1 miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL rev. 008 2/05 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 6 System Description ..................................................................................................................... 6 How to Use This Manual ............................................................................................................ 7 Conventions ........................................................................................................................ 8 Unpacking and Inspection .......................................................................................................... 8 Serial Number ..................................................................................................................... 8 To Our Customers . . . ................................................................................................................ 9 What We Provide ...................................................................................................................... 10 Warranty Provisions .......................................................................................................... 10 Firmware & Software Upgrades ....................................................................................... 10 How to Contact Us .................................................................................................................... 10 To Obtain Repair Service (U.S. and Canada) .................................................................. 11 Outside the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................. 12 Certification ............................................................................................................................... 12 Cleaning Guidelines ................................................................................................................. 12 Instrument Return Procedure ........................................................................................... 13 2 COMPONENTS & FEATURES ...................................................... 15 System Features ....................................................................................................................... 15 miniTROLL Model SSP-100
Transcript
1miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
rev. 008 2/05
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 6System Description ..................................................................................................................... 6How to Use This Manual ............................................................................................................ 7
Conventions ........................................................................................................................ 8Unpacking and Inspection .......................................................................................................... 8
Serial Number ..................................................................................................................... 8To Our Customers . . . ................................................................................................................ 9What We Provide ...................................................................................................................... 10
How to Contact Us .................................................................................................................... 10To Obtain Repair Service (U.S. and Canada) .................................................................. 11
Outside the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................. 12Certification ............................................................................................................................... 12Cleaning Guidelines ................................................................................................................. 12
Instrument Return Procedure ........................................................................................... 132 COMPONENTS & FEATURES ...................................................... 15
System Features ....................................................................................................................... 15
miniTROLLModel SSP-100
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CONTENTS
miniTROLL Body ...................................................................................................................... 16Cables ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3 GETTING STARTED ..................................................................28Power ........................................................................................................................................ 28Cable ......................................................................................................................................... 29Software .................................................................................................................................... 30
Install the Software ........................................................................................................... 30Connect to the Host PC .................................................................................................... 31Start the Software and Set Up the Port ............................................................................ 32
4 CONTROL SOFTWARE .............................................................. 33The Navigation Tree ................................................................................................................. 34
Setting the Clock ...................................................................................................................... 36Setting Up Custom Pressure/Level Measurements ................................................................. 37Adding a Test ............................................................................................................................ 38Manual Reads and Profiling ..................................................................................................... 39Disconnecting ........................................................................................................................... 40
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CONTENTS
5 MEASURING PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)..................................... 41Non-Vented (Absolute) vs. Vented (Gauged) Sensors ............................................................ 41Pressure vs. Depth vs. Level .................................................................................................... 42Zeroing a Gauged Pressure Sensor ......................................................................................... 43
Procedure ......................................................................................................................... 44Setting up Pressure Measurements: The Parameter Wizard .................................................. 45
Pressure Setup Choices ................................................................................................... 461. Name (Optional) ........................................................................................................... 462. Display Mode ................................................................................................................ 463. Converting Pressure to Depth or Level ........................................................................ 47
Conversion Using Specific Gravity ........................................................................... 48Conversion Using Density, Latitude, and Elevation ................................................. 48
4. Level Reference ........................................................................................................... 49Reference Time ........................................................................................................ 49
Collecting Barometric Pressure Data for Reference ........................................................ 55Collecting PSIA Data ........................................................................................................ 55Using the Baro Wizard ...................................................................................................... 56
Replacing Batteries .................................................................................................................. 587 FIELD INSTALLATION ............................................................... 59
Position the miniTROLL ............................................................................................................ 59Secure the Cable ...................................................................................................................... 60
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CONTENTS
Installation Tips ......................................................................................................................... 60Stabilization Time ...................................................................................................................... 61Salt Water Installations ............................................................................................................. 61Installation Checklist ................................................................................................................. 61
SDI-12 V 1.3 Command Set ..................................................................................... 7210 CARE & MAINTENANCE .......................................................... 74
This document contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright. No part of this document may bephotocopied, reproduced, or translated to another language without the prior written consent of In-Situ Inc. The information inthis document is subject to change without notice. In-Situ Inc. has made a reasonable effort to be sure that the informationcontained herein is current and accurate as of the date of publication.
In-Situ Inc. makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, its fitness for a particularapplication. In-Situ will not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection withthe furnishing, performance, or use of this material. In no event shall In-Situ Inc. be liable for any claim for direct, incidental, orconsequential damages arising out of, or in connection with, the sale, manufacture, delivery, or use of any product.
In-Situ and the In-Situ logo, Win-Situ, Pocket-Situ, miniTROLL, TROLL, BaroTROLL, HERMIT, Quick-Connect, RDO,ComIT, RuggedReader, and AcessPoint are trademarks or registered trademarks of In-Situ Inc. Microsoft, Windows, Excel,and ActiveSync are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Teflon and Delrin are registeredtrademarks of E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company. Viton is a registered trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers.Hastelloy is a registered trademark of Haynes International. Other brand names and trademarks are property of theirrespective owners.
Your new miniTROLL is a compact, modular system for measuringtemperature and pressure (water level, depth or drawdown) in naturalgroundwater and surface water, as well as industrial, waste, and otherinstallations. Components include the instrument body, a suite of ventedand non-vented cables for single instrument operation, vented T-boxesand non-vented cables for network operation, external power accessories,and consumable items.
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HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
This operator’s manual is designed as both a start-up guide and apermanent reference for the features, uses, and applications of theminiTROLL.
Section 1: Introduction to the miniTROLL Operator’s Manual and to In-SituInc.; warranty provisions, instrument repair and return recommendations
Section 2: Description of components and features of the miniTROLLsystem; product specifications
Section 3: Getting Started: attaching cable, setting up the software,connecting for the first time
Section 4: Programming the miniTROLL—How to set the clock, scheduletests, and start logging data
Section 5: Monitoring Pressure (Water Level): The two basic types ofpressure sensors; setting up the pressure channel to obtain the mostaccurate readings for your altitude and latitude; how to display data as youwish to see it
Section 6: Special requirements of an Absolute miniTROLL or BaroTROLL
Section 7: Field installation of the miniTROLL—guidelines and precautionsfor long-term deployment
Section 8: Setting up miniTROLL instrument networks
Section 9: SDI-12 Operations
Section 10: Care & Maintenance
Section 11: Troubleshooting
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
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CONVENTIONS
Throughout this operator’s manual you will see the following symbols.
UNPACKING AND INSPECTION
Your miniTROLL was carefully inspected before shipping. Check for anyphysical damage sustained during shipment. Notify In-Situ and file a claimwith the carriers involved if there is any such damage; do not attempt tooperate the instrument. Accessories may be shipped separately andshould also be inspected for physical damage and the fulfillment of yourorder.
SERIAL NUMBER
The serial number is engraved on the body of the miniTROLL. It is alsoprogrammed into the instrument and displayed when the instrument isconnected to a computer running Win-Situ. We recommend that ownerskeep a separate record of this number. Should your miniTROLL be lost orstolen, the serial number is often necessary for tracing and recovery, aswell as any insurance claims. If necessary, In-Situ maintains completerecords of original owner’s names and serial numbers.
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
The check marks highlights a tip about a convenient feature of theminiTROLL
The exclamation point calls your attention to a requirement orimportant action that should not be overlooked
and shipping of yourminiTROLL. The shippingboxes have beenperformance-tested andprovide protection for theinstrument and itsaccessories.
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TO OUR CUSTOMERS . . .
Thank you for your purchase of an In-Situ product. We are glad you chose us and our products tohelp you with your environmental monitoring needs. In-Situ Inc. has been designing and manufac-turing world-class environmental monitoring instrumentation for over 25 years in the RockyMountains of the United States. As it was in the beginning, our expectation is that this product willprovide you with many trouble-free years of use. To that end, we pride ourselves on delivering thebest customer service and support possible—24 hours a day, 7 days a week. We believe that thislevel of commitment to you, our customer, is imperative in helping you ensure clean, safe ground-water and surface water resources across the globe. We also understand the need for accurate,reliable assessments and we continue to make significant investments in Research and Develop-ment to ensure that we deliver the latest product and technological innovations to support yourneeds.
Whether you are gathering information about your body of water for a few moments, or over aperiod of years, you can rely upon us to provide you with a quality product and outstandingcustomer support at a fair price and have that product delivered to you when and where you needit.
We want your experience with In-Situ Inc. to be pleasant and professional, whether you are rentingfrom us, or purchasing from us. We would be pleased to hear from you and learn more about yourneeds, and your experiences with our products. Again, we thank you for choosing In-Situ Inc. andwe look forward to serving your needs now, and in the future.
In-Situ Inc. warrants all products sold, excluding batteries sold with suchproducts, against defects in materials and workmanship under normaloperating conditions. Consult the separate warranty for specific warrantiesthat may apply.
FIRMWARE & SOFTWARE UPGRADES
From time to time In-Situ may make available enhanced versions offirmware and software to its customers over the Internet.
Visit our website at www.in-situ.com to download the latest firmware andsoftware.
HOW TO CONTACT US
Technical Support: 800 446 7488Toll-free 24 hours a day in the U.S. and Canada
Address: In-Situ, Inc.221 E. Lincoln Ave.Ft. Collins, CO 80524USA
If you suspect that your miniTROLL is malfunctioning and repair is re-quired, you can help assure efficient servicing by following these guidelines:
1. Call In-Situ Customer Service toll-free at 1-800-446-7488 or1-970-498-1500. Have the product model number and serial numberhandy.
