Mix Design Lab

8/20/2019 Mix Design Lab

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction:....................................................................................................2

Objectives........................................................................................................3

Theoretical Information:...................................................................................4

Materials/Apparatus:........................................................................................

!"perimental #rocedures:................................................................................$

%ieve Anal&sis for 'oarse and (ine A))re)ates............................................$

%peci*c +ravit& of 'oarse and (ine A))re)ates............................................$

%peci*c +ravit& of 'ement:...........................................................................$

,r&-rodded ei)ht of 'oarse A))re)ates:....................................................

'ube Test for the Mi" 0:3:4 ith 1ater 'ement atio ............................

Testin) of the mortar cubes:.......................................................................0

!"perimental esults:....................................................................................00

%ieve anal&sis of (ine A))re)ates:..............................................................00

Table 0: %hoin) the results obtained from a sieve anal&sis test for *nea))re)ates...............................................................................................00

Anal&sis:...................................................................................................00

%ieve anal&sis of 'oarse A))re)ates:.........................................................02

Table 2: %hoin) the results obtained from a sieve anal&sis test for

'oarse a))re)ates...................................................................................02

Anal&sis:...................................................................................................02

%peci*c +ravit& (Or *ne a))re)ates:..........................................................03

Anal&sis:...................................................................................................03

%peci*c +ravit& (Or coarse a))re)ates:.....................................................04

Anal&sis:...................................................................................................04

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%peci*c +ravit& (Or 'ement:......................................................................06

Anal&sis:...................................................................................................06

,r& odded 1ei)ht of 'oarse A))re)ate:...................................................06

Mi" ,esi)n 'alculations:................................................................................0

'ompressive %tren)th:................................................................................0

Table 4 %hoin) Avera)e 'ompressive %tren)ths ith var&in) da&s.......0

%ource Tables used for mi" desi)n calculations..........................................2

,iscussion......................................................................................................22

'onclusion.....................................................................................................24

eferences.....................................................................................................26

Appendi"........................................................................................................2

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INTRODUCTION:

'oncrete is a composite en)ineerin) material that is composed of cement7

ater and a))re)ates and/or admi"tures. 8%oma&aji 209 'oncrete is an

e"pensive but &et durable buildin) material provided that measures are

taen durin) and after its production. !n)ineers are fre;uentl& tased ith

the job of havin) to produce a concrete ith re;uired properties hile

ensurin) that the materials are proportioned so as to mae the mi" orable

in its plastic state and also as economic as possible. !"tensive laborator&

or is conducted so as to produce a mi" proportionall& that ill satisf& the

factors mentioned. This procedure is non as concrete mi" desi)n.

Mi" desi)ns var& ith the job< such as si=e and shapes of structural

members7 re;uired stren)th of the concrete7 e"posure conditions and t&pes

of cement. There are to broad cate)ories of mi" desi)n: the ,.O.!. 8>ritish

method9 and the A.'.I. 8American 'oncrete Institute9 mi" desi)n. The most

preferred s&stem of concrete desi)n is the A.'.I. method. It allos

adjustment for the absorption capacit& of coarse and *ne a))re)ate7

ma"imum si=e of a))re)ates and even the ater cement ratio. The A.'.I.

s&stem entails ten steps7 all of hich are simple and e;uall& e?ective. On the

other hand7 the ,.O.!. method is based on various assumptions and

re;uirements. The assumption of the mi" depends primaril& on the ater

content7 percenta)e of *ne a))re)ates and ma"imum si=e of coarse

a))re)ates.

This e"ercise as done to investi)ate the compressive stren)th of a normal

ei)ht concrete mi" from a mi" desi)n created usin) a ater cement ratio of

.. The mi" desi)n as created usin) A.'.I. method.

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OBJECTIVES

To construct a mi" desi)n of a re;uired stren)th for concrete to be

used in a foundation all

To produce trial batches of the mi" desi)n to determine if the mi"

achieves the speci*ed stren)th

To discuss and evaluate the compressive stren)th of the concrete mi"

achieved.

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THEORETICAL INFORMATION:

'oncrete mi" desi)n refers to the method b& hich the most economical

combination of materials for the desired ;ualit& @ ith respect to stren)th7

durabilit&7 and orabilit& @ is established. 8%oma&aji 209

The basis of concrete mi" desi)n is to produce a concrete ith the re;uired

properties7 ithout a doubt utili=in) a hi)h proportion of cement ould

produce the stren)th re;uired but the e?ect that it ould have on the cost of

materials si)ni*cant since it is the most e"pensive of the constituents of

concrete.

