MITES (ARACHNIDA: ACARI)COLLECTION, PREPARATION, MOUNTING,

LABELING, STORAGE AND PACKING SPECIMENS

SRI HARTINI AND A. SAIMZOOLOGY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY

INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES

ARACHNIDAARACHNIDA

SUBCLASS :SUBCLASS : SCORPIONESSCORPIONES PALPIGRADIPALPIGRADI UROPYGIUROPYGI PSEUDOSCORPIONESPSEUDOSCORPIONES RICINULEIRICINULEI SCHIZOMIDASCHIZOMIDA AMBLYPYGIAMBLYPYGI OPILIONESOPILIONES SOLIFUGAESOLIFUGAE ARANAEARANAE ACARIACARI

A

B

C

DA.OPILIONESB.ARANEAEC.SCORPIONESD.ACARI

ACARI (MITE)ACARI (MITE)

Thorax and abdomen unitedThorax and abdomen united Without superficial evidence of Without superficial evidence of

segmentationsegmentation Mouth provided with a median sub-oral Mouth provided with a median sub-oral

piercing organpiercing organ HypostomeHypostome Adults and nymphal with 4 pairs of legsAdults and nymphal with 4 pairs of legs larvae with 3 pairs of legslarvae with 3 pairs of legs

DORSAL SHIELD ACARI

GnathosomaGnathosoma

A. Gamasida, Macrochelidae

B, Opilioacarida, Opilioacaridae;

C, Actenidida, Glycyphagidae

A

A B C

A , DORSAL; B, VENTRAL; C, TYPE DORSAL SETAE

Dorsal shield suborder Dorsal shield suborder GamasidaGamasida

Dorsal shield suborder Dorsal shield suborder ActenididaActenidida

Dorsal shieldDorsal shield

Suborder Acaridida

Suborder Oribatida

CHELICERACHELICERA

A. FEMALE

B. MALE

A

B

LEGLEG

Stigma or spiracle in Stigma or spiracle in AcariAcari

a. Opilioacarida

b. Holothyrida

c. Gamasida

a. Ixodida b & c. Actenidida

a & b. Actenidida c. Oribatida

HABITS AND HABITATSHABITS AND HABITATS

A. Free-Living formsA. Free-Living forms

B. Parasitic formsB. Parasitic forms

A. Free-Living FormsA. Free-Living Forms

1. Predaceous Mites1. Predaceous Mites

2. Phytophagous Mites2. Phytophagous Mites

3. Mycophagous Mites3. Mycophagous Mites

4. Saprophagous Mites4. Saprophagous Mites

5. Other Microphytophages5. Other Microphytophages

6. Coprophagous & Necrophagous 6. Coprophagous & Necrophagous MitesMites

7. Phoretic Mites7. Phoretic Mites

1. Predaceous Mites1. Predaceous Mites

a. Ground speciesa. Ground species

b. Areal species b. Areal species

c. Storage speciesc. Storage species

d. Littoral-intertidal-marine d. Littoral-intertidal-marine speciesspecies

e. Aquatic speciese. Aquatic species

1. b. Predacious Areal species1. b. Predacious Areal species Long leggedLong legged Rapid in movementRapid in movement Preying on phytophagous mites or their Preying on phytophagous mites or their

eggseggs Brightly colored in shades of red, yellow or Brightly colored in shades of red, yellow or

greengreen Family Family PhytoseiidaePhytoseiidae, Bdellidae, , Bdellidae,

Stigmaeidae, Anystidae, Ascidae (Stigmaeidae, Anystidae, Ascidae (AscaAsca))

2. Phytophagous mites2. Phytophagous mites

1. 1. Areal speciesAreal species 2. Storage species2. Storage species 3. Ground species3. Ground species

2. Phytophagous mites2. Phytophagous mites1. Aerial species1. Aerial species

Slow movingSlow moving Majority of species are red, yellow or green in Majority of species are red, yellow or green in

color while some may appear white or transculentcolor while some may appear white or transculent They feed by inserting stylet-like chelicerae into They feed by inserting stylet-like chelicerae into

the cells of the plant host and sucking up the the cells of the plant host and sucking up the contentscontents

