Budget Inequality Index: Water Resources

Mirroring the Budget of the Ministry of Water Resource(A Tale of Water Inequality)By

Climate Transformation & Energy Remediation Society (CLIMATTERS)climatteers006@gmail.com

Smart Chukwuma Amaefula

For

CENTRE FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE (CSJ)January 2017

OverviewIntroductionRelating to InequalitiesThe Nigerian Water DataGender and Water AccessClimate Change and Water ResourcesWater as a Human RightInstitutional AspectsFunding RoutesReasons for Poor ImplementationWhat can be done

World Changer Video

If health is wealth, and water is life, without access to clean water, health and wealth are both mirage.

With water making up to 60% of the human body, and 71% of the earth surface, the importance of water cannot be overemphasized.

Unfortunately access to clean water is dependent on income.

Access to clean water is a constitutional right of all human for all citizens.

IntroductionWater is a fundamental natural resource for socio economic development activities such as industrial production, irrigated agriculture, livestock farming, mineral processing, hydropower production, navigation, recreation and tourism amongst others.

Water is one of the most important natural resource and Nigeria is considered to be abundantly blessed with water resources.

According to the Nigerian Constitution, right to adequate water supply and sanitation is a basic.

Relating to InequalityAccording to Wateraid - Water equity requires that each person shares access and entitlements to water, and benefits from water use.

WaterAid - We may well achieve economic growth without tackling the fundamental inequalities in water access, services and resources, but we will never achieve the kind of transformative economic development that benefits the poor and shares prosperity.

Gender dimension of inequality obviously shows that women bear the brunt from the lack of access to clean water; opportunity loss in time for education, social violent risk e.g. rape and violent attack while seeking water long distance, loss of economic time.

With over 70% of the population living in poverty, access to clean water is grossly limited in Nigeria, as it is dependent on income.

Over 80% of expenses to provide clean water in Nigeria, generates from out-of -private pocket. Not the government public purses.

The Nigerian data: Water Inadequacies57m people in Nigeria don't have access to safe water .

Around 45,000 children under five years old die every year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation.

According to WHO and UNICEF, Nigeria has recorded improved water source (% of population with access) of 68.50 as of 2015.

Its highest value over the past 25 years was 68.50 in 2015, while its lowest value was 39.90 in 1990.

Access to Water in Nigeria

Source: WHO and UNICEF

Gender and Water Access

Women (and girls) perform most unpaid water fetching work, often spending up to 6 hours each day collecting water

Women and children wait in line to fetch water

Woman fetching water from a stream

Climate Change and Water Resources in NigeriaLake Chad has shrunk by over 92% (from 27,000 km2 to 1,800 km2) from 1963 to 2011. The shrinking of Lake Chad has deprived thousands of a means of livelihood in the North Eastern part of Nigeria and has created ghost-towns from former fishing villages.

Sahara Desert is increasing its land mass at a pace of 0.6 km2 per year or 350,000 hectares of farmland is being desertified annually thereby forcing farmers to migrate to other places resulting in tension between communities on the use of the limited resources in the area.

Communities in the coastal and riverine areas suffer from the menace of recurrent coastal inundation and salt water intrusion.

Contd.In the past, some rivers experienced reduced flow or would dry up entirely during the dry season. However, in recent years some rivers dry up as early as December, well before the onset of the dry season

Groundwater sources are also reported to dry up more than before in the dry season.

Frequency of extreme weather events such as longer dry seasons and more rain during the wet season leading to flooding.

In 2012, Nigeria experienced an unprecedented flood that affected 27 states of the Country, killed over 363 persons, and displaced about 2 million people

Other Problems of Water Resources in NigeriaInadequate water resources data collection and management. This leads to poor planning and project designs.

Escalating costs of water production and distribution.

Inefficient management of water resources infrastructures like dams, waterworks with their related distribution networks, leading to financial losses and unreliable service delivery

Image of shrinking Lake Chad

Source: UNEP, 2008

Water as a Human RightIs water a human right?

Both Scientists and government agrees it is.

According to the Nigerian Constitution, right to adequate water supply and sanitation is a basic

The question: who is responsible for ensuring that this human right is available

Institutional Aspects

The delivery of water supply is a shared responsibility of the 3 levels of government in Nigeria

Federal Government LevelFormulating and coordinating national water policies, management of water resources including allocation between states, and approving development projects.

Their main involvement in potable water supply has been the provision of multi-purpose dams and the supply of water in bulk, some to urban water systems.

State Government LevelResponsibility for potable water supply was traditionally entrusted to departments of the state governments (now 36 in number).

To develop and manage water supply facilities within its respective state.