2. Be prepared to describe in detail the exact nature (symptoms) of theproblem, including how the instrument was being used and theconditions noted at the time of the malfunction.
3. If service personnel determine that service is required, they will assignan RMA (return material authorization) number.
4. Write a description of the problem for service personnel, indicatingwhether the malfunction occurs intermittently or constantly. Saveprintouts or other materials that illustrate the problem.
5. Clean the miniTROLL and cable. Decontaminate thoroughly if it hasbeen used in a toxic or hazardous environment. See the CleaningGuidelines and form later in this section.
6. Pack your miniTROLL in its original shipping box, if possible. Includeyour write-up of the symptoms, a statement certifying that theinstrument and cable have been decontaminated, and any supportinginformation.
7. Send the package, shipping prepaid, to
In-Situ, Inc.Customer ServiceATTN: RMA # (assigned no. here)221 E. Lincoln Ave.Ft. Collins, CO 80524
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
If an instrumentreturned forservicing shows
evidence of having beendeployed in a toxic orhazardous environment,Customer Servicepersonnel will requirewritten proof of decontami-nation before they canservice the unit.
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The warranty does not cover damage during transit. In-Situ recommendsthe customer insure all shipments. Warranty repairs will be shipped backprepaid.
Outside the U.S. and Canada
Contact your international In-Situ distributor for repair and serviceinformation.
CERTIFICATION
The miniTROLL complies with all applicable directives per the CE andFCC and was tested to the EN 55022 / ICES-003 / FCC specifications.
CLEANING GUIDELINES
Please help us protect the health and safety of our employees by cleaningand decontaminating equipment that has been subjected to any potentialbiological or health hazards, and labeling such equipment. Unfortunately,we cannot service your equipment without such notification. Pleasecomplete and sign the form below (or a similar statement certifying thatthe equipment has been cleaned and decontaminated) and send it alongto us with each downhole instrument.
• A good cleaning solution, such as Alconox® (a glassware cleaningproduct available from laboratory supply houses) is recommended.
• Clean all cabling. (Don’t forget connectors and protective caps.)Remove all foreign matter.
• Clean the probe body—including the nosecone, restrictor, cable head,and protective caps. Remove all foreign matter.
• Remove and clean all removable sensors. Rinse with deionized ordistilled water after cleaning.
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
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INSTRUMENT RETURN PROCEDURE
1. Contact In-Situ Inc. Customer Service at 1-800-446-7488 and obtainan RMA (Return Materials Authorization) number from servicepersonnel.
2. Complete and sign a Decontamination & Cleaning Statement (print outthe form on the next page) for each instrument.
3. Carefully pack the instrument in its original packaging, if possible.Include your write-up of symptoms displayed by the instrument, theDecontamination & Cleaning form, and any supporting information.
4. Send the package, shipping prepaid, to:
In-Situ, Inc.Customer ServiceATTN: RMA# (assigned number here) 221 E. Lincoln Ave.Ft. Collins, CO 80524
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
If an instrument is returned to our Service Centerfor repair or recalibration without a statement that ithas been cleaned and decontaminated, or in theopinion of our Service Representatives presents apotential health or biological hazard, we reserve theright to withhold service until proper certification hasbeen obtained.
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
Company Name __________________________________________ Phone ______________________
Cleaning verified by ________________________________________ Title ________________________
Date _____________________________
Decontamination & Cleaning Statement
15miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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2 COMPONENTS &FEATURES
SYSTEM FEATURES
• 18.3 mm (0.72 in) diameter• up to 1 megabyte flash data-storage memory• fast data sampling (0.5 sec in linear tests)• user-replaceable off-the-shelf batteries• 16-bit A to D converter• triple protection against moisture• vented or non-vented cable• vented (gauged) or non-vented (absolute) pressure sensor• low-power HC11 microprocessor• all 316L Stainless Steel body construction• temperature-compensated pressure sensor• temperature-compensated real-time clock• multiple power options• error-proof connector system• SDI-12 or RS485 interface—or both• easy-to-use Win-Situ™ software• Optional Pocket-Situ™—Win-Situ for Pocket PC• Standard, Advanced, Professional, and Baro feature sets• four measurement schedules, depending on model• up to 16-test capacity, depending on model
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MINITROLL BODY
The body includes a pressure sensor,temperature sensor, real-time clock, back-upcapacitor, microprocessor, and up to 1MBdata-storage memory. Body options include achoice of pressure ranges and internal orexternal power.
• The Internal Power model is designedwith extra length to accommodate tworeplaceable AA batteries (lithium oralkaline). The internal power is 3 VDC.
• The External Power model has nointernal power source; power is providedthrough separate accessories.
CABLES
Several basic cable types are used in theminiTROLL system.
• Submersible cable:• Vented: yellow polyethylene or blue FEP• Non-vented: black high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Vented submersible quick-connect cable includes the instrument'sbackshell and provides conductors for power and communication signals,a vent tube, strain relief, and a service grip toanchor the instrument securely. Available instandard and custom lengths of economicalpolyurethane or contaminant-resistant FEP.
Vented cable is designed for use with PSIGpressure/level sensors (gauged measurements).The vent insures that atmospheric pressure is thereference pressure applied to the sensor dia-phragm.
Non-vented submersible cable is designed for usewith PSIA sensors (absolute measurements).
Surface Connector
The nylon connector at the top of the submersiblecable (when installed) mates with a variety ofcables and accessories including
• Communication Interface• comm cable with AC line power input• external battery pack• network boxes• SDI-12 adapter• high-volume desiccant pack
Vented Connector Cap
The surface connector's vented cap includes ahydrophobic membrane that will not allow water
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
InstrumentBackshell
Dust Cap
ServiceGrip
SurfaceConnector
Vented capwith desiccant
Submersible Cable
A
B
A
CAUTION: Thestandard surfaceconnector is
weatherproof but notsubmersible.
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droplets to pass into the cable, and a canister of desiccant that protectsthe cable and electronics from condensation. The indicating desiccant isblue when active. When the gel appears white, the desiccant hasadsorbed all the moisture it can hold. The entire vented cap is removableand replaceable, or the desiccant pack alone may be replaced.
Backshell
The backshell at the end of the submersible cable “quick-connects”directly to the miniTROLL body. A soft dust cap protects the backshell'scontact board and o-rings from damage when not attached to theinstrument.
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
B
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COMMUNICATION CABLES
Communication Interface
Connects the miniTROLL's submersible cable toa laptop or desktop PC to display readings, toprogram the instrument for data collection, and todownload the collected data. Contains a port-powered RS485 – RS232 converter. Weather-proof, withstands a temporary immersion. Cablevents into unit, protected by hydrophobicmembrane.
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
DB-9 Connector
to SurfaceConnector
Vent withhydrophobicmembrane
ComIT2
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Computer Connection ("Comm") Cable
Vented polyurethane cable (1.8 m, 6 ft), connectsthe miniTROLL's submersible cable to a PC todisplay readings, to program the instrument for datacollection, and to download the collected data.Converts the miniTROLL's RS485 signal to astandard RS232 signal for communication with ahost computer. Includes a 2.5 mm external powerjack to connect the instrument to 6 VDC externalpower. A good choice for permanent connectionto an active PC. Converter is port-powered,
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
RS485/232Converter
ExternalPower Input
DB-9 Connector
to SurfaceConnector
Dust Cap
Comm CableThe commcable is notsubmersible.
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Direct-Read Cable
Also called “programming cable,” it combines thefunctions of the submersible cable and commcable for profiling, programming, anddownloading; connects the miniTROLL directly toa PC; includes RS485/RS232 converter andexternal power jack.
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
RS485/232Converter
ExternalPower Input
InstrumentBackshell
Dust Cap
DB-9 Connector
Direct-Read CableThe DB9 end ofthe direct-readcable is not
submersible.
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POWER COMPONENTS
INTERNAL POWER
The miniTROLL operates on 3 VDC, supplied by two replaceable AAlithium (or alkaline) batteries. Internal lithium batteries can power from 1.5months of data collection (taking data every 3 seconds) to 2.5 years(taking data every 13 minutes), depending on temperature, cable length,and how often the instrument is taking data.
EXTERNAL POWER
An external battery pack or external power supply is recommended forlong-term and network installations.
AcessPoint™ external battery pack operates on 2 lithium D cells (3.6Vea) for use as a miniTROLL's sole power source, or to supplement internalbattery power during long-term deployments. When this power source isconnected, the miniTROLL will use the external battery source first andswitch to the internal batteries when external battery power is depleted.AccessPoint batteries can be expected to last for a year when theminiTROLL is taking data at 1-minute intervals
AC Adapter. The miniTROLL can run exclusively on power supplied froma 9 VDC line power supply connected to a 90-264 VAC input. When the 9VDC line power is enabled, the miniTROLL shuts down the batteryregulator, thus preserving the internal batteries or external battery pack.Both the comm cable and the direct-read cable include an external powerinput.
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
TIP: To maintaincontact betweenthe cable and the
internal circuitry, internalpower models shouldalways have batteriesinstalled, even whenexternal power is beingused.
TIP: When takingdata on a rapidschedule (every
5 seconds or faster), wesuggest you replace thelithium batteries monthly.
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VERSIONS AND FEATURE SETS
The miniTROLL is available in Baro, Standard, Advanced, and Profes-sional models, each offering a different feature set.
SYSTEM CONNECTORS
Lightweight, weather-resistant nylon connectors are used throughout theminiTROLL system. Connector keying prevents misconnections.
