Miss Napolitano & Mrs. Haas

CP Biology

TAXONOMY: CLASSIFICATION OF

LIVING THINGS

You use classification techniques all the time!

Miss Napolitano’s classification:Employee

State employeeRobbinsville High School employeeTeacher

Science teacher Biology teacher

CLASSIFICATION

Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms

Carolus Linnaeus – father of modern taxonomy

Grouped organisms into taxa based on similarities

Developed scientific names - common names became too confusing!

Binomial nomenclature: each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

TAXONOMY

WHAT IS THIS?

WHAT IS THIS?

You may have said:• Mountain lion• Puma• Cougar• Panther• Or something else!

Scientific names (binomial nomenclature) eliminates this problem!

Simply, Felis concolor.

DO YOU KNOW THE FOLLOWING SCIENTIFIC NAMES?

DO YOU KNOW THE FOLLOWING SCIENTIFIC NAMES?

Homo sapien

Canis familiaris

Felis catus

Spongiformasquarepantsii

Helianthus annuus

Domain is the most diverse, species is the most specific

Species: organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring

Binomial nomenclature = genus & species of an individual

THE SEVEN LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

Domain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: sapiens

Shorthand: Homo sapiens (H. sapiens)Genus & species italicized or underlinedONLY genus capitalized If abbreviated, shorten genus to 1 st letter

HUMAN CLASSIFICATION

Unicellular: made of 1 cell

Multicellular: made of more than 1 cell

Prokaryotic: cell does not have a nucleus

Eukaryotic: cells have nuclei

Autotrophic: makes own food (photosynthesis,

etc.)

Heterotrophic: consumes food

Cell wall: rigid structure surrounding the cell

membrane

VOCAB BEFORE WE PROCEED...

Bacteria: true bacteriaArchaea: extreme bacteriaEukarya: eukaryotes

THE 3 DOMAINS OF LIFE

Unicellular

ProkaryoticCell wallsCorresponds to

kingdom Eubacteria

Diverse!

DOMAIN BACTERIA

Unicellular

Prokaryotic

Live in extreme environments with no oxygenVolcanic hot springs, brine

pools, black organic mud

Cell walls

Corresponds to kingdom Archaebacteria

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

All eukaryotesOrganized into 4 kingdoms

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

DOMAIN EUKARYA

The super random group

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic

Categorized by plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like

DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM PROTISTA

Plant-like: Euglena

Fungus-like: Slime mold

Animal-like: Amoeba

Heterotrophic

Many feed on dead or decaying matter

Most multicellular but some unicellular

DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM FUNGI

Multicellular

Autotrophic – photosynthesis

Nonmotile – do not move from place to place

Cell walls

Include cone-bearing plants, flowering plants, mosses, & ferns

**Algae are NOT plants – they’re protists!

DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM PLANTAE

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

No cell walls

Most can move

Very diverse & complex!

DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM ANIMALIA

COMPARING DOMAINS & KINGDOMS

DomainArchaea

DomainEukarya

DomainBacteria

COMPARING DOMAINS & KINGDOMS

Domain Bacteria

Archaea Eukarya

Kingdom Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell Type Prokaryote

Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Cell Structures

Cell walls

Cell walls Some have cell walls, some have chloroplasts

Cell walls Cell walls, chloroplasts

No cell walls or chloroplasts

Number of Cells

Unicellular

Unicellular Some unicellular, some multicellular

Most multicellular, some unicellular

Multicellular

Multicellular

Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

Both Both Both Heterotrophic

Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Examples E. coli Halophiles Amoeba Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Used to help identify an unknown specimen

Works by asking yes or no questions about certain traits

Eventually leads the reader to the correct taxa for the organism

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

Traits Direction

1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to #2

1b. Organism has more than 4 legs

Go to #20

2a. Organism has a tail Go to #3

2b. Organism has no tail Go to #35

3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger

3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion

DICHOTOMOUS KEY EXAMPLE

TRY THIS!

Trait Direction

1a. Organism walks on 4 legs Go to #2

1b. Organism walks on 2 legs Go to #8

2a. Organism has visible fur Go to #3

2b. Organism has no visible fur Go to #20

3a. Organism lives in warm climates

Go to #7

3b. Organism lives in cold climates Go to #4

4a. Organism has black or brown fur

Ursus americanus

4b. Organism has white fur Ursus maritimus