Local Government Level

The 774 LG authority are responsible for the provision of rural water supplies and sanitation facilities in their areas although only a few have the resources and skills to address the problem

Funding Routes

Source: WaterAid, Nigeria

Policies on Water Resources Management in NigeriaLatest policy:

NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES POLICY 2016

There are policies and strategies for funding but there are no financial plan and log frame

http://www.waterresources.gov.ng/assets/img/root/resources/Final%20NWR%20Policy.pdf

2017 Federal Budget Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation the total sum of =N=7,298,507,709,937 (N7.29trillion)

Ministry of Water Resources 92,447,482,389 accounts for only 1.27% of total budget

Budget Composition of the Min. of. Water Resource 2013- 2017YEARTOTAL ALLOCATIONRECURRENT BUDGET ALLOCATIONPERCENTAGE OF RECURRENT EXPENDITURECAPITAL BUDGET ALLOCATIONPERCENTAGE OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE201792,447,482,3897,301,176,9447.9085,146,305,44592.10201653,300,177,8647,219,056,44113.5446,081,121,42386.45201523,446,953,5627,668,953,56232.7115,778,000,00067.29201452,278,003,2257,707,230,64614.7444,570,772,57985.26201388,227,914,9957,920,948,6308.9880,306,966,36591.02

Source: BOF

Graphical Representation of Budget Trend

Budget Implementation Report For The Capital Projects In The Ministry For Water ResourceYearAppropriated (A)Released (R)Cash backed (CB)Utilisation (U)U/CB (%)U/A (%)2016------201515,778,000,0008,161,028,6088,161,028,6087,602,049,82493.1548.18201444,570,772,57918,819,467,36518,819,467,36517,674,507,64693.9239.65201380,306,966,36531,442,600,74231,374,968,78630,018,286,27095.6837.38

Average implementation for capital water projects from 2013 to 2015 = 41.7%

Reasons For Poor Capital Implementation Of Water Resources:Corruption (in both government and donor projects funding)Poor planningPoor procurement processesLack of people inclusiveness in the budget and project choicesLack of proper technical know-how for these projectsUrban vs Rural dichotomy (Water schemes vs Boreholes)Budgeting for FrivolitiesLack of stakeholder monitoring and reporting of these projects (poor community and CSOs monitoring)Inequality in the mapping of these projects; preferential treatment in the citing of water projects (For example:

Preferential Treatment (Sample)

These clearly indicates that there is a strong political influence on the provision of water points across the country. Mainly because allocations of government water facilities are left to the inclination of political leaders and state patronage.

Budgeting for Frivolities

What can be done?CSOs in this room should be proactive and take a performance scoring of water projects in their community.CSOs should mobilize communities especially vulnerable groups to advocate for working water projects for the community.Stakeholders should engage in the process of awards of water projects to ensure that they meet expectations.Contractors that implement water projects should contractually sign project warrantee to ensure that the project meet their expected delivery periodsThe National assembly should be proactive in tackling water challenges in their various constituencies. Constituency projects by NASS can be encouraged to move towards water provision.

What can be done?.contThe ministry of water resource, along with other MDAs that are into behavioral change, should initiate and increase awareness for water conservation, recycling and reuse in Nigeria. Incentive should be given to private sector businesses that improve access to water to communities in their CSR. As a profitable business and considering the public sector inefficiency in providing water, there is need to encourage private sector experts that want to invest in the provision of water supply especially where water boards have failed. (CCTV video)The federal government in collaboration with other counties along the lake chad basin need to take proactive measure to restore the drying Lake Chad via conservation and restriction of its use.Federal and state government water projects should be developed on needs not by preferential.

Donor funding should be accounted adequately; with atleast 60% of the total pooled donor fund towards project implementation.

There is also the need for a shift in Nigerias energy choices. i.e need to shift our planned source of power supply to more clean energy. Instead of fossils like the planned 30% of coal-to-power which takes up a lot of water for cooling and steaming; drying water bed and contaminates remaining water surface., we should switch to renewable energy.

Divest from budget frivolities in the ministry of water resources to real water projects that can benefit the people.

What can be done?.cont

We look toward the new dawn when portable water will be easily available and affordable for 100% of Nigerians, hopefully before 2030

Chart1924474823897298507709937

Sheet1YEARTOTAL ALLOCATIONRECURRENT BUDGET ALLOCATIONCAPITAL BUDGET ALLOCATION201792,4477,30185,146201653,3007,21946,081201523,4467,66815,778201452,2787,70744,570201388,2277,92080,306Water ResourcesTotal Budget92,447,482,3897,298,507,709,937

Sheet1

20172016201520142013Amount (NGNm)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart19244753300234465227888227730172197668770779208514646081157784457080306

20172016201520142013Amount (NGNm)

Sheet1YEARTOTAL ALLOCATIONRECURRENT BUDGET ALLOCATIONCAPITAL BUDGET ALLOCATION201792,4477,30185,146201653,3007,21946,081201523,4467,66815,778201452,2787,70744,570201388,2277,92080,306

Sheet1

20172016201520142013Amount (NGNm)

Sheet2

Sheet3