Each connector is protected by a dust cap. Replacements for worn ordamaged dust caps are available from In-Situ Inc. or your local distributor.
MOISTURE PROTECTION
A vented connector cap at the top of the miniTROLL's submersible cableis fitted with a hydrophobic membrane that will not allow water droplets topass into the cable. This replaceable cap contains indicating desiccant toprotect the cable and electronics from condensation of water vapor. Ahigh-volume desiccant pack is available for use in humid environments.Additional desiccant in the miniTROLL body provides further protectionagainst moisture damage, but is not user-replaceable.
INSTALLATION ACCESSORIES
Non-Vented Backshell: stainless steel combination backshell cap andhanger to suspend an Absolute miniTROLL or Baro TROLL while takingdata. No venting, no communication capabilities.
Well Dock: top-of-well support for 2” or 4” well
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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CONTROL SOFTWARE
Win-Situ™ is easy-to-use software that lets you program the miniTROLLfor data collection and download the data.
• Win-Situ 4.0 supports the miniTROLL and Multi-Parameter TROLL9000
Optional Pocket-Situ is Win-Situ control software that runs on supportedhand-held PDAs (Personal Data Assistants).
Both versions of the software provide instrument control for profiling, long-term data logging, direct readings, data extraction, data viewing (text andgraphical interface), choice of units and other custom display options,battery/memory usage tracking, interface to networks and telemetry.
Complete information on using the software may be found in the Win-Situ4.0 User’s Guide and the Win-Situ 2000 User’s Guide on the Win-Situ CD.
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
Physical
Wetted Materials 316L stainless steel, Viton®, nylon (Hastelloy® C276 on some 100psig models)
Dimensions Internal Power model 295.9 mm (11.65 in) long, 18.3 mm (0.72 in) O.D. External Power model 197.4 mm (7.77 in) long, 18.3 mm (0.72 in) O.D.Weight (includes backshell) Internal Power model 0.31 kg (0.68 lb), with batteries External Power model 0.22 kg (0.48 lb)OperatingTemperature -5°C to 50°C (23°F to 122°F)Storage Temperature with Alkaline Battery -20°C to 54°C (-4°F to 129°F) with Lithium Battery -30°C to 60°C (-22°F to 140°F) without Battery -55°C to 125°C (-70°F to 257°F)Battery type 2 standard (1.5 V) AA lithium (such as Energizer® e2®) or alkaline
Signals
Voltage Internal Battery 3 VDC nominal External Battery 3 VDC nominal External Power 6 VDC nominalCommunications RS485
Pressure Sensor
Type Silicon strain-gauge pressure sensorTemperature Compensation -5°C to 50°C (23°F to 122°F)Maximum pressure 2X rangeBurst pressure 3X range
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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Pressure Water Level Accuracy*Range Range Over full temp. range At 15°C
15 psi (103.4 kPa) 0-11 m (35 ft) 0.2% full scale 0.1% full scale30 psi (206.8 kPa) 0-21 m (69 ft) 0.1% full scale 0.05% full scale100 psi (689.5 kPa) 0-70 m (231 ft) 0.08% full scale 0.05% full scale300 psi (2068 kPa) 0-211 m (692 ft) 0.08% full scale 0.05% full scale500 psi (3447 kPa) 0-352 m (1153 ft) 0.08% full scale 0.05% full scale* Includes precision, repeatability, overpressure, and temperature to 3 sigma (3 standard deviations = 99.7% ofreported values lie within stated accuracy)
High-Accuracy modelsPressure Water Level AccuracyRange Range 0 – 10 ft > 10 ft
5 psi (34.5 kPa) 0-3.5 m (11.5 ft) < 0.01 ft (full temp.) < 0.1% of reading (full temp.)15 psi (103.4 kPa) 0-11 m (35 ft) < 0.01 ft (at 15°C) < 0.1% of reading (at 15°C)
Temperature Sensor
Type Silicon temperature sensorRange -5°C to 50°C (23°F to 122°F)Accuracy ±0.25°C
Baro TROLL
Range 0-16.5 psiaMaximum pressure 90 psiBurst pressure 150 psiAccuracy 0.1% full scale over full temperature range
0.05% full scale at 15°C
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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Estimated Battery Lifetime
Maximum readings ** Life (years) atBattery type 1-sec interval Over 18 mo 20-min interval**Internal Lithium 1,200,000 449,000 2.0 yrInternal Alkaline 990,000 201,000 1.5 yr
** 20°C, downloading every 220,000 readings
OtherResolution 16-bit A-D converterFastest linear sampling rate 500 millisecondsFastest log sampling 300 millisecondsProcessor Motorola HC11Real-time clock accuracy ± 4 min/yr over full operating temperature range; ± 2 min/yr from
0°C to 40°CMemory type/size 1 megabyte flash data storageMemory capacity 220,000 readings (pressure/temperature pairs)Filter 316 stainless steel meshDesiccant, standard pack 0.75 g silica gel high-volume pack 22 g silica gelThermal stabilization time 30 min - 1 hr to within 0.1% full scale
1.5 - 2 hr to within 0.05% full scaleBarometric equilibration time 5 min to within 0.05% full scale for
304.8 m (1000 ft) cable
SECTION 2: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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3 GETTING STARTED
This section provides a quick overview of the initial steps necessary to getthe miniTROLL ready to take measurements.
You will need—
• Power• Cable• Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ software and a desktop or laptop PC,
or supported handheld PDA
POWER
New internally powered miniTROLLs arrive with factory-installed AAlithium batteries. For guidelines on changing the batteries, see themaintenance section of this manual.
In an Absolute model miniTROLL or a Baro TROLL, the batteries arelocked in place. Battery replacement guidelines are in Section 6.
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SECTION 3: GETTING STARTED
CABLE
The miniTROLL’s cable port accommodates:• Quick-Connect Submersible Cable—designed to be capped off and
left in the field during deployment. To connect to a desktop, laptop,or Pocket PC, simply add a communication interface or comm cable.
• Direct-read cable—connects directly to a PC for programming anddownloading.
• Non-Vented Backshell—economical deployment alternative for anAbsolute miniTROLL or Baro TROLL with stainless steel suspensioncable. Because it has no communication capabilities, be sure toprogram the instrument before installation using a communicationinterface, comm cable, or direct-read cable.
CONNECT THE QUICK-CONNECT SUBMERSIBLE CABLE
1. Remove the protective dust cap from the instrument backshell on thesubmersible cable, and from the miniTROLL body.
2. Attach the backshell end of the cable to the miniTROLL. The threadswill screw smoothly together. Hand-tighten.
TIP: Try to avoidtaking the cableon and off in
rapid succession—give theminiTROLL some time toadjust.
TIP: Retain thesoft backshelldust cap to
protect the backshell'scontact board from damagewhen not attached to theinstrument body.
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SECTION 3: GETTING STARTED
SOFTWARE
INSTALL THE SOFTWARE
For communication using a desktop or laptop PC, install Win-Situ 4:
Insert the Win-Situ installation CD in the appropriate drive of yourcomputer.
• If the CD-ROM drive is set to Auto-Play, the installation program willstart automatically.
• If necessary, choose Run from the Windows Start Menu and typeD:\Setup, where D is your CD-ROM drive letter.
Follow the instructions to install the program to your local hard drive. A
shortcut will be created on the desktop:
To install Pocket-Situ on a handheld PDA:
1. Be sure Win-Situ 4 and Microsoft® ActiveSync™ are installed on thedesktop PC, and that a partnership has been established between thedesktop computer and the PDA. For more information on setting uppartnerships in ActiveSync, see your ActiveSync documentation.
2. Install Pocket-Situ on the desktop PC from the Win-Situ/Pocket-Situinstallation CD. Install it to the folder where Win-Situ is installed.
3. When ActiveSync detects the connection, the PocketSync utility willstart automatically. When prompted to install Pocket-Situ on theconnected PDA, answer Yes. For more information on the PocketSyncutility, see PocketSync’s on-line help.
TIP: Detaileddescriptions andinstructions for
using Win-Situ and Pocket-Situ may be found in theWin-Situ 4 manual on theWin-Situ 4 CD.
TIP: The CDmenu option is“Install Pocket-
Situ,” but you are actuallyinstalling PocketSync toyour desktop computer inpreparation for installingPocket-Situ on a connectedhandheld PDA.
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SECTION 3: GETTING STARTED
CONNECT TO THE HOST PC
1. Attach a Communication Interface or comm cable to the surfaceconnector of the miniTROLL’s quick-connect submersible cable.
2. Attach the DB9 connector on the Communication Interface or commcable to a PC’s standard RS232 serial port (a serial cable or card maybe needed with some PDAs).
CommunicationInterface
Serial portPDA
Quick-Connectsubmersiblecable
miniTROLL
Comm cable
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SECTION 3: GETTING STARTED
START THE SOFTWARE AND SET UP THE PORT
1. Start Win-Situ by double-clicking the Win-Situ shortcut created on the
desktop during installation.
Or tap the Pocket-Situ shortcut on the PDA Start Menu.
2. Follow the instructions in the Connection Wizard to add a connectionfor your PC’s COM port.
3. When you finish the Wizard, the software “finds” (connects to) thedevice, and displays it in the Navigation tree—on the left side of theWin-Situ application window, or at the top of the Pocket-Situ screen.
If the software does not connect to the miniTROLL automatically, tapFind, or double-click the new connection.
4. When the miniTROLL is displayed in the Navigation tree, click or tap toselect the device. Details on the instrument will be shown, along withactions you can perform.