Transmit plant virusesTransmit plant viruses Some of most important arthropod pest of plants, Some of most important arthropod pest of plants,

spider mites (spider mites (TetranychidaeTetranychidae: : Oligonychus Oligonychus kadarsani kadarsani EharaEhara,, 1969 injurious to sugar cane in 1969 injurious to sugar cane in Java ), Java ), EryophidaeEryophidae, Sierraphytoptidae, , Sierraphytoptidae, Rhyncaphytoptidae, Rhyncaphytoptidae, TarsonemidaeTarsonemidae,Tenuipalpidae,Tenuipalpidae

2. 2. Storage species2. 2. Storage species Storage grains and other storage Storage grains and other storage

productsproducts White or brownish white in colorWhite or brownish white in color Slow movingSlow moving Family Acaridae (Family Acaridae (Acarus siroAcarus siro), ),

GlycyphagidaeGlycyphagidae

2. 3. Ground species2. 3. Ground species Few group of mites are adapted to feeding Few group of mites are adapted to feeding

on live plant tissue in soil. Feed on root on live plant tissue in soil. Feed on root tissue, corms or bulbstissue, corms or bulbs

Most the soil form are opaque white or Most the soil form are opaque white or translucenttranslucent

Slow moving form with short legs and with Slow moving form with short legs and with little or no distinctive idiosomal little or no distinctive idiosomal sclerotizationsclerotization

Some have chelate-dantate chelicerae for Some have chelate-dantate chelicerae for grinding and macerating plant tissue grinding and macerating plant tissue (Acaridida, Acaridae), some have (Acaridida, Acaridae), some have stylettiform chelae for piercing plant cell stylettiform chelae for piercing plant cell ((Actinedida, TarsonemidaeActinedida, Tarsonemidae).).

B. Parasitic FormB. Parasitic Form

A. Ectoparasitic MitesA. Ectoparasitic Mites

1. Vertebrate ectoparasites1. Vertebrate ectoparasites

2. Invertebrate ectoparasites2. Invertebrate ectoparasites

B. Endoparasitic MitesB. Endoparasitic Mites

1. Vertebrate endoparasites1. Vertebrate endoparasites

2. Invertebrate endoparasites2. Invertebrate endoparasites

LIFE STAGELIFE STAGE

Four life stage:Four life stage: EggEgg LarvaLarva NymphNymph AdultAdult

a. larvab. protonymphc. deutonymphd. adult

Classifications of the Classifications of the subclass Acari by Krantz, subclass Acari by Krantz,

19781978 I. Order ParasitiformesI. Order Parasitiformes

A. Suborder OpilioacaridaA. Suborder OpilioacaridaB. Suborder HolothyridaB. Suborder HolothyridaC. Suborder GamasidaC. Suborder GamasidaD. Suborder IxodidaD. Suborder Ixodida

II. Order AcariformesII. Order AcariformesA. Suborder ActinedidaA. Suborder ActinedidaB. SuborderAcarididaB. SuborderAcarididaC. Suborder OribatidaC. Suborder Oribatida

I.I. Suborder Gamasida Suborder Gamasida (Order Parasitiformes)(Order Parasitiformes) 66 family (Krantz, 1978)66 family (Krantz, 1978) Characteristic in the ventral side have shieldCharacteristic in the ventral side have shield Long legged and rapid movementLong legged and rapid movement Colored in shades of red, yellow or greenColored in shades of red, yellow or green Widely distribution, most in tropicWidely distribution, most in tropic Habitat on leave and some in soilHabitat on leave and some in soil Member of this group (Member of this group (Family Family

PhytoseiidaePhytoseiidae) as predaceous areal mites, ) as predaceous areal mites, preying primarily on phytophagous mitespreying primarily on phytophagous mites

As predators in pest programs or biological As predators in pest programs or biological controlcontrol

Predatory mite, Predatory mite, PhytoseiulusPhytoseiulus persimilispersimilis, ,

attacking tetranychid eggsattacking tetranychid eggs

TETRANYCHID EGG

II. Suborder Actinedida II. Suborder Actinedida (Order Acariformes)(Order Acariformes)

1. Family Tetranychidae1. Family Tetranychidae

2. Family Tarsonemidae2. Family Tarsonemidae

3. Family Eriophydae3. Family Eriophydae

1.1. Family Tetranychidae, red spider Family Tetranychidae, red spider mitesmites Habitat on the plant, areal speciesHabitat on the plant, areal species Widely distributionWidely distribution Economic important pest plants.Economic important pest plants. Some species have been found to transmit Some species have been found to transmit

plant virusesplant viruses This species low moving This species low moving They life undersurface of leaveThey life undersurface of leave In Indonesia this Family recorded pest In Indonesia this Family recorded pest

on cassava , sugar cane and tea on cassava , sugar cane and tea plantationplantation