A series of tests prior to mi"in) should be carried on the materials to aid in

the desi)n. %ome of these tests are:

i. %peci*c )ravities of the constituent materials7 namel& the cement7 *ne

and coarse a))re)ate. %peci*c )ravit& hich is the ratio of the mass of

an& volume of it to the mass of an e;ual volume of ater7 i.e. the

mass of the bod& is proportional to its ei)ht. ,eterminin) the

densities of various materials proves useful hen calculatin) the dead

load of the structure. (or the densit& of the various construction

materials7 the volume of an& part of the structure multiplied b& the

densit& of the materials )ive the mass and hence the ei)ht of the

structure. The ei)ht of the structure proves useful as this can aid in

ecientl& desi)nin) a foundation suitable to ithstand the load of thestructure.

ii. %ieve anal&sis of the *ne and coarse a))re)ates. %ieve is a simple test

of dividin) a sample of a))re)ates into fractions of similar si=es7

tabulatin) them and representin) the results )raphicall&. %ieve

anal&sis is used to )rade a))re)ates of hich the )rade should be

ithin a predetermined =one hich de*nes the permissible )radin) of

a))re)ates. This a))re)ate )radin) )ives an indication of the

orabilit&7 stabilit&7 economic7 durable a))re)ate proportion as ell

as the cement and ater re;uirement for a concrete mi" as this is animportant factor in the concrete mi" desi)n. The sieve anal&sis

indicates if the a))re)ates have lar)e de*ciencies or e"cess of an&

si=e7 a))re)ates that have a uniformed )rain si=e distribution are

)enerall& appreciated. Also7 from the *neness modulus of the *ne

a))re)ates the volume of dr& rodded coarse a))re)ates can be

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estimated and hence the ei)ht can be calculated provided that the

densit& is non.

iii. %lump test is a measure of the orabilit& of a mi". The choice of

slump is actuall& a choice of mi" orabilit&. 1orabilit& also )ives an

insi)ht to the ease of mi"in)7 ease of placin)7 ease of compaction andease of *nishin) the fresh concrete.

It must be noted that the amount and ;ualit& of ater has more or less the

)reatest e?ect on concrete properties since cement is a h&draulic material7

thus7 ater utili=ed in mi"in) concrete should be free of contaminants hich

ill allo the intended products of h&dration to be produced and not be

a?ected b& impurities.

Fineness Modulus, F . M .=

SpecificGravity=− −

Where A = weight of ne aggregate

B = weight of Pycnometer + Water + Aggregate

C = weight of Pycnometer + Water

(¿¿2−W 1)−

(W

3−W

4

)×0.79

=W

2−W

1

Where W 1 = weight of empty Le Chatelier Flask

W 2 = weight of ask + Cement

W ! = weight of Flask + Cement + "erosene

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W # = weight of Flask + "erosene

• Dry rodded unit weigt = CA w

Where = $ass of coarse aggregate

= %ensity of water

•

Where = &ol'me of concrete

( FA = &ol'me of ne aggregates

( CA = &ol'me of coarse aggregates

( C = &ol'me of cement

( W = &ol'me of water

• A$solute "olume= S

Where W ) = weight of s'*stance

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= ensity of water

S.GS= specic gra&ity of s'*stance

• Stress (CompressiveStrengt )=

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MATERIALS/APPARATUS:

The e;uipment used to conduct the preliminar& tests and also to test the

compressive stren)ths of the cubes are as follos:

For the sieve analysis:

I. A.%.T.M. %ievesII. !lectronic %caleIII. 0) (ine A))re)atesIB. 0) 'oarse A))re)ates

For the specifc gravity o coarse and fne aggregates:

I. !lectronic %caleII. #&cnometerIII. 0) (ine A))re)atesIB. 6) 'oarse A))re)ates

For the specifc gravity o cement:

I. Ce 'hatelier (lasII. !lectronic %caleIII. 6) 'ement

For the dry-rodded weight o coarse aggregate

I. Tampin) odII. %ample of 'oarse A))re)ateIII. Metal 'up from A))re)ate Impact Tester ApparatusIB. !lectronic %cale

For the compressive strength test:

