Mitigation program across multiple sectors

GHG Mitigation in Urban areas through a City-wide approach

Monali Ranade

First PMR Technical Workshop

October 26, 2011

Content

1. Cities and GHG mitigation

2. Multi-sector approach in Cities

3. On-going work in Cities on GHG mitigation

4. Illustration of a multi-sector initiative based on the city-

wide approach

5. MRV for a city-wide initiative

6. For Further Consideration

What is meant by multi-sector in a City context?

Solid Waste Water Energy Transport Greening

Urban Living

Land-use planning and regulation

Home

Work

Sources of GHG Emissions in Urban Areas

1. Why are Cities important for GHG mitigation?

Cities need to build infrastructure now, to support the large population inflow, making them the fastest growing source of GHG emissions

Cities continuously face the challenge to balance development and environmental needs

Access to finance is critical to facilitate low-GHG development in cities

67% of world's energy

supply

70% global GHG

emissions

2. Multi-sector approach in Cities

Regulations such as building codes, vehicular

emission and specific awareness campaigns.

City Authorities

are responsible

for: Understanding the

needs of their growing population

Improving the quality of living for its residents

through urban planning and improved delivery of municipal services.

Urban services like transport, waste, public

buildings, water services and forestry

(parks, recreation areas).

Defining City’s future through exercises such as, Master plans and

development strategies that outline a vision for the city

Cities already work in a multi-sector framework

Conduct a baseline

inventory of global

warming pollutants

Develop a local Climate

Action Plan (CAP) to

implement actions that

reduce global warming

pollution

Implement the local

Climate Action Plan

Measure, verify and

report performance

Establish a target to

lower emissions

1

2

3

4

5

ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection Campaign

Cities are also engaged with climate change

The CCP’s 5 Milestones provides

a simple, standardized means to

enable communities to effectively

reduce the emissions from both

government operations and the

community as a whole.

3. On-going work in Cities on GHG mitigation

3a. Multi-Sector CDM/VCS Programs

Amman Green

Growth Program

Urban

Transport Waste

Sustainable

Energy Urban

Forestry

Landfill gas to

energy

Plastics Recycling

slaughterhouse

waste-to-energy

EE street lighting

Residential CFL

Solar water heaters

Wind farm

Buildings EE

Bus Rapid Transit

system

Light Rail Transit

system

Fuel switch for

public vehicles

Plantations

Urban agriculture

Greater Amman Municipality

3b. Voluntary targets

San Francisco

Main Features

Energy-based CO2

• Breadth – 95% of Tokyo’s emissions

• Simplicity – mostly commercial buildings, electricity consumed

• Precision – monthly electric or other fuel bill, emissions factors

Categories of facilities

• Cap for Large: annual consumption >1,500 kL crude oil-equivalent

• Mandatory reporting (no cap) for Small/Medium: companies with

multiple facilities where combined annual consumption >3,000 kL

Baseline: Average of any three consecutive years in the period 2002-7

Targets (to reach aim of 25% below 2000 levels, by 2020)

• 6-8% reduction in first compliance period (2010-2014)

• Further 17% reduction in second period (2015-2019)

3c. City-based sector-specific ETS

Tokyo Municipal Government

Main features of Tokyo’s ETS (II)

Carrots

• “Top level” facilities (outstanding progress in reducing emissions) have

compliance factor reduced by half

• “Quasi top-level”: compliance factor reduced by one quarter

Sticks (if emissions exceed allowance, & fail to purchase credits to cover shortfall)

• Fine of JPY 500,000 (~$6,000)

• Additional reduction obligation, beyond shortfall itself

• “Name and shame” scheme

Emissions audited by independent auditors accredited with TMG

Trading and offset arrangements

• Banking of accumulated credits, but no borrowing

• Credits from Small/Medium facilities that have voluntarily reduced

• Credits from outside Tokyo (max 1/3 of baseline emissions)

• Renewable energy credits: green electricity or Cool-Net (residential)

Key lessons identified from Tokyo

Legal and regulatory frameworks for ETSs are essential

• Initial voluntary scheme (from 2000) resulted in very limited reductions

Data helps to establish baselines and identify best practices

• Mandatory emissions reporting began in 2000

• Evidence base for showing how targets were reasonable

• Based on electricity and fuel bills (only energy-based CO2)

Stakeholder consultation, confidence building

Appropriate design for city’s circumstances and government’s goals

• Intensity-based cap considered, but would not have resulted in reducing

total emissions

• Focus on large facilities: avoid thousands of small facilities which would

have resulted in marginal total reductions

Developing and implementing an ETS takes time (since 2000)

Extracted from a World Bank case-study

4. Illustration of a multi-sector initiative

based on the city-wide approach

Please Note:

The program presented in the next 3 slides is strictly for illustration and does

not reflect views or opinion of the World Bank or the Government of India.

