improve this?
All Project components:
Drainage and sewerage improve the situation by eliminating temporary (or sometimes permanent) pools of stagnant contaminated water, thus reducing risks of water related diseases.
Sewerage and drinking water supply improve hygiene, and in this way also reduce risk of water related diseases.
Pavement of roads reduces dust and thus the risk of respiratory problems.
Construction works and pavement of roads could lead to increased number of road accidents
Other observations
Environmental aspect
Current situation
Project specific impacts
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ANNEX 3: WORLD BANK
ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED OP AND
APPLICABILITY OP No. Title Applicability to KISIP projects
4.01 Environmental Assessment Classifies KISIP projects as Category B. Applicable in this assignment.
4.04 Natural Habitats Not applicable
4.09 Pest Management Not applicable
4.10 Indigenous Peoples Not applicable. No settlement has a population considered as an ethnic minority
4.11 Physical Cultural Resource Not applicable. No settlement has any presences of any cultural (historical or archaeological) sites.
4.12 Involuntary Resettlement Potentially applicable. KISIP policy will be applicable where the necessity for resettlement is required.
4.36 Forests Not applicable.
4.37 Safety of Dams Not applicable.
7.50 Projects on International Waterways
Not applicable
7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas Not applicable
The EMSF identified OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) and 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) as the only OP applicable to the KISIP projects.
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ANNEX 4: LIST OF ATTENDANCE
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ANNEX 5: GENERIC MITIGATION MEASURES FOR
CONTRACTORS Permits and licenses
(i) The Contractor shall ensure that all pertinent permits, certificates and licenses have been obtained prior to any activities commencing on site and are strictly enforced/ adhered to;
(ii) The Contractor shall maintain a database of all pertinent permits and licenses required for the contract as a whole and for pertinent activities for the duration of the contract.
Site preparation phase
Location of Contractor’s camp site
Where the contractor will require setting up a site, the same shall be determined in collaboration with the RE taking into consideration the following:
(i) Preferably to be located on land already cleared wherever possible;
(ii) Not to be installed in the areas used as wildlife grazing areas or migratory corridors or in the area with more dense vegetation or densely settled areas;
(iii) It should also avoid the areas, where the soil has higher erosion risk;
(iv) The need to be more than 20 meters from watercourses in a position that will facilitate the prevention of storm-water runoff from the site from entering the watercourse;
(v) The local administration and the community representatives (CBO) shall be involved in the site location to avoid destruction of any ritual site or any other conflict;
(vi) The Contractor’s Camp layout shall take into account availability of access for deliveries and services and any future works;
(vii) The Contractor’s Camp should also be of sufficient size to accommodate the needs of all sub-contractors that may work on the project.
Environmental Training and Awareness
(i) The Contractor and sub-contractors shall be aware of the environmental requirements and constraints on construction activities contained in the provisions of the EMP;
(ii) The Contractor will be required to provide for the appropriate Environmental Training and
Awareness as described in this EMP in his costs and programming;
(iii) An initial environmental awareness training session shall be held by the LA prior to any work commencing on site, with the target audience being all project personnel;
(iv) The training shall include but not limited to the following
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• Basic awareness and understanding of the key environmental features of the work site and environs;
• Understanding the importance of and reasons why the environment must be protected;
• Ways to minimize environmental impacts;
• Relevant requirements of the EMP;
• Prevention and handling of fire;
• Health risks pertinent to the site, including prevention of communicable diseases;
• Awareness, prevention and minimization of risk with regard to the contraction and spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases;
• The Contractor shall erect and maintain Environmental and Health Information Posters for his employees regarding HIV/AIDS, protection of wildlife and natural resources;
• The Environmental and Health Information Posters shall be erected at the eating areas
and any other locations specified by the RE.
HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign
(i) The Contractor shall institute HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign amongst his workers for the duration of the contract, contracting an implementing organization, with preference for an organisation already working on this issue in the project area;
(ii) The campaign shall include the training of facilitators within the workers, information posters in more frequented areas in the campsite and public areas, availability of promotional material (T-shirts and caps), availability of condoms (free), and theatre groups.
Local Labour / Employment
(i) Wherever possible, the Contractor shall use local labour, and women must be encouraged to be involved in construction work.