I. %i" 89 concrete moulds84DD" 4DD " 4DD9II. !lectronic %caleIII. TroelIB. Mi"in) #an

B. Bersa CoaderBI. Tampin) od

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES:

%I!B! AEACF%I% (O 'OA%! AE, (IE! A++!+AT!%

i. (irstl& a sample of a))re)ates as taen from the stocpile andcleaned to remove all impurities.

ii. The sample as then passed throu)h the riGe bo" to have an e;ual

distribution of the a))re)ates in terms of si=e and ;uantities.iii. One half of the a))re)ates hich as passed throu)h the riGe bo"

as ei)hed and recorded as the initial ei)ht.iv. The sieves ere then arran)ed in the correct order and the sample as

poured into the hi)hest sieve then the setup of sieves as hand

shaen for four 849 minutes to ensure that all the retained as carefull&

passed.

v. The sieves ere then taen out and ei)hed ith )reat care to ensureno loss of a))re)ates< the ei)ht as recorded ith respect to its

sieve number.vi. The results ere tabulated and the *neness modulus as calculated.

%#!'I(I' +ABITF O( 'OA%! AE, (IE! A++!+AT!%

i. The bottle ith the stopper as cleaned7 ei)hed and dried.ii. The bottle as then *lled ith freshl& boiled/de-aired ater7 iped dr&

of e"cess ater and ei)hed 8ei)ht '9.iii. A non ei)ht A of oven dried a))re)ates as then placed into the

bottle.iv. The bottle as *lled ith de-aired ater to the same level as the *rst7

to the rim of the #&cnometer7 and then ei)hed 8ei)ht >9.

%#!'I(I' +ABITF O( '!M!ET:

i. The Ce 'hatelier (las ith its stopper as cleaned7 dried and ei)hed8109.ii. A sample of cement of non ei)ht as placed into the Has and

ei)hed ith its stopper 8129.iii. erosene as added to the cement in the Has until it as half full. It

as mi"ed thorou)hl& to remove entrapped air. More erosene as

added until it as Hush ith the )raduated mar7 stirrin) as

continued.

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iv. The Has as dried and ei)hed 8139.v. The Has as emptied and cleaned. It as then re*lled ith erosene

until it as Hush ith the )raduated mar. The Has as then dried

and ei)hed 8149.

,F-O,,!, 1!I+JT O( 'OA%! A++!+AT!%:

i. The metal cup as *lled to about 0/3 its ma"imum capacit& ith

a))re)ates and as tamped 26 times usin) a tampin) rod.ii. The steps ere repeated ith the cup 2/3 full and then completel&

*lled.iii. The e"cess a))re)ates ere strie o? from the overHoin) cup ith

the rod.iv. The ei)ht of the metal cup and a))re)ates as measured. The

ei)ht of the empt& metal cup as measured.

v. The ei)ht of the metal cup *lled ith ater as measured.vi. The volume of the metal cup as calculated.

'K>! T!%T (O TJ! MIL 0:3:4 1ITJ 1AT! '!M!ET ATIO .

i. The si" 89 moulds ere prepared and the release a)ent 8)rease9 for

the removal of the cubes as applied.ii. The mi" as done usin) the a))re)ates from the stocpile from hich

as tested for the sieve anal&sis and speci*c )ravit&7 the mi" ashand mi"ed to homo)eneit& ith the addition of the ater 8usin) the

. ater/cement ratio9.iii. Ksin) a troel the concrete as then poured into the moulds as three

la&ers7 each 0/3 the volume of the mould. !ach la&er as full&

compacted b& appl&in) 26 blos of a tampin) rod7 ith the top of the

mould bein) struc o? leveled ith the tampin) rod and *nished ith a

troel.iv. The concrete cube as left to harden for tent& four 8249 hours then

the cubes ere removed from their moulds and placed in the curin)

tan to encoura)e hardenin).v. At the end of this curin) period the cubes ere removed and air dried7

the saturated surface dr& ei)ht of each cube as then taen and the

dimensions of the moulds/cubes recorded.vi. The cubes stren)ths ere tested at seven 897 fourteen 8049 and

tent&-ei)ht 82$9 da&s.