From Mexico’s presentation

Urban NAMA

Increase in mortgage

penetration CONAVI INFONAVIT More

technolo

gie

s u

sed

CF

L

SH

W

Eff W

H

Imp

Insu

Eff R

ef E

ff AC

LED

ligh

t PV

PoA-2 Hipoteca

Verde

PoA-1 Esta es tu Casa

FOVISSSTE SHF

Residential NAMA

Urban NAMA

Reference Presentations by

Jorge Wolpert and CS Sinha Urban NAMA

National Registry/

Tracking System

International

Registry

Illustration: National City-wide Emission Reduction Initiative

City emission profiles and action plans were created for 41 cities in India by ICLEI. (Under a British High Commission supported initiative of ICLEI)

City Development Plans have been prepared by 60 cities. (under Govt of India’s Urban Renewal Mission)

Common Activities identified by cities:

1. Energy efficient street-lighting

2. Building level energy efficiency

3. Municipal water supply system

4. Transportation systems, including

improved public transport

5. Public awareness

6. Solid waste management

(and many others)

Illustration (contd.)

Building upon the work already done in Cities (last slide) A National City-wide Emission Reduction Initiative by synergizing

Cities’ Climate Action Plans and Development Strategies, where

a. Each city addresses GHG emissions from multiple sectors strategically and as part of their planning exercise

b. City authorities include the cost of undertaking low-carbon alternatives or climate resilience in their investment plans.

c. National initiative helps city identify, strategize and prioritize investment and provides advice on financing sources.

a. The Initiative establishes standardized city growth rates, other assumptions and a MRV framework to ensure transparency in setting baseline/reference scenario.

Illustration (contd…)

A National City-wide Emission Reduction Initiative can gradually improve the capacity and potentially market readiness of Cities

Phase 1: • Acts as aggregator of city-wide programs. • Builds capacity of cities to develop strong baselines, undertake MRV,

and implement projects • Assists in prioritize interventions and identify finance.

Phase 2: • Assign quantitative ER targets to each city, based on the data collected

and enhanced capacity • Allow for off-sets, PPP and all other options to involve private sector.

Phase 3: Depending on capacity, field-level experience, quality of data and a readiness assessment, introduce cities to a Domestic ETS.

5. MRV of a multi-sector, city-wide initiative

Greater Amman Municipality

City-level GHG Inventory (10,256ktCO2e or 3.7tCO2e pc, 2008)

Private transport

(incl. air, marine)

Pub

G d s

S e r

Household SW

I nd

Buildings S e r

Raw

Was

F o r

2 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12

13

14

15

16

1. Improved public transport (BRT, LRT, MRTS)

2. Cycling, pedestrians, NMT 3. Vehicle improvement

5. Landfill gas 6. Composting 7. Recycling 8. Waste mgt

9. Renewable E 10. Appliances 11. EE buildings 12. EE services

13. EE equip 14. EE treatment 15. Green areas 16. Urban Forest

AMMAN MASTER PLAN 2025

Transport (3889 tCO2e) Waste

(1012 tCO2e

Energy (3827 tCO2e)

Wat-er

AR

Bending the emissions curve

Monitoring only the emissions inventory

as compared with a projected baseline

Inventory-based monitoring

6. For Further Discussion

A city-wide program is not a NAMA but a national program with

cities as the implementing counterpart can be.

Cities are willing, interested and able to reduce GHG emissions.

But, they need capacity and financial support

? How can markets help cities reduce GHG emissions?

To begin with, this requires strong linkage between national and

sub-national governments, incl. state/municipal governments to:

Climate change policies and domestic actions

National and State inventories (incl. UNFCCC reporting)

Thank You!

Master plan Amman 2025

STATUES /

MODERN

STONE AGE

8000 B.C. SETLEMENT

/ MODERN

STONE AGE

8000 B.C.

City-wide, Multi-sector, Project level Monitoring

Project Types and ERs (tCO2e)

Select project type from menu;

Identify Boundary, Baseline scenario

Street Lighting

Water Pumping

District Heating

Boiler Efficiency

Buildings

And others…

Enter Name of City

Aggregates Emission Reductions

Manual

Automatic

Worksheet

Results

Legend

Enter Baseline and Project GHG

Emissions and Emission

Reductions (tCO2e)

for each project type

Enter Sector (e.g., Energy)

Critical for CDM PoA and VCS GPD

Transport

Model

Calibration

Base Year 2008

Roadway

and Transit

Networks

(Supply 2008)

Socio-Economic

Characteristics

Origin-Destination

Matrix

(Demand 2008)

Travel Time Vehicle Kilometers

Emissions Factors

2008

GHG Emissions

2008

Transport

Model

Application

Base Year 2010

Roadway

and Transit

Networks

(Supply 2020)

Socio-Economic

Characteristics

(Demand 2020)

Travel Time Vehicle Kilometers

GHG Emissions

2020

Emissions Factors

2020

Structure and

Parameters

EMBARQ Mitigation Action Accounting: Urban Transport

From case-study of Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Sector-level monitoring