Construction phase
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EMP management records
Environmental management records shall be kept on site during the duration of construction and shall include the following:
(i) The updated version of the EMP; (ii) All necessary permits and licences;
(iii) All site specific plans prepared as part of the updated EMP;
(iv) All written instructions and reports issued by the RE / Supervising Consultant; (v) A register of audit non-conformance reports and corrective actions;
(vi) All related environmental, social, health and safety management registers and correspondence, including any complaints;
(vii) All records shall be kept at site premises and maintained in a legible state for the full period of construction.
Contractor’s Camp
The Contractor shall implement the following as required:
(i) A suitable storm-water drainage system to prevent soil erosion, protect storage areas and to prevent stagnant ponds forming;
(ii) A suitable potable water supply;
(iii) Suitable facilities for bathing, washing clothes or vehicles – site staff will not be permitted to use open water bodies for such activities;
(iv) Suitable sanitation facilities, adequate for the number of staff on site; (v) Facilities for cooking;
(vi) Facilities for solid waste collection;
(vii) Facilities for waste water management.
The method for provision of these services will be approved by the RE.
Water Supply
The Contractor must adhere to water quality regulations and rules as described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006. These Rules describe the following:
(i) Water sources for domestic use; (ii) Sewage treatment;
(iii) Ground water;
(iv) Water for agricultural use; (v) Water for other uses;
(vi) Schedules depicting standards.
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Abstractions from natural, municipal and/or private water resources (e.g. rivers, boreholes and springs) for potable water and construction water shall be approved by the Water Resources Management Authority. The Contractor shall arrange for the necessary approvals / permits from the water authorities under the direction of MoR for the abstraction of water.
Conservation of vegetation and protection of wildlife
(i) Except to the extent necessary for establishing the construction site and carrying out the construction works, vegetation shall not be removed, damaged or disturbed. Nor should any unauthorized planting of vegetation take place;
(ii) The clearance of the site for construction purposes shall be kept to a minimum. The use of existing cleared or disturbed areas for the Contractor’s Camp, stockpiling of materials etc shall be encouraged;
(iii) Areas with dense indigenous vegetation are not to be disturbed unless required for construction purposes, nor shall new access routes be cut through such areas.
(iv) Trees should be trimmed rather than removed wherever possible;
(v) The use of indigenous plants as firewood is prohibited unless they are obtained from approved sources;
(vi) There is a possibility of encountering wildlife during the construction works, these animals should be avoided and not perturbed;
(vii) Wildlife poaching or game hunting is forbidden.
Protection of watercourses
(i) The Contractor shall ensure that the footprint of construction activities is minimised at river and stream crossings;
(ii) Sedimentation from the construction works of perennial rivers and streams must be minimised;
(iii) No construction materials shall be stockpiled within areas that are at risk of flooding;
(iv) The Contractor shall ensure that all construction activities at the seasonal river crossings are commenced and completed during the dry seasons;
(v) All temporary and permanent fill used adjacent to, or within, the perennial river bed shall be of clean sand or larger particles. Silts and clays shall not be permitted in the fill;
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(vi) Plastic sheeting, sandbags or geofabric approved by the RE shall be used to prevent the migration of fines through the edges of the fill into the river;
(vii) The Contractor shall not modify the banks or bed of a watercourse other than necessary to complete the specified works. If such unapproved modification occurs, the Contractor shall restore the affected areas to their original profile;
(viii) The Contractor shall preserve all riparian vegetation;
(ix) The Contractor shall not pollute the watercourse through any construction activities.
Planning Borrow Pits and Quarries
Where required, all borrow pits sites shall be clearly indicated on a plan and approved by the RE.
(i) The Contractor will be responsible for ensuring that appropriate authorisation to use the proposed borrows pits and quarries has been obtained before commencing activities;
(ii) Borrow pits and quarries shall be located more than 20 meters from watercourses in a position that will facilitate the prevention of storm-water runoff from the site from entering the watercourse;
(iii) The Contractor shall give 14 days’ notice to nearby communities of his intention to begin excavation in the borrow pits or quarries;
(iv) The Contractor shall prepare and implement borrow pit plans and borrow pit rehabilitation plans, which would minimise the risk of erosion.
Construction and Operation of New Borrow Pits and Quarries
(i) Topsoil shall be stripped prior to removal of borrow and stockpiled on site. This soil shall be replaced on the disturbed once the operation of the borrow site or quarry is complete;
(ii) Storm-water and groundwater controls shall be implemented to prevent runoff entering streams and the slumping of soil from hillside above;
(iii) The use of borrow pits or quarries for material spoil sites may be approved by the RE (and/or with the appropriate consent of the “landowner”). Where this occurs, the materials spoiled in the borrow pit shall be profiled to fit into the surrounding landscape and covered with topsoil.
