mj;jpahak; 9: cs;slf;fk; - .GLOBAL · 122 mj;jpahak; 9: jpl;lkply; gFjp IV: eilKiwapy;...

118mj;jpahak; 9: jpl;lkply;

gFjp IV: eilKiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;jy;: jahu;gLj;jy;

mj;jpahak; 9: cs;slf;fk;

mj;jpahak; 9: jpl;lkply; ..................................................................................... 119A. mwpKfk; ..............................................................................................................................................................119

ngl;b 1rhpapiz ez;gh;fs; ,iz epiyapdu; mDgtk;— Vd; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;? .......................................................120

B. Nkhjy; kw;Wk; nfhLik njhl;hghd ghypay; td;Kiwfis (CARSV) Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; ...........................1211. Muk;gf; fl;l Muha;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs; ................................................................................122

ngl;b 2Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly; Nfs;tpfs; ......................................................................123

2. Nehf;fq;fs;..........................................................................................................................................1253. rk;ge;jg;gl;l nray;fs; ........................................................................................................................125

ngl;b 3rhpapiz ez;gh;fs; mDgtk; - kPwy;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ....................................................................................126

4. Nehf;fk; ..............................................................................................................................................1265. ,lu;fs;................................................................................................................................................126

ngl;b 4,lu;fs; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;fs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly; Nfs;tpfs; ......................................................................127

6. tsq;fs; .............................................................................................................................................1297. jfty; Nrfhpj;jy; cghaq;fs; ............................................................................................................129

ngl;b 5jfty; Nrfhpg;G cghak; .....................................................................................................................................129

7a. vj;jifa Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV jfty;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd? .............................................................................................................................1307b. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV jfty;fis vq;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; ............................................................................................................................130

ngl;b 6rhpapiz ez;gh;fs; mDgtk; - rhd;Wfis NjLjy; ..........................................................................................130

7c. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV jfty;fis vt;thW Nrfhpg;gJ 130

i. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiuAk; rhl;rpfisAk; ,dq;fhzy;......................................................................131ii. ,ilj;jufu;fs; %ykhf mZFjy; .........................................................................................132

ngl;b 7tof;Fr; rl;lk; cjhuzk; - ,ilj;jufh;fis gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;glf; $ba ,lh;fs; - I.rP.rP. ,d; Ygq;fh tof;F .................................................................................................................................132ngl;b 8,ilj;jufu;fSld; <LgLjy; njhlu;ghd Nrhjidg; gl;bay; ..............................................................................133

iii. ciungau;g;ghsu;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; ......................................................................................1347d. jfty;fis vt;thW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Lnry;tJ ............................................................1357e. jfty;fis vt;thW xOq;fikg;gJ ...........................................................................................136

8. kPs;ghu;it kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs; .....................................................................137ngl;b 9kPs;ghu;it kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs; ......................................................................................137

9. ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitfs .....................................................................................................................138ngl;b 10ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitf; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd cjhuzq;fs; ..........................................................................138

10. juhjuk; kpf;f nraw;ghl;L eilKiwfs; ...........................................................................................13911. Ra-guhkhpg;G ......................................................................................................................................139



mj;jpahak; 9: jpl;lkply;

A. mwpKfk;

Nkhjy; kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;ghd ghypay; td;Kiwfis (CARSV) Kiwahf Mtzg;gLj;JtjhdJ G+uzkhd Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapy; jq;fpAs;sJ: cq;fsJ CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jiyj; jpl;lkpLjy; vDk; nghOJ Fwpg;gpl;l nghWg;Gf; $wy; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd rfytpjkhd nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpYk; rpe;jpj;J mtw;iw xOq;fikg;gjhFk;.

newpKiw vd;w tplaj;jpd; gpufhuk; CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jypd; nghOJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfs; gw;wp fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ru;tNjr Fw;wk; vd;w Kiwapy; ghypay; td;Kiwia ntWkNd jdpahf khj;jpuk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; $lhJ. ghhpasT td;Kiw kpf;f #o;epiyapy; ,j;jifa Fw;wq;fs; vt;thW nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gij vLj;Jiug;gjw;fhd gpujhd fUtpahf ,t; Mtzk; fhzg;gLfpwJ (cjhuzkhf> ghhpa nfhiyfs;> tYf;fl;lhakhf fhzky Mf;fg;gl;Nlhu;> rpWtu;fis Ntiyf;Fr; Nru;j;jy;> fpuhkq;fis mopj;jy; Nghd;wd). gpd;Gyk; rhu;e;j tplaq;fisAk; njhlu;GfisAk; jhgpg;gjw;F ,j;jifa tplaq;fs; Fwpg;ghf mtrpakhFk;.

