Mitochondria Activity in the Detection of Upgrade in Innate Immunity

By Timothy He

Organ Transplantation Problems leading to transplantation Xenotransplantation Rejection Biopsy

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Immune System White Blood Cells and Antibodies Distinguishing Invader Types of Leukocytes

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Sepsis and the Cytokine Storm Excessive or paralysis of immune system Inflammation Toll-Like Receptors (Cytokines) Cytokines

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Biopsy-Need Microscopic inspection-cytlogy Invasive process Expensive

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AlloMap Deng et al. Post-Transplantation AlloMap Gene test Advantages-less invasive Accuracy

Mitochondria Energy producer Gene pool Development Activity

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Model organisms Ex: fruit flies, Mosquito-$19.00, starfish Toll Like Receptors and WBC Humoral and Haemocytic responses Basset et. al- Erwinia carotovora infects

Drosophila- $9.20 per culture Drosophila is the most available model

organism

http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/flies/flyImmune.html

http://quest.nasa.gov/projects/flies/flyImmune.html

Measuring Mitochondrial Activity Smart et. Al-Cell-specific regulation of Gene

Expression in Mitochondria during Anther Development in Sunflower-situ hybridization

Cytochrome C Oxidase Activity Assay- 236 euros for 100 assays, isolation kit- $200

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Flow Chart

5 Groups (n=100)

Control Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Infected with Erwinia carotovora

Infected with Erwinia carotovora

Infected with Erwinia carotovora

Infected with Erwinia carotovora

Tested for enzyme activity in humoral response cells

Tested for enzyme activity in haemocytic response cells

Tested for Gene Expression in humoral response cells

Tested for Gene Expression in haemocytic response cells

Try to identify a correlation in Mitochondrial activity increase and decrease

Correlation of Results

Focus for school

Bibliography Shtasel, Phhilip. Medical Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. New York: Harper

and Row, 1990. Fullick, Ann. Rebuilding the Body. Chicago: heineman, 2002. Friedlander, Mark P. Jr. and Phillips, Terry M. The Immune System.

Minneapolis: Lerner, 1998. Deng, M.C., Eisen, H.J., Mehra, M.R., Billingham, M., Marboe, C.C., Berry, G.,

Kobashigawa, J., Johnson, F.L., Starling, R.C., Murali S., Pauly, H. Baron, D.F., Wohlgemuth, J.G., Woodward, R.N., Klingler, T.M., Walther, D., Lal, P.G., Rosenberg, S. and Hunt, S ., "Noninvasive Discrimination of Rejection in Cardiac Allograft Recipients Using Gene Expression Profiling." American Journal of Transplantation. 6 (2006): 150-160.

Sriskandan, S. and Altmann, D.M." The Immunology of Sepsis. Journal of Pathology 214 (2008): 211-223.

Wang, Houli and Ma, Sui. "The Cytokine Storm and Factors Determining the Sequence and Severity of Organ Dysfunction in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 26 (2008): 711-715.

Smart, Christina J., Moneger Francoise, and Leaver, Christopher J. “Cell-Specific Regulation Expression in Mitochondria during Anther Develoment in Sunflower.” The Plant Cell. 6(1994): 811-825.

Basset, Alan; Khush, Ranjiv S.; Braun, Anne; Gardan, Louis; Boccard, Frédéric; Hofmann, Jules A.; and Lemaitre, Bruno. “The Phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia Carotovora Infects Drosophila and Activates and Immune Response.” PNAS. 97(2000):3376-3381.