Blasting
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(i) If blasting is required, the Contractor will be responsible for obtaining a current and valid authorisation from the Department of Mines and Geology prior to any blasting activity. A copy of this authorisation shall be given to the RE;
(ii) A qualified and registered blaster by the Department of Mines and Geology shall supervise all blasting and rock-splitting operations at all times;
(iii) The Contractor shall ensure that appropriate pre blast monitoring records are in place (i.e. photographic and inspection records of structures in close proximity to the blast area);
(iv) The Contractor shall ensure that emergency services are notified, in writing, a minimum of
24 hours prior to any blasting activities commencing on Site;
(v) The Contractor shall take necessary precautions to prevent damage to special features and the general environment, which includes the removal of fly-rock. Environmental damage caused by blasting/drilling shall be repaired at the Contractor’s expense to the satisfaction of the RE and the relevant authorities;
(vi) The Contractor shall ensure that adequate warning is provided to the local communities immediately prior to all blasting. All signals shall also be clearly given;
(vii) The Contractor shall use blast mats for cover material during blasting. Topsoil shall not be used as blast cover.
Asphalt, Bitumen and Paving
The site of the asphalt plant shall be selected and maintained according to the following basic criteria: (i) The plant shall be situated on flat ground;
(ii) Topsoil shall be removed prior to site establishment and stockpiled for later rehabilitation of the site;
(iii) Bitumen drums / products shall be stored in an area approved by the RE. This area shall be indicated on the construction camp layout plan. The storage area shall have a smooth impermeable (concrete or thick plastic covered in gravel) floor. The floor shall be bunded and sloped towards a sump to contain any spillages of substances;
(iv) The area shall be covered to prevent rainwater from contacting the areas containing fuels, oils, bitumen etc and potentially generating contaminated runoff;
(v) The plant shall be secured from trespassers and animals through the provision of fencing and a lockable gate to the satisfaction of the RE;
(vi) Well-trained staff shall be responsible for plant workings.
(vii) Within the bitumen plant site, areas shall be demarcated/marked for plant materials, wastewater and contaminated water;
(viii) An area should be clearly marked for vehicle access; (ix) Drums/tanks shall be safely and securely stored;
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(x) Materials requiring disposal shall be disposed of at an appropriate waste facility.
Cement/Concrete Batching
(i) Where required, a Concrete batching plant shall be located more than 20m from the nearest stream/river channel;
(ii) Topsoil shall be removed from the batching plant site and stockpiled;
(iii) Concrete shall not be mixed directly on the ground;
(iv) The concrete batching works shall be kept neat and clean at all times;
(v) Contaminated storm-water and wastewater runoff from the batching area and aggregate stockpiles shall not be permitted to enter streams but shall be led to a pit where the water can soak away;
(vi) Unused cement bags are to be stored so as not to be effected by rain or runoff events;
(vii) Used bags shall be stored and disposed of in a manner which prevents pollution of the surrounding environment (e.g. via windblown dust);
(viii) Concrete transportation shall not result in spillage;
(ix) Cleaning of equipment and flushing of mixers shall not result in pollution of the surrounding
environment;
(x) Suitable screening and containment shall be in place to prevent windblown contamination associated with any bulk cement silos, loading and batching;
(xi) Waste concrete and cement sludge shall be scraped off the site of the batching plant and removed to an approved disposal site;
(xii) All visible remains of excess concrete shall be physically removed on completion of the
plaster or concrete and disposed at an approved disposal site. Washing the remains into the ground is not acceptable;
(xiii) All excess aggregate and sand shall also be removed;
(xiv) After closure of the batching plant or any area where concrete was mixed all waste concrete/cement sludge shall be removed together with contaminated soil. The surface shall then be ripped to a depth of 150mm and the topsoil replaced evenly over the site and re-grassed.
Air and dust emissions
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Air emissions from construction machinery, including dust, is regarded as a nuisance when it reduces visibility, soils private property, is aesthetically displeasing or affects palatability of grazing. Dust generated by construction related activities must be minimised.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the control of air emissions and dust arising from his operations and activities.