Now you’re ready to set the clock and program the instrument to collectdata. A brief overview is provided in the next section. For more detailedinformation, see the Win-Situ 4 manual on the Win-Situ 4 CD.
TIP: You onlyneed to set up theCOM port once. In
your next session, launchWin-Situ or Pocket-Situ, tapthe COM port, and tapFind.
TIP: If the devicedoes not appearin the tree, there
may be a communicationproblem between Win-Situand the miniTROLL. Check(1) the COM port, (2) thehardware connections, (3)the device’s battery orexternal power, (4) theelastomer in the back of theminiTROLL body.
If the device’sremainingbattery capacity
is 5% or less, the devicemay not be displayed in thetree. Replace the batteriesbefore continuing.
33miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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4 CONTROL SOFTWARE
Programming the miniTROLL for data collection is accomplished via adesktop, laptop, or pocket PC.
Use Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ software to
• Display the device’s battery and memory capacity, manufac-ture and calibration dates, firmware version
• Convert pressure to level measurements and displaymeasurements as you prefer to see them
• Program many kinds of short-term tests and long-termmonitoring schedules customized to your site and your specificdata requirements
• Correct absolute pressure readings for changes in barometricpressure
• Take quick “manual” readings or conduct continuous profiling• Download test data files from the miniTROLL to the host PC
The remainder of this section briefly describes the most importantsoftware features of the miniTROLL. If you need more information on anyof the software functions, please refer to the Win-Situ 4 manual on theWin-Situ 4 CD.
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SECTION 4: CONTROL SOFTWARE
THE NAVIGATION TREE
Win-Situ uses the familiar "Navigation tree" to organize and display yourinstrument network. At the top is the “Home” site (the host computer).Below this is the Flow-Sense Wizard for use with a Multi-ParameterTROLL 9000 (not available to a miniTROLL), then the Data Folder con-taining tests that have been extracted from the device to the host com-puter. This is followed by one or more connections (COM ports), and thenone or more devices (miniTROLLs or other In-Situ instruments) accessiblethrough each COM port. Under each device are the Parameters thedevice can measure, and the Tests in the device’s memory.
When you start Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ for the first time, a new, empty sitecalled "Home" is displayed. A Wizard helps you add a connection to thesite for your PC’s COM port, then the software “finds” the connectedminiTROLL. Select the miniTROLL to display the device’s battery andmemory capacity, manufacture and calibration dates, current firmwareversion, and other information, as shown on the following page.
SiteFlow-Sense Wizard
Data FolderConnection
DeviceParameters
Tests
TIP: The DataFolder is afeature of Win-
Situ 4 and Pocket-Situ. It isnot present in Win-Situ2000.
If the device’sremainingbattery capacity
is 5% or less, the devicemay not be displayed in thetree. Replace the batteriesbefore continuing.
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SECTION 4: CONTROL SOFTWARE
Navigation tree
Information pane
Actions
POCKET-SITU INTERFACE
WIN-SITU INTERFACE
Navigation tree Information pane
Actions
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SECTION 4: CONTROL SOFTWARE
SETTING THE CLOCK
Data collection schedules depend on the device’s real-time clock, shownin the lower right corner of the desktop PC interface. If the device clock iswrong, be sure to correct it before scheduling tests. To set the clock:
1. With the device selected in the Navigation tree, click or tap Edit.
2. In the Device Wizard, select Clock.
3. Follow the instructions to synchronize the device clock to the computerclock.
4. When you finish the Wizard, the information is sent to the device andthe display is updated.
Device clock
Click here to setthe clock
(on desktop PC)
TIP: The Editfunction can alsobe used to set a
custom device name and toupdate battery informationafter replacing the batteries.
TIP: Be sure toset the clock ina Baro TROLL
and a paired AbsoluteminiTROLL to insuresynchronous barometricpressure data is available.
TIP: Due to thesize of the PDAscreen, the
device clock is notdisplayed in the interface.We recommend you editthe device as describedhere to synchronize thedevice clock to the PDAclock.
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SECTION 4: CONTROL SOFTWARE
SETTING UP CUSTOM PRESSURE/LEVELMEASUREMENTS
You can configure a pressure channel to display measurements as rawpressure head above the sensor, as depth, or as water level with areference. The specified settings are easily changed from one mode toanother, and most choices can be redone or undone later, when viewingtest data.
1. With the miniTROLL connected to a host PC, select the pressureparameter in the Navigation tree.
2. Click or tap Edit. Follow the prompts in the Parameter Wizard.
3. When you finish the Wizard, the information is written to the device andthe display is updated. The pressure channel is ready to take measure-ments.
For detailed information see Section 5 below.
TIP: Pressurechannel setup isdescribed in
greater detail in Section 5.
TIP: The onlyeditable pressurefeature of a Baro
TROLL is its name.
1
2
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SECTION 4: CONTROL SOFTWARE
ADDING A TEST
Collecting a set of data with the miniTROLL is called "running a test." Totell the instrument how to run the test—which parameters to measure,how often, when to start, etc.—you “add” a test to the device. The TestWizard makes it easy.
1. With the miniTROLL connected to a host PC, select Tests in theNavigation tree.
2. Click or tap Add. Follow the prompts in the Test Wizard.
3. When you finish the Wizard, the information is written to the device andthe display is updated.
If you added a “scheduled” test (indicated by in the Navigation
tree), it will start at its programmed time.
You can start a “manual” test ( ) at any time while connected to the
miniTROLL by selecting the test and pressing the Start button.
1
2
TIP: Test setupis described ingreater detail in
the Win-Situ 4 manual.
TIP: If you planto use softwarefor automatic
barometric pressurecompensation of test data,for best results scheduletests in a Baro TROLL anda paired AbsoluteminiTROLL with similarstart times andmeasurement intervals.
TIP: If you planto use SDI-12protocols to
communicate with theminiTROLL while a test isrunning, choose a testmeasurement interval of 3seconds or longer. This willinsure SDI-12 datatransmission operatessmoothly.
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MANUAL READS AND PROFILING
The miniTROLL collects data in “tests,” but you can get a quick “manual”reading or any channel apart from a test, even while a test is running.
1. With the miniTROLL connected to a host PC, select Parameters in theNavigation tree.
2. For a single manual reading, select a parameter in the Informationpane and click or tap Read.
3. For continuous readings (Profiling), click or tap Profiler to start theProfiler.
1
2
3
TIP: Profilerreadings may bedisplayed in
graph format or logged tothe host PC by selecting theappropriate button after theProfiler starts.
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DISCONNECTING
After the miniTROLL is programmed to collect data, you're ready to
• Exit the software• Win-Situ: select Exit from the File menu.• Pocket-Situ: tap the Home site in the Navigation tree, then tap
Exit in the command bar at the bottom of the screen.• Disconnect the communication interface or comm cable from the
surface connector, and cap the surface connector• If programmed with a direct-read cable, remove it and attach the
quick-connect submersible cable
• For an Absolute miniTROLL, remove the cable used for program-ming and attach the non-vented backshell
• Install the instrument in its field location. See Section 7 for guide-lines.
CAUTION: Be sure to attach the submersible cable afterremoving the direct-read cable. This maintains pressure onthe batteries and keeps the clock running, ensuring the
instrument retains the test start time. A capacitor keeps the clockrunning for up to 60 minutes without pressure on the batteries. Ifpower is removed for more than 60 minutes, the clock will reset, andany tests programmed to start during that time will not start. If theminiTROLL tries to take a data point while power is disconnected,the test will stop (ABEND).
Be sure to ExitPocket-Situ asdescribed here
after each session. Thisreleases allocatedresources used by Pocket-Situ, assuring that the COMport is available the nexttime you connect to theminiTROLL, or to a desktopPC using ActiveSync.
TIP: When you’reready todownload the
collected data, connect inthe software, select the test,and click or tap Extract.More information may befound in the Win-Situ 4manual.
41miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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5 MEASURING PRESSURE(WATER LEVEL)
A pressure transducer senses changes in pressure, measured in force persquare unit of surface area, exerted by a column of water or other fluidabove an internal media-isolated strain gauge. Common measurementunits are pounds per square inch (psi) or newtons per square meter(pascals).
NON-VENTED (ABSOLUTE) VS. VENTED (GAUGED)SENSORS
A non-vented or “absolute” pressure sensor measures all pressure forcesdetected by the strain gauge, including atmospheric pressure. Its units arepsia (pounds per square inch “absolute”), measured with respect to zeropressure. Absolute pressure sensors are sometimes called “sealedgauge” sensors.
Absolute pressure measurements are useful during vacuum testing, invery deep aquifers where the effects of atmospheric pressure arenegligible, and in unconfined aquifers that are open to the atmosphere.
With vented or “gauged” pressure sensors, a vent tube in the cableapplies atmospheric pressure to the back of the strain gauge. The basicunit for vented measurements is psig (pounds per square inch “gauge”),
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measured with respect to atmospheric pressure. PSIG sensors thusexclude the atmospheric or barometric pressure component.
This difference between absolute and gauged measurements may berepresented by a simple equation:
Pgauge = Pabsolute - Patmosphere
PRESSURE VS. DEPTH VS. LEVEL
Display options for pressure measurements are completely software-selectable. Pressure sensor data may be displayed as raw pressure head,as depth, or as water level with a reference. When choosing depth orlevel, the software presents additional options for converting frompressure readings (in psi) to depth or level (in feet or meters), including avery accurate conversion that compensates pressure readings for fluiddensity, altitude, and latitude.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
TIP: Post-processing toolsmay be used to
eliminate the effects ofbarometric pressurechanges from absolutepressure sensor data, ifrequired. See “CorrectingAbsolute PressureReadings for BarometricPressure” in Section 6.