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T!%TIE+ O( TJ! MOTA 'K>!%:

i. !ach cube as placed on the platform of the compression testin)

machine 8versa loader97 so as to allo its smooth side to be in contact

ith the machine7 ithout an& pacin) beteen the cube and the steelplates of the testin) machine.

ii. The cube as then loaded steadil& and uniforml& startin) from =ero lbf.iii. The crushin)/failure loads ere recorded.iv. The compressive stren)th of each cube as calculated b& dividin)

crushin) load b& cross-sectional area of the cube. The compressive

stren)th shall be the avera)e stren)th of the to cubes for the period

of curin).

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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

%I!B! AEACF%I% O( (IE! A++!+AT!%:

%ieve Eo.

1ei)ht of

%ieve

8)9

1ei)ht of %ieve

A))re)ate

8)9

1ei)ht

etained

8)9

#ercent

etained

'umulativ

e #ercent

etained

4 . . . . .

.666 .6 .6 .6 .6

0 .6 . .36 3.6 4.

3 . .$06 .206 20.6 26.6

4 .66 .6 .2 2. 46.66 .666 . .236 23.6 .

0 .63 .$6 .266 26.6 4.6

#an .4 .646 .66 6.6 0.

Total 1.000 100 239

TA>C! 0 : %JO1IE+ TJ! !%KCT% O>TAIE!, (OM A %I!B! AEACF%I%

T!%T (O (IE! A++!+AT!%

AEACF%I%:

Fineness Modulus, F . M .=

Fineness Modulus , F . M .=

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%I!B! AEACF%I% O( 'OA%! A++!+AT!%:

%ieve Eo. 1ei)ht of

%ieve

8)9

1ei)ht of

%ieve

A))re)ate8)9

1ei)ht

etained

8)9

#ercent

etained

'umulativ

e #ercent

etained

0 0.46 . . . .

0.4 0.606 .66 6.6 6.6

0.43 0.0 .2$ 2$ 33.6

0.30 0.6 .26 26 6$.6

0.326 0.6$6 .2 2 $4.6

0.3 0.36 .6 .6 4.

0.3 0.6 .46 4.6 $.6

#an .$36 .$6 .06 0.6 0.

Total 1.000 100 3!."

TA>C! 2 : %JO1IE+ TJ! !%KCT% O>TAIE!, (OM A %I!B! AEACF%I%

T!%T (O 'OA%! A++!+AT!%

AEACF%I%:

The ma"imum si=e of coarse a))re)ate is de*ned as the smallest sieve

openin) throu)h hich an entire sample passes. 8%oma&aji 209

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As seen in Table 27 in sieve no. 0 80DD9 there is no mass of a))re)ate retained

therefore the ma" si=e of a))re)ate to be used for the mi" is 0DD.

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%#!'I(I' +ABITF (O (IE! A++!+AT!%:

1ei)ht of #&cnometer 1ater 8'9 N 0.466)

1ei)ht of (ine A))re)ate 8A9 N .0)

1ei)ht of #&cnometer 1ater A))re)ate 8>9 N 0.62)

AEACF%I%:

SpecificGravity=

SpecificGravity= .

SpecificGravity= .

SpecificGravity= .

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%#!'I(I' +ABITF (O 'OA%! A++!+AT!%:

1ei)ht of #&cnometer 1ater 8'9 N 0.426)

1ei)ht of (ine A))re)ate 8A9 N .6)

1ei)ht of #&cnometer 1ater A))re)ate 8>9 N 0.)

AEACF%I%:

SpecificGravity=

SpecificGravity= .

SpecificGravity= .

SpecificGravity= .

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%#!'I(I' +ABITF (O '!M!ET:

1ei)ht of empt& Ce 'hatelier (las 8109 N 044)

1ei)ht of Has 'ement 8129 N 03.4)

1ei)ht of (las 'ement erosene 8139 N 4)

1ei)ht of (las erosene 8149 N 30.)

%peci*c +ravit& of erosene N .

AEACF%I%:

(¿¿2−W 1)−( W 3−W 4 ) ×0.79

=W

2−W

1

SpecificGravity= . −

SpecificGravity= .

SpecificGravity= .

SpecificGravity=

,F O,,!, 1!I+JT O( 'OA%! A++!+AT!:

Mass of coarse a))re)ate7 M'A N 0.$06lbs

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Mass of ater7 M N 0.6lbs

,ensit& of ater7 N 2.4 lbs/ft3

Dry roddedunit weig t = CA w

Dry roddedunit weigt = . .