(i) Workers shall be trained on management of air pollution from vehicles and machinery. All construction machinery shall be maintained and serviced in accordance with the contractor’s specifications;
(ii) Asphalt plants and concrete batching plants shall be well sealed and equipped with a dust removal device;
(iii) Workers shall be trained on dust minimisation techniques;
(iv) The removal of vegetation shall be avoided until such time as clearance is required and exposed surfaces shall be re-vegetated or stabilised as soon as practically possible;
(v) The contractor shall not carry out dust generating activities (excavation, handling and transport of soils) during times of strong winds. The RE shall suspend earthworks operations wherever visible dust is affecting properties adjoining the road;
(vi) Water sprays shall be used on all earthworks areas within 200 metres of human settlement.
Water shall be applied whenever dust emissions (from vehicle movements or wind) are visible at the site in the opinion of the RE;
(vii) Vehicles delivering soil materials shall be covered to reduce spills and windblown dust;
(viii) Vehicle speeds shall be limited to minimise the generation of dust on site and on diversion and access roads;
(ix) Any complaints received by the Contractor regarding dust will be recorded and communicated to the RE and ESO.
Disruption of Access to Property
Disruption of access to property must be kept to a minimum at all times. Where such disruption is unavoidable, the Contractor shall advise the affected parties and the RE at least seven working days in advance of such disruption.
Spoil Sites
Where the Contractor is required to spoil material, environmentally acceptable spoil sites must be identified and approved by the RE and EO, taking into consideration the following:
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(i) Preferably to be located on land already cleared wherever possible. Communities shall be involved in the site location to avoid destruction of any ritual site or any other conflict;
(ii) The need to be more than 20 meters from watercourses and in a position that will facilitate the prevention of storm-water runoff from the site from entering the watercourse;
(iii) The development and rehabilitation of spoil areas shall include the following activities: (iv) Stripping and stockpiling of topsoil;
(v) Removal (to a nominal depth of 500mm) and stockpiling of subsoil; (vi) Placement of spoil material.
(vii) Contouring of spoil site to approximate natural topography and drainage and/or reduce erosion impacts on the site;
(viii) Placement of excavated subsoil and then topsoil over spoil material; (ix) Contouring and re-vegetation;
(x) The Contractor shall ensure that the placement of spoil is done in such a manner to minimise the spread of materials and the impact on surrounding vegetation and that no materials ‘creep’ into ‘no-go’ areas.
Noise Control
(i) The Contractor shall keep noise level within acceptable limits and construction activities shall, where possible, be confined to normal working hours in the residential areas;
(ii) Schools, hospitals and other noise sensitive areas shall be notified by the Contractor at least
5 days before construction is due to commence in their vicinity. Any excessively noisy activity shall be conducted outside of school hours, where approved by the RE;
(iii) Any complaints received by the Contractor regarding noise will be recorded and communicated to the RE;
(iv) The Contractor must adhere to Noise Prevention and Control Rules of April 2005.
Storm-water Management and Erosion Control
The Contractor shall take reasonable measures to control storm water and the erosive effects. During construction the Contractor shall protect areas susceptible to erosion by installing necessary temporary and permanent drainage works as soon as possible and by taking measures to prevent the surface water from being concentrated in drainage channels or streams and from scouring slopes, banks or other areas.
Areas affected by construction related activities and/or susceptible to erosion must be monitored regularly for evidence of erosion, these include:
(i) Areas stripped of topsoil; (ii) Soil stockpiles;
(iii) Spoil sites; (iv) Borrow pits;
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(v) Sites for bridges and drainage structures.
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On any areas where the risk of erosion is evident, special measures may be necessary to stabilise the areas and prevent erosion. These may include, but not be limited to:
(i) Confining construction activities; (ii) Using cut off drains;
(iii) Using mechanical cover or packing structures such as geofabric to stabilise steep slopes or hessian, gabions and mattress and retaining walls;
(iv) Mulch or chip cover;
(v) Constructing anti-erosion berms;
(vi) The erosion prevention measures must be implemented to the satisfaction of the RE;
(vii) Where erosion does occur on any completed work/working areas, the Contractor shall reinstate such areas and areas damaged by the erosion at his own cost and to the satisfaction of the RE and ESO;
(viii) The Contractor shall be liable for any damage to downstream property caused by the diversion of overland storm water flows.