Species of TetranychidaeSpecies of Tetranychidae

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

T. urticae Bryobia praetiosa

Tenuipalpus orchidarum

Oligonychus coffeae

Brevipalpus obovatus

Scarlet Tea Mite

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

Cassava leaves

Star fruit leaves

Mango leaves

OligonychusOligonychus spp. in spp. in Eastern AsiaEastern Asia

1.1. Olygonychus coffeaeOlygonychus coffeae (Nietn.) (Nietn.)

Found in tea and coffee, but occur on Found in tea and coffee, but occur on castorcastor

2.2. OO. . kadarsanikadarsani Ehara, 1968 and Ehara, 1968 and OO. . exsiccatorexsiccator (Zehyntner) recorded on sugar (Zehyntner) recorded on sugar cane in Java also in Hawaii cane in Java also in Hawaii ((OO. . exsiccatorexsiccator))

3.3. OO. . orthiusorthius Rimando from sugar cane in Rimando from sugar cane in the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan also from the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan also from sugar cane and bananasugar cane and banana

4.4. OO. . shinkajiishinkajii Ehara known from corn and Ehara known from corn and rice in Japan and sugar cane in Taiwanrice in Japan and sugar cane in Taiwan

Schizotetranychus celariusSchizotetranychus celarius (Banks)(Banks)

Habitat on live plant tissue in soil, Habitat on live plant tissue in soil, Feed on root tissue, corms or bulbsFeed on root tissue, corms or bulbs

2. Family Tarsonemidae2. Family Tarsonemidae

Soft bodied short leg feeding on root tissue corm and bulbs and leaves

Yellow Tea MiteYellow Tea Mite

Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Tarsonemidae)

Family Eryophidae, Family Eryophidae, leaf and gall mitesleaf and gall mites

Mite elongated in shape Have only two pairs of weak legs at

the anterior end of the body Cause malformations and gall on

leaves and stems

Species of Family Species of Family EriophydaeEriophydae

Eriophyes indigoferae E. theae E. boisi

Purple Tea Purple Tea MiteMite

Calacarus (=Eriophyes) carinatus (Eryophidae)

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

a. Leaf of Cinnamomum with galls of E.boisib. Tip of Indigofera shoot with galls of E. indigoferaec. Section through gall on Indigofera leaflet

How to collect mites in How to collect mites in the fieldthe field

1. Terrestrial Free Living Mite

A

BA.Berlese Tulgren

apparatus (after Krantz, 1978)

B.Aspirator (after Singer, 1964)

32

Collecting mite on plant

1

2. Parasitic and Phoretic Mites

Phoretic Miteson insect

PREPARATION

1.Clearing Agent2.Dissection

chelicera

A wood matchstick

MOUNTING TECHNIQUES

1.Semi permanent specimen ( Hoyer’s medium)2.Permanen specimen

a. PVA (Polyvinil alcohol-lactic acid mixture) b. Canada balsam

PROCESS MOUNTING WITH CANADA BALSAM

PROCESS TO MAKE SLIDE OF MITE SPECIMENS

petridish clearing agent mounting medium

CATALOGINGSPECIMENS

PRESERVEDLIFE

FIELD BOOK

REGISTER BOOK

EXCHANGE/VOUCHER

TEACHING MATERIAL

SPECIES/GENUS BOOK (LIST)

SPECIES CATALOG

DISTRIBUTION CATALOG

DATABASE

HOSPES CATALOG

REARING

STORAGE

A. WET SPECIMENS

B. SLIDE SPECIMENS

PACKING FOR SENDING OF MITE SPECIMEN

Mite in ethanol 70%

Slide Specimen

tissue

Box

tissue

Box

A. WET SPECIMENS

B. SLIDE SPECIMENS

Thank You