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ZEROING A GAUGED PRESSURE SENSOR
The following procedure may be used, with caution, to “zero” the offset ofa gauged pressure sensor to correct for electronic drift. The drifted offsetis visible when the sensor is in air and reading other than zero.
It is recommended you do not zero the offset if it is outside the specifiedaccuracy of your pressure sensor, as shown in the table below. If thereading in air deviates from zero by more than the amounts shown, youmay want to consider a factory recalibration. See Appendix B for addi-tional information on electronic drift.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
Sensor Accuracy Acceptable Offsetrange (% full scale) from zero
1. With the miniTROLL connected to a host PC and selected in theNavigation tree, click or tap Pressure in the Parameters list. If thepressure channel is set up to display in Depth or Level mode, use theEdit function to set it to Pressure Head mode.
2. Click or tap Calibrate. You will be prompted to ensure the device is inair.
3. When the device is in air, click Yes.
The current pressure reading will be set to zero. To check this, click the“Read” button.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
1
2
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SETTING UP PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS: THEPARAMETER WIZARD
Win-Situ’s Parameter Wizard can help you configure a pressure channelto display measurements exactly as you want them. The specified settingsare easily changed from one mode to another, and any choice can beredone or undone later, when viewing test data.
1. With the miniTROLL connected to a host PC and selected in theNavigation tree, select the pressure parameter.
2. Click or tap Edit.... The Parameter Wizard starts. The choices arediscussed below.
3. When you finish the Wizard, the software sends the information to thedevice and updates the display.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
1
2
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PRESSURE SETUP CHOICES
Win-Situ prompts for the following when editing a pressure channel. Youmay not see all of these depending on your early choices.
1. NAME (OPTIONAL)
The pressure channel name is displayed in the Information pane and intest data files. A default name is proposed. If you choose, you may enter acustom name (up to 16 characters).
2. DISPLAY MODE
Select one of the following. Subsequent screens will be tailored to yourchoice.
• Pressure Head displays the raw pressureexerted by the column of water above thepressure sensor, in kiloPascals or poundsper square inch (psi). If you choose thismode, click Finish to end the Wizard.
• Depth converts the pressure of the watercolumn to a depth reading, in meters,centimeters, feet, or inches. If you choosethis mode, you will be asked to choose amethod for converting pressure to depth.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
Depth
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• Level - Surface: Commonly used forsurface water elevations. Data file readingsare “positive up.” Increasing water levels willresult in increasing readings. Decreasingwater levels correspond to decreasingreadings.
• Level - Top Of Casing: Commonly used fordrawdown in groundwater wells. This modeis “positive down.” Decreasing water levelscorrespond to increasing readings, becausethe water level is getting further from the topof the well casing. Increasing water levelsresult in decreasing readings.
If you select depth or a level mode, you will be asked to choose a methodfor converting pressure to depth or level. For a level mode, you will beprompted to enter a level reference.
3. CONVERTING PRESSURE TO DEPTH OR LEVEL
The conversion from pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) to depth orlevel in meters or feet requires some knowledge of the properties of thefluid being monitored and optionally of the device’s location on the earth’ssurface.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
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Conversion Using Specific Gravity
Pressure may be adequately converted to feet or meters of fluid using adimensionless specific gravity value. A specific gravity of 1.0 (characteris-tic of pure water at 4°C) is adequate for many groundwater applications.
Conversion Using Density, Latitude, and Elevation
Pressure in the English unit psi is first converted to the SI unit Pascal (Pa).Conversion from Pascals to meters or feet requires two additional values:
• Fluid Density.
• For water, select a value based on temperature from the tablebelow. Pure groundwater at 20°C has a density of 0.998 g/cm3.
• If the working fluid is not pure water, density may be determinedusing the procedure given in Appendix A.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
Fluid density by temperature
Temp. Density Temp. Density Temp. Density(°C) (g/cm3) (°C) (g/cm3) (°C) (g/cm3)
TIP: Either specificgravity or density,latitude & elevation
may be used to convertfrom pressure (psi) todepth/level (meters or feet).If your software supports it,a gain in accuracy may berealized by selecting thedensity, latitude & elevationoption.
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• Gravitational Acceleration. The acceleration due to gravity that anobject experiences is location-specific. Given your latitude andelevation, the software can calculate a value for gravitational accelera-tion for your location.
4. LEVEL REFERENCE
If you selected a level display mode (Surface or Top of Casing), you havethe option of entering a reference value. This is a user-specified startingpoint for level display modes, and can be any value you choose. Here aresome examples:
• Surface: If you calculate the water level above mean sea level (MSL)and enter this as the Level Reference, then data will be displayed aselevations above MSL.
• Top of Casing: If you measure the distance to the water surface (DTW)from the top of the well casing and enter this number as the LevelReference, then data will be displayed as DTW values.
• A Level Reference of 0 is equivalent to “zeroing” the probe. Data willbe displayed as changes, either positive or negative, from the startingwater level.
Reference Time
The miniTROLL takes a “snapshot” of the sensor’s raw pressure reading,then your Level Reference is substituted. You can specify that thesnapshot be taken now or when the test starts. The data file will show theReference (raw pressure) Reading and when it was taken.
• Now: the pressure is measured when you finish setting up thepressure parameter, and the value is stored until the test starts. All
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
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measurements taken during the test will be relative to the water level atthe time you finished the wizard.
• Start of Test: the Reference measurement will be taken at time t=0. Allmeasurements taken during the test will be relative to the water level atthe moment the test starts.
RECALIBRATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Pressure sensor accuracy can be adversely affected by improper care andhandling, lightning strikes and similar surges, exceeding operatingtemperature and pressure limits, physical damage or abuse, as well asnormal drift in the device’s electronic components. Aside from damage tothe sensor, the need for factory recalibration is dependent upon theamount of drift a customer is willing to tolerate. Calculations of theaccuracy drift of the miniTROLL over time are contained in Appendix Bbelow. Contact In-Situ Customer Service for information on periodiccheck-ups and recalibration.
SECTION 5: PRESSURE (WATER LEVEL)
51miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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6 ABSOLUTE MINITROLL &BAROTROLL
A miniTROLL with an absolute (non-vented, PSIA) pressure sensor doesnot require vented cable for proper operation. It may be deployed on non-vented HDPE cable or with a non-vented backshell and economicalstainless steel suspension cable while taking data. There are severalpoints to remember about operating an absolute instrument:
• The non-vented backshell has no communication capabilities.Program the miniTROLL in advance using “talking” cable, andextract the data the same way
• Pressure data will show the effects of changes in barometric pres-sure during the test (unlike PSIG miniTROLLs, which excludebarometric pressure from the measurements by means of ventedcable). However, post-processing tools may be used to eliminatethe effects of barometric pressure changes from the data, eithermanually or in software
The Baro TROLL is a special model of Absolute miniTROLL designed tomeasure and record barometric pressure at the surface near asubmerged Absolute pressure unit. Data collected by a Baro TROLL maythen be used to correct data collected by an Absolute miniTROLL.
1. Use a direct-read cable and Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ to program theminiTROLL before attaching the non-vented backshell. Add amanual or scheduled test. If a manual test, start it beforeremoving the cable. (You cannot communicate with theminiTROLL after attaching the non-vented backshell). Select ascheduled test if a referenced starting level is to be used.
2. Remove the cable used for programming and attach the non-ventedbackshell. The miniTROLL is ready for installation.
3. To download the collected data, remove the non-vented backshell,attach “talking” cable, connect in the software, select the test andextract it.
INSTALLATION WITH NON-VENTED CABLE
No special usage precautions are necessary as non-vented cable hascommunication capability for programming and deploying an absoluteminiTROLL.
TIP: Be sure toprogram anAbsolute
miniTROLL beforeattaching the non-ventedbackshell, as this backshellhas no communicationcapability.
Pressure measured with an “absolute” or “non-vented” (psia) pressuresensor includes all pressure forces detected by the strain gauge—atmospheric pressure as well as the pressure due to the water column.“Gauged” or “vented” (psig) sensors remove the atmospheric pressurecomponent (pressure due to the atmosphere), so that atmosphericpressure on a water surface is not doubled in the measurements from asensor under the water surface.
Barometric compensation of absolute pressure measurements, if required,may be accomplished in two ways:
• manually—using two devices and a spreadsheet• automatically—using two devices and Win-Situ’s Baro Wizard
MANUAL BAROMETRIC PRESSURE COMPENSATION
Install one Absolute miniTROLL submerged and a second unit above thewater surface to take barometric pressure measurements. Set up bothdevices to use the same units and display mode—the only difference willbe if a level reference is used; in that case the barometric referenceshould be zero, the downhole reference will be the water level. Scheduletests to start at the same time in each unit. Extract (download) the datafrom both tests, and subtract the barometric pressure measurements fromthe water pressure measurements (by hand or in a spreadsheet).
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SECTION 6: ABSOLUTE MINITROLL
AUTOMATIC BAROMETRIC PRESSURECOMPENSATION
A Baro Wizard in Win-Situ and Pocket-Situ allows for automaticbarometric pressure compensation of absolute pressure data, either usinga fixed user-specified value or by reference to a file of barometric pressuredata collected at the same time by a Baro TROLL or another PSIAminiTROLL installed at the surface. The barometrically corrected absolutepressure data may be saved in a new file, if desired.