Equipment Maintenance and Storage
(i) All vehicles and equipment shall be kept in good working order, are serviced regularly and stored in an area approved by the RE;
(ii) Leaking equipment shall be repaired immediately or removed from the site;
(iii) All washing of equipment shall be undertaken in the workshop or maintenance areas which shall be equipped with suitable impermeable floor and sump/oil trap. The use of detergents for washing shall be restricted to low phosphate/nitrate-type detergents;
(iv) Rivers and streams shall not be used for washing of equipment and vehicles.
Sanitation
(i) The Contractor shall comply with all laws and any by-laws relating to public health and sanitation;
(ii) All temporary/ portable toilets or pit latrines shall be secured to the ground to the satisfaction of the RE to prevent them from toppling over;
(iii) The type and exact location of the toilets shall be approved by the RE prior to establishment. The use of septic tanks may only be used after appropriate investigations have been made and the option has been approved by the RE;
(iv) All toilets shall be maintained by the Contractor in a clean sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the RE;
(v) A wash basin with adequate clean water and soap shall be provided alongside each toilet.
Staff shall be encouraged to wash their hands after use of the toilet, in order to minimise the spread of possible disease;
(vi) The Contractor shall ensure that no spillage occurs when the toilets are cleaned or emptied and that the contents are removed from the site to an appropriate location/facility for disposal;
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(vii) The Contractor shall instruct their staff and sub-contractors that they must use toilets provided and not the bush or watercourses.
Solid Waste Management
The site is to be kept clean, neat and tidy at all times. No burying or dumping of any waste materials, vegetation, litter or refuse shall be permitted. The Contractor must adhere to Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006. The Contractor shall implement measures to minimize waste and develop a waste management plan to include the following:-
(i) All personnel shall be instructed to dispose of all waste in a proper manner; (ii) At all places of work the contractor shall provide litter collection facilities;
(iii) The final disposal of the site waste shall be done at the location that shall be approved by the RE, after consultation with local administration and local leaders;
(iv) The provision of sufficient bins (preferably vermin and weatherproof) at the camp and work sites to store the solid waste produced on a daily basis;
(v) Wherever possible, materials used or generated by construction shall be recycled;
(vi) Provision for responsible management of any hazardous waste generated during the construction works.
Wastewater and Contaminated Water Management
(i) No grey water runoff or uncontrolled discharges from the site/working areas (including wash down areas) to adjacent watercourses and/or water bodies shall be permitted;
(ii) Water containing such pollutants as cements, concrete, lime, chemicals and fuels shall be discharged into a conservancy tank for removal from site. This particularly applies to water emanating from concrete batching plants and concrete swills;
(iii) The Contractor shall also prevent runoff loaded with sediment and other suspended materials from the site/working areas from discharging to adjacent watercourses and/or water bodies;
(iv) Potential pollutants of any kind and in any form shall be kept, stored and used in such a manner that any escape can be contained and the water table not endangered;
(v) Wash areas shall be placed and constructed in such a manner so as to ensure that the surrounding areas (including groundwater) are not polluted;
(vi) The Contractor shall notify the RE of any pollution incidents on site.
Workshops
Where practical, all maintenance of equipment and vehicles on Site shall be performed in the workshop.
(i) if it is necessary to do maintenance on site, but outside of the workshop area, the Contractor shall obtain the approval of the RE prior to commencing activities;
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(ii) The Contractor shall ensure that there is no contamination of the soil, vegetation or surface water in his workshop and other plant or emergency maintenance facilities.
The workshop shall be kept tidy at all times and shall have the following as a minimum:
(i) A smooth impermeable floor either constructed of concrete or suitable plastic covered with sufficient gravel to protect the plastic from damage;
(ii) The floor shall be bunded and sloped towards an oil trap or sump to contain any spillages of substances (e.g. oil);
(iii) Drip trays shall be used to collect the waste oil and lubricants during servicing and shall also be provided in construction areas for stationary plant (such as compressors);
(iv) The drip trays shall be inspected and emptied daily;
(v) Drip trays shall be closely monitored during wet weather to ensure that they do not overflow.
General Materials Handling, Use and Storage
(i) All materials shall be stored within the Contractor’s camp unless otherwise approved by the
RE;
(ii) Stockpile areas shall be approved by the RE;
(iii) All imported fill, soil and/or sand materials shall be free of weeds, litter and contaminants.