=107.25l$s / ft 3

MIX DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

'oncrete is used for foundation alls @ mild e"posure

%peci*ed compressive stren)th @ 26psi

'ement: T&pe 0 #ortland

Ma"imum %i=e of 'ourse A))re)ate N 0P

%peci*c +ravit& of 'ourse A))re)ate N 3.3

%peci*c +ravit& of (ine A))re)ate N 2.$

%peci*c +ravit& of 'ement N 2.

,r&-odded ei)ht of 'ourse A))re)ate per ft3 N 0.26lb/ft3

(ineness Modulus of (ine A))re)ate N 2.4

• Bolume of concrete N6 4

& &

× 4

& &

× 4

&&

+10

N

N

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%T!# 0: %!C!'TIE+ %CKM# 8%!! TA>C! 3.69

%lump ran)e: 0DD to 3DD

%T!# 2: %!C!'T MALIMKM %IQ! O( A++!+AT!

Ma" si=e N 0DD 8see Table 2 in !"perimental esults9

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%T!# 3: !%TIMAT! TJ! MILIE+ 1AT! AE, AI 'OET!ET 8%!! TA>C!

3.9

8Ksin) non-air entrained concrete9 < %lump N 3DD < ma" si=e coarse a)).

N 0DD

(rom table 3. the appro"imate mi"in) ater for the mi" N 326lbs/&d3

of concrete

Mi'ing water= s

3 ×

y3 × 0.2442 ft

3

N 2.3lbs or 0.33)

%T!# 4: %!C!'T 1/' ATIO 8%!! TA>C! 3.9

(or non-air-entrained concrete R compressive stren)th of 26psi

/c ratio N .

%T!# 6: 'AC'KCAT! TJ! '!M!ET 'OET!ET

= ater cement ratio

1ei)ht of cement N . N 4.3$lbs or 0.4)

%T!# : !%TIMAT! 'OA%! A++!+AT! 'OET!ET 8%!! TA>C! 3.029

(rom table 3.02 e can see that the volume of coarse a))re)ate per unit

volume of concrete

N .0 ft3/ ft3

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Appro"imate 1ei)ht of 'oarse a))re)ate N ,r&-rodded ei)ht Bolume

of coarse a))re)ate

¿107.253 × 0.71

3 0.2442 ft

3of concrete

%T!# : !%TIMAT! TJ! (IE! A++!+AT! 'OET!ET

=

" CA="olume=

.

62.4l$s

3 × 3.03=

.

189.072 l$s/ ft 3=0.0983

ft

" C ="olume= .

62.4l$s

3 ×2.6

= .

162.24 l$s/ ft 3=0.0270 ft

" W ="olume= .

62.4 l$s

3 ×1

= .

62.4 l$s/ ft 3=0.0471 ft

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Therefore = −

= −

= −

=

"olume= S

" FA= S

0.0718 ft 3= S

62.4 l$s

3 × 2.86

W S=0.0718 ft ×62.4 3 × 2.86

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%T!# $: 'AC'KCATIE+ TJ! (I!C, MIL #O#OTIOE%

'ement : *ne a))re)ate : coarse a))re)ate : ater N ' : (A : 'A : 1

(ield mi" proportions N 4.3$' : 02.$04(A : 0$.66'A : 2.31

N 0' : 2.2(A : 4.24'A : .1

N 0 : 3 : 4 for a . /c ratio

'OM#!%%IB! %T!E+TJ:

Cube No. 7 Day Strength (psi) 14 Day Strength

(psi)

28 Day Strength

(psi)

1 1250

2 1100

1 1800

2 2000

1 2563

2 2200

Average Strength of

Cubes1175 1!! 2"81.5

TA>C! 4 %JO1IE+ AB!A+! 'OM#!%%IB! %T!E+TJ% 1ITJ

BAFIE+ ,AF%.