COLLECTING BAROMETRIC PRESSURE DATA FOR REFERENCE
Set the clock in the Baro TROLL (or another PSIA miniTROLL). Add atest. Ideally, this test should start before the test in the AbsoluteminiTROLL starts and log data on approximately the same schedule. Runthe test. Extract the test (it is not necessary to stop it.)
COLLECTING PSIA DATA
Set the clock in the Absolute miniTROLL. Add a test and run it as usual.Extract this test also.
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SECTION 6: ABSOLUTE MINITROLL
A single fixed correction is appliedto the entire PSIA test file
The content of a reference file ofbarometric pressure data is used tocorrect the PSIA test file
With a check here, the correcteddata is saved in a separate,automatically named file
USING THE BARO WIZARD
The difference in pressure between a Baro TROLL at the surface and asubmerged PSIA miniTROLL can be calculated from extracted test datafiles. This task is simplified if the Baro TROLL test covers the entireduration of the Absolute miniTROLL test.
1. Launch Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ. Connection to an instrument is notnecessary after the tests have been extracted.
2. In the data folder, select a test extracted from an Absolute miniTROLL(PSIA data).
3. On the Tools menu, select Baro Wiz.
4. In the Barometric Correction window, select the type of correction to beperformed:
TIP: The BaroWizard isavailable only
when the selected test filecontains absolute (PSIA)pressure data.
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SECTION 6: ABSOLUTE MINITROLL
• None• Value: Enter a barometric pressure value to be subtracted from all
data points in the test file. Units are selectable, and your entry ischecked for validity. For example, in inches of mercury the validrange is 14.3 to 33.5 (covering altitudes from the Alps to the DeadSea). You may not leave this entry blank, because a fixed value willbe needed even with a reference file (next option, see below) incase the time stamps in the two files do not completely overlap.
• File: Select a test of barometric pressure data collected by aBaroTROLL or another PSIA miniTROLL. This becomes theReference file from which barometric pressure corrections will bederived. If the time stamps in the files do not overlap completely, thefixed value will be applied.
5. To save the corrected data in a new file that will be automaticallynamed check the create new file checkbox.
6. Click OK. The correction is performed immediately and the correctedfile is displayed.
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REPLACING BATTERIES
Successful operation with the non-vented backshell depends on anuninterrupted power supply to the miniTROLL. A battery retention clip (asmall snap-ring) in the back end of an Absolute miniTROLL accomplishesthis by locking the battery assembly in place below the threads thatengage the backshell.
Absolute miniTROLLs shipped after March 20, 2002, have the snap-ring inplace, and are shipped with an extra battery retention clip and tools forinstalling and removing it.
To replace the batteries, first remove the snap-ring:
1. Remove the backshell and position theremoval pick so that the curved back of thepick presses down on the black elastomerholder and the tip is positioned under thesnap-ring, as shown in the photo. Be carefulnot to touch the gold elastomer.
2. Pressing down on the black elastomer holder with the curved side ofthe pick, pull the snap-ring straight out of the body tube, dragging thetip of the pick across the threads.
3. Replace the batteries, then replace the snap-ring asfollows.
With the backshell removed and the batteries pressedfirmly inito the body, drop in the snap-ring (orientationis not important, top photo). Work it into place with theinsertion tool (bottom photo). Press in firmly, as far asit goes. It helps to work the tool back and forth a fewtimes until the ring "snaps" into position. Remove theinsertion tool.
SECTION 6: ABSOLUTE MINITROLL
The snap-ringshould remain inplace in an
Absolute miniTROLL orBaro TROLL. Removal isnecessary only to replacethe batteries.
If you can tapthe batteries outof the
miniTROLL, the batteryretention clip is notinstalled. Take a moment toinstall it before program-ming the instrument orattaching the non-ventedbackshell.
Wear safetyglasses whenremoving thesnap-ring, as it
can pop suddenly out of theinstrument body.
Keep the point of the pickaway from the elastomer.
59miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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7 FIELD INSTALLATION
Range Usable Depth PSI kPa Meters Feet
5 34.5 3.5 11.515 103.4 11 3530 206.8 21 69
100 689.5 70 231300 2068 210 692500 3447 352 1153
TIP: Be sure theminiTROLL iscommunicating
properly before fieldinstallation.
TIP: To changethe units forpressure, depth,
or level readings, selectPreferences from theOptions Menu (Win-Situ) orselect the Home site andtap Setup in the Commandbar (Pocket-Situ).
POSITION THE MINITROLL
Lower the miniTROLL gently to approximately the desired depth. Positionthe instrument below the lowest anticipated water level, but not so lowthat its range might be exceeded at the highest anticipated level.
CHECK THE INSTRUMENT'S DEPTH
At this point, if convenient, youcan connect the miniTROLL to aPC, start Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ, and take a reading. If theinstrument is at the desireddepth, secure it in position assuggested below. If not,reposition the miniTROLL asnecessary.
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The surfaceconnector isweatherproof
but not submersible. Toprotect it from damage,keep it above water level.Be sure to keep the cap on(except when attached toanother cable or accessory)to provide venting andprotection against moisture.
SECURE THE CABLE
The submersible cable has a handy device called a servicegrip near the surface end. You can slide it along the cable tothe desired position by compressing it. When you pull on it,it tightens and stops sliding. You may need to pull on bothends of the service grip to properly tighten it and keep itfrom slipping.
Use the loop of the service grip to anchor the cable to aconvenient stationary object. It works well with In-Situ’s“well dock” installation ring. Simply insert the loop into thelocking clip on the well dock, and position the assembly onthe top of a well.
INSTALLATION TIPS
• Never let a probe “free fall” down a well. The resultingshock wave when it hits the water surface can damagethe strain gauge (the “waterhammer” effect).
• It is always wise to check the level of water above theprobe, then move it and read again to be sure that theprobe is giving a reasonable reading and showingchange. It might not be located where you think it is —for example, it could be wedged against the casing witha loop of cable hanging below it. A probe in such a position mightbecome dislodged and move during the test, giving a false change inlevel. A secure placement is critical to accurate measurements.
SECTION 7: FIELD INSTALLATION
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• Do not allow the vented cable (with its internal vent tube) to kink or bend.If the vent tube is obstructed, water level measurements can be adverselyaffected. The recommended minimum bend radius is 63 mm (2½ in).
• For accurate measurements, the instrument should remain immobilewhile taking data.
STABILIZATION TIME
Allow the miniTROLL to stabilize to the water conditions for about an hourbefore starting a test. A generous stabilization time is always desirable,especially in long-term tests. Even though the cable is shielded,temperature stabilization, stretching, and unkinking can cause apparentchanges in the probe reading. If you expect to monitor water levels to theaccuracy of the probe, it’s worth allowing the extra time for the probe tostabilize to the test environment.
SALT WATER INSTALLATIONS
When installing a miniTROLL in saline environments, use of a Salt WaterBarrier Kit is recommended.
INSTALLATION CHECKLIST
✓ Is instrument programmed?✓ Does it have sufficient power?✓ Is the surface connector capped?✓ Is the instrument at the proper depth? within its operating temperature
& pressure range? cable secured?
SECTION 7: FIELD INSTALLATION
62miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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8 INSTRUMENT NETWORKS
A
B B
C
C
B
A
NETWORK DESCRIPTION
Multi-Parameter TROLLs and miniTROLLs can be installed in a networkof up to 32 instruments, each directly connected via its submersible cableto a network box. Network boxes provides power and venting to theinstruments, and are connected to each other by network cable. A networkmay include up to 4000 ft of cable.
NETWORK BOXES
Network T-Box, NTB-100
A 4-function environmental enclosurethat accommodates one MP TROLL9000 or miniTROLL. Each T-box has:
one connector for Quick-Connectsubmersible cable (center)two connectors for networkinterconnect cables (left and right)vent port with dust cap containing hydrophobic membrane anddesiccant
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• an internal DC to DC converter to change externally-supplied 12VDC to 6 VDC to power the attached miniTROLL
• three capacitors to provide extra current in cases when all instru-ments on the network “wake up” at the same time
• lightning suppression
Network Quad Box, NTB-400
A T-Box that accommodates up to 4 miniTROLLs.
Network Mid-Line Tap Box, MLT-100
Environmental enclosure for connecting a miniTROLL network to a PC,power, or telemetry from a point within the network. Its 3 identicalconnectors mate only with network cable. Permits the network to extend inboth directions from the MLT Box.
CABLES
Network cable is designed to lie flat on the ground or to be installed in on-site conduit. It is not submersible, not weight-bearing, not vented. Ventingis provided by network boxes. Gray network cable does not mate withyellow or blue vented cables.
Network Communication Cable
Non-vented PVC cable (1.8 m, 6 ft), connects a network of instruments toa host computer for programming and downloading. Includes an RS485/RS232 converter, and can be wired to an external 12 VDC network powersupply.
Smart Device Network Communication Cable
Non-vented PVC cable (1.8 m, 6 ft), connects a network of instruments toa "smart device" such as a modem or relay controller.
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Network Interconnect Cable
Non-vented PVC cable (custom length), links network boxes; connects thelast box in a network to a network communication cable for programmingand external 12 VDC input.
Network Extension Cable
Non-vented PVC cable (custom length), can be used to extend a length ofnetwork interconnect cable to cover a longer distance than originallyplanned on either side of a network box.