Sources of imported materials shall be listed and approved by the RE;
(iv) The Contractor shall ensure that delivery drivers are informed of all procedures and restrictions (including ‘No go’ areas) required;
(v) Any electrical or petrol driven pumps shall be equipped and positioned so as not to cause any danger of ignition of the stored product;
(vi) Collection containers (e.g. drip trays) shall be placed under all dispensing mechanisms for hydrocarbons or hazardous liquid substances to ensure contamination from any leaks is reduced;
(vii) Regular checks shall be conducted by the Contractor on the dispensing mechanisms for all above ground storage tanks to ensure faulty equipment is identified and replaced in timely manner;
(viii) Only empty and externally clean tanks may be stored on bare ground. All empty and externally dirty tanks shall be sealed and stored on an area where the ground has been protected.
Fuels, Oils, Hazardous Substances and other Liquid Pollutants
(i) Hazardous materials shall not be stored within 2 kilometres of the top water level of public water supply reservoirs;
(ii) Hazardous materials shall be stored above flood level and at least 20 metres from any watercourse;
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(iii) Areas for the storage of fuel and other flammable materials shall comply with standard fire safety regulations;
(iv) Chemicals and fuel shall be stored in storage tanks within a secure compound. All chemicals and fuels shall be stored in accordance with manufacturer's instructions;
(v) Storage areas or secondary containment shall be constructed of waterproof reinforced concrete or approved equivalent, which is not adversely affected by contact with chemicals captured within them;
(vi) The minimum volume for secondary containment shall be 110% of the capacity of the largest tank system, plus 10% of the total capacity of all other separate tanks and containers within the bund wall with closed valves for controlled draining during rains;
(vii) Pipe-work carrying product from the tank to facilities outside the containment shall be provided with secondary containment;
(viii) Tank equipment such as dispensing hoses, valves, meters, pumps, and gauges shall be located within the containment or provided with own containment;
Health, Safety and Security
General Health and Safety
(i) The Contractor shall comply with all standard and legally required health and safety regulations as promulgated by Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Factories and Other Places of Work Regulations;
(ii) The Contractor shall provide a standard first aid kit at the site office;
(iii) The Contractor shall ensure that staff are made aware of the risks of contracting or spreading sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS and how to prevent or minimise such risks;
(iv) The Contractor shall be responsible for the protection of the public and public property from any dangers associated with construction activities, and for the safe and easy passage of pedestrians and traffic in areas affected by the construction activities;
(v) All works which may pose a hazard to humans and domestic animals are to be protected, fenced, demarcated or cordoned off as instructed by the RE. If appropriate, symbolic warning signs must be erected;
(vi) Speed limits appropriate to the vehicles driven are to be observed at all times on access and haul roads. Operators and drivers are to ensure that they limit their potential to endanger humans and animals at all times by observing strict safety precautions;
(vii) No unauthorised firearms are permitted on site;
(viii) The Contractor shall provide the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment for staff.
Security
Security shall be provided to guard against vandalism when the site is unattended. This includes:
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(i) Fencing of the tank compound with locks or other adequate security controls at the site; (ii) Locks on unattended dispensing hoses;
(iii) Appropriate training for the handling and use of fuels and hazardous material is to be provided by the Contractor as necessary. This includes providing spill response and contingency plans;
(iv) Extreme care will be taken when transferring chemicals and fuels from storage vessels to equipment and machinery on an impervious sealed area which is kerbed and graded to prevent run-off. Chemical and fuel transfer areas shall drain away from the perimeter bund to a containment pit. The design shall provide for the safe and efficient movement of vehicles;
(v) All chemicals stored within the bunded areas shall be clearly labelled detailing the nature and quantity of chemicals within individual containers;
(vi) Any chemical or fuel spills shall be cleaned up immediately. The spilt liquid and clean-up material shall be removed, treated and transported to an appropriate site licensed for its disposal;
(vii) Storm water shall be diverted away from the fuel handling and storage areas. An oil water interceptor shall be provided to treat any rainwater from fuel storage and handling areas.
HIV/AIDS
The implementing agency for HIV/AIDS campaign shall monitor activities regularly to assess effectiveness and impact. This should include an initial, interim and final assessment of basic knowledge, attitude and practices taking account of existing data sources and recognizing the limitations due to the short timeframe to show behavior change. The assessment will be supported by qualitative information from focus group discussions.