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%OK'! TA>C!% K%!, (O MIL ,!%I+E 'AC'KCATIOE%

8%ource: 'ivil !n)ineerin) Materials< Table 3.67 revised 20.9


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DISCUSSION

The main focus of this mi" desi)n lab as obtainin) the speci*ed

compressive stren)th of concrete throu)h a trial batch. It is seen throu)h

e"periments done in laboratories that as the ater content ratio decreases7the compressive stren)th increases. On the other hand7 if the ater content

ratio decreases7 the orabilit& ill also decrease. 1orabilit& is the ease at

hich the cement paste can be spread. Jence7 it can be concluded that as

the compressive stren)th increases7 the orabilit& ill decrease. 8%oma&aji

209

It can be seen in the results obtained that as the da&s of curin) pro)resses

the compressive stren)th of the concrete increases. 'urin) is the process

hereb& the proper moisture and temperature is maintained to ensure that

h&dration is continuous. 8%oma&aji 209 J&dration is a slo continuousprocess< therefore curin) has to be done for a period of time. Ksuall&7 at the

2$th da& of curin)7 h&dration ould be completed and the concrete ould

have obtained $S of its stren)th.

As seen in table 3.0 8under %ource Tables Ksed (or Mi" ,esi)n

'alculationsD9 the avera)e compressive stren)th that should be obtained

from this trial batch ould be e;ual to the speci*ed stren)th of the concrete

02psi. This )ives us 3psi avera)e compressive stren)th. This value

as clearl& not obtained as seen in Table 4 hich )ives us 23$0.6psi on the

2$th da& of curin). This ma& be due to several factors such as poorcompaction of the cement paste7 inte)rit& of stocpile bein) compromised

due to uncontrollable eather conditions7 and the ne)lectin) of the step in

the A'I method hich caters for moisture content of a))re)ates.

The *rst factor hich involves poor compaction of the cement paste

as as a result of human error. This lead to an increase of the voids in

concrete and ultimatel& loerin) the compressive stren)th of the cube.

The ne"t factor hich inHuenced the compressive stren)th as the

poor stora)e of the a))re)ates and cement used in the main) of the trialbatch. This ma& have lead to the absorption of surroundin) moisture b& the

a))re)ates and cement hich as not considered in the calculation of

mi"in) ater for the mi" desi)n. An increase in ater ould a)ain increase

the number of voids present in the concrete thus loerin) the durabilit&7

aterti)htness and clearl& the compressive stren)th.

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In the mi" desi)n used7 a step involvin) the consideration of moisture

contents of the constituent materials 8cement and a))re)ates9 as

ne)lected and thus lead to a surplus in mi"in) ater. Overall loerin) the

compressive stren)th of the concrete. (urthermore the ater cement ratio

chosen as alread& of a hi)h value 8bein) .97 so this caused the

unacceptable value obtained for the compressive stren)th on the 2$th da& of

curin) @ hich is hen the concrete should have )ained about $S of its

stren)th.

Improvements for the lab include the alterin) of the mi" desi)n to

accommodate for the moisture absorption of a))re)ates and usin) this to

create si" 89 ne cubes for testin) to obtain the avera)e compressive

stren)th of 3psi7 usin) fresh materials from a replenished stocpile7 and

tain) more care hen usin) the tampin) rod to compact the plastic

concrete.

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CONCLUSION

The compressive stren)th of the 2$th da& cured cube as found to be 23$0.6

psi hich is loer than the e"pected stren)th of 26psi for the foundation

all. In conclusion7 the lab should be redone ith care7 this time considerin)the moisture content of a))re)ates thus decreasin) the mi"in) ater and

increasin) the compressive stren)th.

REFERENCES

0. %oma&aji7 %han. U'ivil !n)ineerin) Materials.U 00-06. Ee Verse&: #rentice-Jall7 20.

2$ 5 # a ) e


30/31

APPENDIX

2 5 # a ) e

Appendix A: #icture %hoin)

the ei)hin) of the empt&

sieves 8#hoto taen b& evin

Appendix B: #icture %hoin) the

shain) of the stac of sieves

8#hoto taen b& Vason Cinton

23/0/2039

Appendix C: #icture

%hoin) the apparatus used

to de-air the ater 8#hoto

taen b& Taise %eepaul

24/0/203


31/31

Appendix D: #icture %hoin) the

apparatus used to determine the %.+. of

cement 8#hoto taen b& Afa=al

>ash8aa Jarr&9 24/0/203

Appendix E: #icture %hoin) theapparatus used to determine the dr&-

rodded ei)ht of coarse a))re)ate

8#hoto taen b& ,amien Moni=e9

Appendix F: #icture %hoin) the

versa loader bein) used to crush

one of the concrete cubes 8#hoto

taen b& Mahendra Calbachan9

24/00/203

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