POWER
Three regulated 12 VDC network power supplies are available:
• North American (120 VAC, 0° to 50° C)• Universal (95-250 VAC, 0° to 40° C)• Universal Environmental (100-120, 200-240 VAC, -10° to 60° C)
Alternatively, a 12 VDC automotive or marine battery may be used topower an instrument network.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
A network of up to 32 Multi-Parameter TROLLs or miniTROLLs requiresthe following components:
• Quick-Connect Submersible Cables: one per instrument• Network Boxes: one T-Box per instrument or one Quad Box per 4
instruments• Network Interconnect Cables (variable length): one per network box• Network Communication Cable (for communications and external
power input): one per network• Network power source: 12 VDC power supply and available AC line
power source; or a 12 VDC automotive or marine battery
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INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
1. Install individual miniTROLLs, on submersible cable, in their fieldmonitoring sites.
2. Attach a T-box (center connector) to the surface connector of eachminiTROLL's submersible cable. Alternatively, attach a Quad Box tothe surface connectors of as many as 4 instruments.
3. Connect the T-boxes using Network Interconnect Cable.
4. Connect Network Communication Cable to the interconnect cable onthe last T-Box or Quad Box in the network.
5. To power the network, wire a 12 VDC network power supply to theNetwork Communication Cable (red=12V, black=ground). Alternatively,any 12 VDC automotive or marine battery may be used.
GUIDELINES & PRECAUTIONS
• Remove and replace the vented cap on the T-box vent when theindicating desiccant appears pink. Replacement dust caps andconnector o-rings are also available.
• Screw the dust caps together to prevent loss or damage.
TELEMETRY
Many possibilities are available for transmitting data from a miniTROLL9000 in the field to an office computer or Internet site, automatically atregular intervals or on demand. In-Situ telemetry system options includeNorth American analog cell modem, spread-spectrum radio modem (902-928 MHz), and 1200 baud line modem. Power supply options includesolar panels with storage battery and AC line power (85-265V 50/60 Hz).Enclosures can be fabricated from low-cost fiberglass or high-securitysteel.
TIP: Protectiveenclosures arerecommended
for complete water-resistance.
TIP: Externalpower may beapplied at a
network mid-point using aNetwork Mid-Line Tap Box,rather than at the end with aNetwork T-Box. The Mid-Line Tap Box has 3connectors for networkinterconnect cable; power isapplied via the centerconnector.
MINITROLL NETWORK CONNECTIONS USING A MID-LINE TAP BOX
12 VDC power supply
Computer running Win-SituRS232 serial port
Network Interconnect Cable
Network Mid-LineTap Box
Submersible Cable
Network T-Box
Or custom telemetry (desktop modem, spread-spectrum radio, cell phone modem)
Network Communication Cable
miniTROLL
68miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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9 SDI-12 OPERATION
SDI-12 is a serial digital interface that operates at 1200 baud. In-Situ'sSDI-12 Adapter enables processing of the miniTROLL’s pressure andtemperature measurements by an SDI-12 data recorder.
SDI-12 REQUIREMENTS
• SDI-12 ready miniTROLL (firmware 3.01 or higher)• SDI-12 Adapter• SDI-12 data recorder (customer-supplied)
WIRING
Connect the 3 pigtails from the SDI-12 converter to theterminal block of an SDI-12 data recorder (or to an SDI-12network) as follows.
• serial data line (white)• ground line (black)• 12-volt supply line (red).
The data recorder or an external power supply mayprovide power (9.6 - 16 V) to the 12V line. The shield should beterminated (grounded) at the data recorder.
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MINITROLL INSTALLATION
1. Install the miniTROLL as usual.
2. Attach the surface connector on the miniTROLL's submersible cable tothe matching connector on the SDI-12 Adapter. A protective enclosureis recommended for complete water-resistance.
up to
SDI-12miniTROLL
Adapter
SDI-12 datarecorder
to anotherSDI-12 device
Adapter may be up to 61 m(200 ft) from data recorder
Submersible cablemay be up to 305 m(1000 ft) in length
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MAKING SDI-12 MEASUREMENTS
The SDI-12 miniTROLL supports all SDI-12 Version 1.3 commands (listedbelow). Data recorders that support SDI-12 Version 1.3 can usually sendstandard commands to an SDI-12 “sensor” like the miniTROLL auto-matically. Additional information may be found in an SDI-12 reference,such as that listed at the end of this section. Or consult your SDI-12 datarecorder documentation.
SENSOR IDENTIFICATION
In response to the “send identification” command, the miniTROLL willrespond as follows:
SENSOR DEFAULTS
The miniTROLL leaves the factory with the following settings:
If your miniTROLL supports internal logging, the instrument is capable ofrunning tests (programmed in Win-Situ) while participating in an SDI-12network; however Win-Situ cannot communicate with the miniTROLLwhile it is transmitting SDI-12 data, and conversely, the instrument cannotreceive or respond to SDI-12 commands while connected to a PC serialport.
This “redundant logging” feature means
• if the SDI-12 recorder somehow “loses” data, the miniTROLL data canbe retrieved using Win-Situ.
* if the SDI-12 recorder ceases to function due to power loss, theminiTROLL will continue to collect new data using its own internalbatteries and clock.
REFERENCE
SDI-12, A Serial-Digital Interface Standard for Microprocessor-BasedSensors, version 1.3. SDI-12 Support Group, Logan, Utah, April 7,2000. Available at www.sdi-12.org.
TIP: Dependingon the SDI-12data recorder
used, rapid sampleschedules during a test mayresult in SDI-12 “retries.”
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SDI-12 V 1.3 Command Set
NAME COMMAND RESPONSEBreak Continuous spacing for None
NAME COMMAND RESPONSEAdditional Concurrent aCC1! ... aCC9! atttnn<CR><LF>Measurements andRequest CRC
Continuous aR0! ... aR9! a<values><CR><LF>Measurements (same as the D commands)
Continuous aRC0! ... aRC9! <values><CRC><CR><LF>Measurements and (same as the D commands)Request CRC
* This command may result in a service request.
a Sensor address
! Command terminator
<CR><LF> Response terminator
ttt Time (seconds) until measurement is ready
n, nn Number of measurement values
SDI-12 V 1.3Command Set(continued)
74miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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10 CARE & MAINTENANCE
OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS
The miniTROLL has been designed to withstand harsh field conditions.However, as with any electronic instrument, it can be permanentlydamaged if used outside its operating specifications.
TEMPERATURE
The miniTROLL is designed to operate within a temperature range of-5°C to 50°C (23°F to 122°F)
PRESSURE RANGE
The miniTROLL can withstand pressures of up to two times (2X) the ratedrange of the pressure sensor without damage, although it may not readcorrectly at such pressure. If the pressure range is exceeded by 3X, thesensor will be destroyed.
CALIBRATION
Accuracy can be adversely affected by improper care and handling,lightning strikes and similar surges, exceeding operating temperature andpressure limits, physical damage or abuse. Contact In-Situ CustomerService for information on periodic check-ups and recalibration. Annualfactory recalibration is recommended.
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GENERAL MAINTENANCE
FRONT END
If the ports in the front end become clogged with silt or mud, clean themgently with a squeeze of water from a wash bottle, or swish the instrumentin a bucket of clean water. To avoid damage to the pressure sensordiaphragm, do not insert any object into the holes.
BACKSHELL
Keep the contact board at the quick-connect end of the submersible cableclean and free of dirt, grit, moisture, fingerprints, and the like, ascontaminants will adversely affect the electronics. Always use the softprotective backshell dust cap when the submersible cable is not attachedto a miniTROLL. Replace the backshell o-rings if they appear cracked orworn.
CABLE VENT TUBE (VENTED CABLE)
The miniTROLL's PSIG pressure sensor is designed to be minimallysensitive to barometric pressure changes. The vented cable assures thatatmospheric pressure is the reference pressure to the sensor diaphragm.The vent tube should not be blocked, kinked, or otherwise obstructed. If itis, not only will barometric pressure appear in measurements, but large,varying errors will be introduced due to thermal expansion and contractionof air within the vent tube and probe body.
The recommended minimum bend radius is 63 mm (2½ in).
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DESICCANT
Vent Cap Desiccant
The indicating silica gel desiccant in the miniTROLL's surface connectorcap appears blue when active. When the gel appears colorless, thedesiccant has adsorbed all the moisture it can hold.The entire cap or the desiccant capsule may beremoved and replaced.
• To remove a cap: Pull the retaining strap out ofthe slot on the connector body. Dispose of theused cap properly.
• To attach a cap: Insert the retaining strap into theslot on the connector body. Screw the cap to theconnector.
Replacement caps and desiccant capsules areavailable from In-Situ Inc. or your distributor.
High-Volume Desiccant Pack
The high-volume desiccant pack may last up to 20 timeslonger than the standard vent cap desiccant capsule. The desiccant willabsorb moisture from the top down and for best results should bereplaced before the entire volume has turned white. A refill kit is availablefrom In-Situ Inc. or your distributor.
TIP: Protect newdesiccant caps orcapsules from
moisture until ready to use.
Vent (ontop)
Desiccantcapsule
Retainingstrap
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REPLACING THE INTERNAL BATTERIES
The miniTROLL uses two 1.5V lithium AA cells. Alternatively, two standard1.5V alkaline AA cells may be used. Other battery types may damage theminiTROLL or provide insufficient power for operation. Replacementbatteries are available from In-Situ Inc. or electronics supply stores.Energizer® e2® 1.5V AA lithium batteries are a good choice and commer-cially available.
Battery voltage is displayed in the software interface when the miniTROLLis connected to a PC and selected in the Navigation tree. When alkalinebatteries are installed, the approximate remaining percentage is alsoshown. This feature is not available for lithium batteries due to their “flat”discharge curve.