Fire Prevention and Control
(i) The Contractor shall take all reasonable and precautionary steps to ensure that fires are not started as a consequence of his activities on site;
(ii) The Contractor shall ensure that there is basic fire-fighting equipment available on site;
(iii) The Contractor shall supply all living quarters, site offices, kitchen areas, workshop areas, materials, stores and any other areas identified by the RE with tested and approved firefighting equipment;
(iv) Flammable materials should be stored under conditions that will limit the potential for ignition and the spread of fires;
(v) ‘Hot’ work activities shall be restricted to a site approved by the RE;
Smoking shall not be permitted in those areas where there is a fire hazard. These areas shall include: (i) Workshop;
(ii) Fuel storage areas;
(iii) Any areas (e.g. park/forest areas) where vegetation or other material is such as to make liable the rapid spread of an initial flame;
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The Contractor shall ensure that all site personnel are aware of the fire risks and how to deal with any fires that occur. This shall include, but not be limited to:
(i) Regular fire prevention talks and drills; (ii) Posting of regular reminders to staff;
(iii) Any fires that occur shall be reported to the RE immediately and then to the relevant authorities;
(iv) In the event of a fire, the Contractor shall immediately employ such plant and personnel as is at his disposal and take all necessary action to prevent the spread of the fire and bring the fire under control;
(v) Costs incurred through fire damage will be the responsibility of the Contractor, should the
Contractor’s staff be proven responsible for such a fire.
Emergency Procedures
The Contractor shall submit Method Statements covering the procedures for the main activities which could generate emergency situations through accidents or neglect of responsibilities. These situations include, but are not limited to:
(i) Accidents at the work place; (ii) Accidental fires;
(iii) Accidental leaks and spillages;
(iv) Vehicle and plant accidents;
Specific to accidental leaks and spillages:
(i) The Contractor shall ensure that his employees are aware of the procedure for dealing with spills and leaks;
(ii) The Contractor shall also ensure that the necessary materials and equipment for dealing with the spills and leaks is available on site at all times;
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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ANNEX 6: COST ESTIMATES The estimated cost for the infrastructure projects in Kitui Town is Kenya Shillings Seven Forty Nine Million Eight Hundred Twenty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred and Sixty One (Kshs.749, 829,961)
Road, Footpaths and Drainage Works-Kitui Town
BILL NO. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (KSHS)
KITUI TOWN
1 PRELIMINARY AND GENERAL SERVICES 76,765,000
4 SITE CLEARANCE AND TOPSOIL STRIPPING 6,673,500
5 EARTHWORKS 37,817,550
7 EXCAVATION AND FILLING FOR STRUCTURES 4,949,292
8 CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE WORKS 176,205,050
9 PASSAGE OF TRAFFIC 6,070,000
12 NATURAL BASE AND SUBBASE 22,142,000
14 CEMENT AND LIME TREATED 6,985,866
15 BITUMINOUS TREATMENT AND SURFACE DRESSING SUFACE 7,525,448
16 BITUMINOUS MIXES BASES/BINDER COURSES AND WEARING COURSES 30,366,000
17 CONCRETE WORKS 5,982,440
18 FOOTPATHS 3,272,350
20 ROAD FURNITURE 31,557,373
22 DAYWORKS 7,418,983
25 PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE AND RECREATIONAL AREA 4,368,280
SUB-TOTAL 1 428,099,133
ADD 10% FOR CONTINGENCIES 42,809,913
SUB-TOTAL 2 470,909,046
ADD 16% VAT (To be paid directly to KRA) 75,345,447
SUB-TOTAL 3 546,254,493
ADD 0.5% NCA LEVY 2,731,272
GRAND TOTAL 548,985,766
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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Electrical Works (High Flood Mast Security Lighting)
ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT
NO. KSHS.
TOTAL BROUGHT FORWARD FROM:-
1 BILL NO. 01 - PRELIMINARIES AND GENERAL CONDITIONS
190,000
2 BILL NO. 02 - SITE ORGANIZATION
6,692,000
3 BILL NO. 03 FOR HIGH MAST LIGHTING SERVICES
27,255,000
4 BILL NO. 04 HIGH MAST FOUNDATION
3,628,800
5 BILL NO. 05 NORMAL STREET LIGHTING INSTALLATION
2,004,690
7 SUB TOTAL 01 39,770,490
8 Add the sum of 10% of sub total 1 for contingencies to be
expended in whole or in part or deleted as directed by the Engineer 3,977,049
9 SUB TOTAL 2
43,747,539
10 Add 5% of sub-total 2 variation in prices in accordance with
conditions of contract part III clause 70
2,187,377
SUB TOTAL 3
45,934,916
ADD 16% VAT
7,349,587
SUB TOTAL 4
53,284,503
ADD 0.5% NCA Levy
266,423
GRAND TOTAL FOR ELECTRICAL WORKS 53,550,925
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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Water and Sewerage Works- Kitui Town
BILL NO.
DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (KSHS)
1 Preliminary and General Items 20,482,500
2 Water Supply 44,871,578
3 Sewerage 33,592,021
4 Solid Waste 7,800,000
5 Dayworks 1,100,185
6 O&M Tools and Equipment 2,090,475
SUB TOTAL 1 109,936,759
ADD 10% FOR CONTINGENCIES 10,993,676
SUB TOTAL 2 120,930,435
ADD 16% VAT 19,348,870
SUB TOTAL 3 140,279,304
ADD 0.5% NCA LEVY 7,013,965
Total for Kitui Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste
147,293,270
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CPCS Ref: 12359
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ANNEX 7: LIST OF DOCUMENTS
REVIEWED Document Author/Organization Year
Climate Change and Coastal Cities: the Case of Mombasa, Kenya
Awuor C.B, Orindi V.A and Adwera A.O
Environment and Urbanization , 20 (1), pp 231-242
2008
Poverty and mortality in the context of economic growth and urbanization.
Caldwell, J. C. and Caldwell, B. K. 2002
The triad of poverty, environment and child health in Nairobi informal settlements
Journal of Health & Population in Developing Countries / URL: http://www.jhpdc.unc.edu/
8 January, 2004
The Urban growth of Mombasa Coastal Town and its Implications for Surface and Ground Water Resources.
Musingi J.O, Kithiia S.M and Wambua B.N
Proceedings of IUGG99 Symposium HS5: Impacts of Urban Growth on Surface Water and Groundwater Quality, Birmingham, pp 419-422
Developing Cost Cap Per Hectare for Infrastructure
Improvement In Informal Settlements
Prepared by Otieno odongo & partners for Ministry of Housing, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP)
September, 2012
ESIA Project Report for Infrastructure Upgrading in Gilani, Kaptembwo and Kwa Rhonda Informal Settlements within Nakuru Municipality
Pöyry, GA Consultants, Pamoja Trust 12th
April 2012
ESIA Project Report for Infrastructure Upgrading in Jomvu Kuu, Jomvu Mikanjuni, Mkomani and Ziwa la Ng’ombe informal Settlements within Mombasa Municipality
Pöyry, GA Consultants, Pamoja Trust 5th July 2013
Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
Prepared by Repcon Associates for Ministry of Housing, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP)
February 2011
Geographical Dimensions of Well-Being in Kenya
Central Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Kenya
2003
Health and Livelihood Needs of Residents of Informal Settlements in Nairobi City (Occasional Study Report)
African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC)
2002
Kenya Demographic and Health Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) 2009
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Survey (KDHS) report 2008-2009
Kenya HIV County Profiles Ministry of Health ; National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP)
www.nascop.or.ke
2014
Project Appraisal Document (PAD) The World Bank February 24, 2011
Pollution and Vulnerability of Water Supply Aquifers in Mombasa, Kenya
Munga D., Kitheka J.U., Mwaguni S.M., Barongo J., Massa H.S., Mwangi s., Ong’anda H., Mdoe F. andOpello J.
UNEP/UNHABITAT
2005
The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)
Prepared by Repcon Associates for Ministry of Housing, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP)
January 2011
Malindi Local Physical Part Development Plan
Ministry of Lands and Settlement, Physical Planning Department
12/06/2001
Mombasa District Registry Index Map, Hodi Hodi Settlement Scheme
Survey of Kenya August 2006
Mombasa M. North Local Physical Part Development Plan
Ministry of Lands and Settlement, Physical Planning Department
03/03/1999
Mombasa M. N. (Hodi Hodi) Local Physical Part Development Plan
Ministry of Lands and Settlement, Physical Planning Department
11/08/2003
Mombasa M. N. (Hodi Hodi) Local Physical Part Development Plan (Proposed Maganda Squatter Settlement Scheme
Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning Department 28/08/2009
NEMA www.nema.go.ke Accessed August 2014
Registry Index Map, Kibokoi Settlement Scheme
Survey of Kenya Not Dated
Settlement Images Mjini & Mosquito Slums – Kitui Municipality