Replace the batteries in internally powered psig miniTROLLs as follows:
1. Remove the dust cap or backshell.
2. Invert the body over your upturned hand and tapor shake to loosen the round battery contactand move it toward the open endof the tube. Grasp the batterycontact (with your fingers orneedlenose pliers) and pull gentlyif it doesn't slide out on its own.The battery contact is attached to a flexible circuit that extends no morethan 20 mm (3/4 in) beyond the end of the body.
DO NOT USE:
• Rechargeable 1.2V or 1.25V batteries• Batteries with the self-test feature• Rechargeable batteries that lack “bumps” at the + end
+
-
+
-
TEST
1.2 V
The batteries inan Absolutemodel
miniTROLL are held inplace by a retaining ring,which must be removedbefore the batteries can bereplaced. See Section 6 forthe procedure.
Battery contactFlex circuit
AA battery
Be very carefulnot tooverextend the
flex circuit when removingthe batteries. When held ateye level, you should onlysee the top battery on thebattery orientation diagram.
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3. Remove the used batteries.
4. Insert the new batteries according tothe diagram on the inside of the flexcircuit (negative end first).
5. Firmly push the battery contact backinto the miniTROLL body. A good wayto do this is to slide the top battery outslightly, then press the battery contactand the batteries into the body together.
6. Replace the backshell or dust cap.
7. Edit the Device to update the battery information.
THE ELASTOMER
An elastomeric connector (“elastomer” for short) in the back of theminiTROLL body transmits signals from the sensor to the cable. Theelastomer sits in a groove in the battery contact. Each time the cable isattached or detached, the elastomer undergoes abrasion from contactwith the backshell. A new elastomer appears shiny gold; the traces areclean and sharp. With use the elastomer darkens; the traces graduallybend and compress; they may break and separate from the backing.
We recommend you inspect the elastomer each time you attach/detachthe cable and at each battery replacement. When it begins to look worn,
Elastomer
Battery contact
Flex circuit Elastomer holder
Dispose ofused batteriesproperly.
Dispose of lithium cells asyou would any alkalinebattery, or contact yourlocal recycling facility forlithium battery disposal.
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remove it and replace it with a new one. Elastomer replacement kits areavailable from In-Situ Inc. or your distributor.
THE FLEX CIRCUIT
The flex circuit is a ribbonlike stripthat extends from the battery contactthrough the body to the circuit boardin the sensor end. It should behandled with care when installing andremoving batteries.
In some cases a flex circuit maybecome less rigid due to handlingand excessive wear from batteryreplacements. In such cases the flexcircuit may not have enough“stiffness” to facilitate reinsertionalong the batteries for engagement ofthe backshell assembly.
When this happens the flex circuitcan be manually repositioned using ablunt plastic letter opener or othernon-sharp, non-metallic, thin plastictool that is at least 6 inches (16 mm) long
1. Carefully place the plastic tool in along the circuit board between thecircuit board and the flex circuit (left side of figure above).
2. Press slowly until the elastomer holder is just clear of the miniTROLLtube (right side of figure).
Batterycontact(elastomerholder)
Flex circuit
Blunt, non-metallic tool
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3. Carefully withdraw the plastic tool, insert the batteries, and press thebattery contact into the miniTROLL body by hand.
Guidelines & Precautions
• DON'T tug on the flex circuit to get the batteries out. It's an electroniccircuit, not a battery removal device. Let it slide out on itsown only as far as necessary to remove and replace thebatteries.
• DON'T twist it. The battery diagram should face thebatteries.
• DON'T bend the battery contact backwards. It shouldremain at a 90° angle to the flex circuit.
90°
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CONSUMABLES
A variety of replaceable items are available for operation and maintenanceof your miniTROLL system. The following is a partial list. Contact your In-Situ sales representative or your local distributor for prices and orderinginformation.
Vented Cap with Hydrophobic Membrane & Indicating Desiccant
Desiccant is blue when active; remove and replace the entire cap whenthe desiccant appears white. The desiccant capsule or the entire cap maybe replaced. Replacement caps come in two varieties:
For cable connectors (single cap or 5-pack)For network boxes & battery pack (single cap or 5-pack)A pack of 10 desiccant capsules (no caps) with o-rings is also available.
Batteries
Lithium AA batteries (2)Alkaline AA batteries (2)AccessPoint External Battery Pack
Problem: Win-Situ or Pocket-Situ cannot “find” (connect to) theminiTROLL. Error 6146 may be displayed.
Probable Cause: Wrong COM port selected, loose cable connections,device is taking a measurement as part of a test, batteries are low,elastomer is worn
Suggested Remedy: Check the following:
• all cable connections are tight• the back end is securely attached to the instrument• the correct COM port is selected• the internal battery has voltage remaining• the elastomer looks clean and shiny• If a test is running, try connecting again—several times if
necessary to “sneak” in between test data points.
Problem: Readings are in the wrong units
Probable Cause: Default units are being used
Suggested Remedy: Select the desired units on the Win-Situ Optionsmenu, or select the Home site in Pocket-Situ and tap Setup in thecommand bar
11 TROUBLESHOOTING
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SECTION 11: TROUBLESHOOTING
Problem: The PDA freezes or locks up
Suggested Remedy: Reset the PDA. See your PDA documentation fordetails
Problem: PocketSync is Unable to Connect to Pocket-Situ Device
Probable Cause: ActivSync connection has been broken
Suggested Remedy: Check cable between desktop PC and PDA, checkpower on PDA, disconnect PDA from desktop computer, then re-connect and turn on PDA; see additional suggestions from MicrosoftActiveSync
TROUBLESHOOTING DATA COLLECTION (TESTS)
Problem: Test ABENDed (came to an “ABnormal END”)
Probable Cause: Device lost power or ran out of memory
Suggested Remedy: None; ABEND indication in software cannot bereversed, but data collected up to the time the test ABENDed is likelyto be fine
Check clock, check memory free, check device power
Problem: Scheduled test did not start
Probable Cause: Incorrect device clock, full memory, power removed attime of first scheduled data point
Suggested Remedy: Synchronize device clock and reschedule test;insure device has sufficient battery power and free memory; insuredevice is powered at time of first scheduled data point
84miniTROLL OPERATOR’S MANUAL
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APPENDIX A: FLUIDDENSITY
The conversion from PSI units to meters or feet of fluid requires severalconversion factors. One of these is the density (ρ) of the aqueous solutionbeing monitored. Pure groundwater at 20°C has a density of 0.998 gramsper cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
Use the values in the table in Section 5 for density if you do not otherwiseknow it. However, since these data assume pure water, there is noaccommodation for other variables (such as salinity) that can affect youractual water conditions.
The density of water in a well can be determined using an accurate tapemeasure and a pressure transducer. A change in pressure is recordedbetween two points as the transducer is lowered into the water and thecorresponding change in depth is recorded using the measuring tape.Density is then calculated using a simple formula. This method is valid ifthe pressure and depth measurements are accurate and the water withinthe well is homogeneous throughout the entire depth of the well.
Note: Density can also be measured using a hydrometer if it is possible towithdraw a water sample from the well. We recommend an accuracy of±0.0005.
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PROCEDURE
There are two possible methods for measuring the change in water depth.Choose the method that is the most convenient and accurate.
• Attach the tape measure to the transducer cable using an adhesive(e.g., duct tape). The tape measure can be attached to the transduceritself or to a segment of the cable that will be adjacent to the top of thewell casing. Read the cable positions directly from the measuring tape.The measuring device must have a resolution of at least 1 mm or 1/16in.
• Alternatively, mark the positions of the cable with an indelible felt tippen. The distance between marks is then determined with a tapemeasure after the corresponding cable segment is removed from thewell.
1. Lower the transducer into the well until it is submerged under aboutone meter of water.
2. Secure the transducer at a fixed depth using the cable at the top of thewell casing. Wait an hour or so for the system to equilibrate.
3. Take an electronic pressure reading, manually, from the transducer andrecord this measurement in PSI. This is measurement P
1.
4. Read the tape measure relative to some fixed reference point (e.g., topof well casing) or mark the position on the cable with an indelible pen.This is measurement L
1.
5. Lower the transducer at least three meters deeper into the water andrepeat steps 3 and 4. These are measurements P
2 and L
2.
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g x (L2 - L1)
(P2 – P1) x 6.894757ρ =
An error of 0.001m (1 mm) in thedepth
measurement translatesinto an error of 0.00085 g/cm3 for density.
6. Density (ρ) in g/cm3 is calculated using the following:
where g is the gravitational acceleration for the location of the well inm/s2. P must be in PSI units and L must be in meters. If using a tapemeasure calibrated in feet, 1 ft = 0.3048 m (exactly).
The electronics of the miniTROLL will experience accuracy drift over time.This drift applies to all channels and is additive to the initial calibrationaccuracy.
The system wide long-term drift is dominated by the stability of the voltagereference used in the device. Other components exhibit long-term drift of amuch smaller magnitude.
The equation used to calculate drift over time is:
D = K ∗ √ (t / 1000 hours)where:
D is the drift in ppmK is the long term stability coefficient listed as ppm / 1000 hours but
actual units are ppmt is the time expressed in hours
Using this information, the maximum drift over time is shown in the tablebelow.
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APPENDIX B: ELECTRONIC DRIFT
TIP: Therecommendedfrequency of
factory recalibrationdepends upon the amountof drift a user is willing totolerate. For example, if adrift of 0.025% isacceptable, then therecalibration period is 6months; if a drift of 0.05% isacceptable, then therecalibration period is 2years.
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