Xu; mikg;gpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; vt;thwhf ,Ue;j nghOjpYk; - mJ Fw;wtpay; rhu;e;j ePjpfisNah my;yJ Vida nghWg;Gf; $wy; tbtq;fisNah ehLtjhf ,Ue;j nghOjpYk; $l ,it njhlu;gpyhd fye;jhuha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;F mtrpakhd nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikg;gJ mbg;gil Kf;fpakhFk;. mjhtJ> CARSV njhlu;ghd jfty;fis nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Vd; Nrfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;> me;jr; nrad;Kiw vj;jifa gq;fspg;Gf;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ> jw;Nghija Gydha;Tr; nrad;Kiwfisj; jhf;fhky; ,Uf;fpd;wjh> mj;jifa jfty;fis vt;thW Nrkpg;gJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd jpl;lkply;fs;> ,Wjpapy; vd;d> ve;j tiuTr;rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,it eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gd Nghd;wd.

CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lkplypd; Xu; mq;fkhf ,j;jifa rfy mk;rq;fisAk; xOq;fikf;f KbAk;. ,f;Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; nghOJ – Vd; jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;: mj;jifa jfty;fis vt;thW jpul;LtJ: ,Wjp vd;d: vj;jifa tiuTr; rl;lfj;jpd; gpufhuk; - ,j;jifa gjpy;fisj; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; cs;slf;Ftjw;F tphpthd Ma;T> kjpg;gPLfs;> jahu; epiyfs; Mfpad mtrpag;gLfpd;wd.

Mtzg;gLj;jypd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwahd jpl;lkplyhdJ nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F gpd;tUtd njhlu;gpy; cjTk;:

» jkJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd rk;ge;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;.

» Njitaw;w ,lu;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;

» nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; jq;Fkpl trjpfs; cs;slq;fyhf epjp hPjpahf jahu; epiyapypUe;jy;.

» Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfis itj;J vd;d nra;ag; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;gij mwpe;jpUj;jy;.

» NghjpasT Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; njhpTfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.



ngl;b 1

rhpapiz ez;gh;fs; ,iz

epiyapdu; mDgtk;— Vd;

jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;?

eahzp> ngz;fs; chpikfs; FO mikg;ghsh;: ‘ngz;fSf;nfd ghJfhg;G ,y;y epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw vkJ mikg;G elj;jp tUfpd;wJ. td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L jg;gpj;J te;j ngz;fs;> jpUkz J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ gps;isfs; MfpNahUf;F Muk;gj;jpy; ehk; Gfoplk; mspj;J te;Njhk;. ,g;nghOJ gy ngz;fs; vq;fSld; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wdh;. Vnddpy;> ,th;fs; Nkhjy;fspd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs;. mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;. mth;fSf;Fr; nry;tjw;F NtW ,lk; ,y;iy. mth;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; jq;fSila fijfisf; $w Muk;gpj;j nghOJ mth;fis MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ehk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jpNdhk;. mjd; gpd;dh; mth;fs; rpy jfty;fisj; njhptpj;jdh;. mr;rkaj;jpy; mth;fs; vk;kplk; xU Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;ldh;. mjhtJ mth;fSf;F ,e;j mdh;j;jj;ij ,ioj;j Mz;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f KbAkh vdf; Nfl;ldh;. mjd; %yk; kw;wth;fSf;Fk; ,j;jifa Jd;gq;fs; ,iof;fg;gLtijj; jtph;f;f KbAnkdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;. my;yJ rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;Fg; gue;jstpy; ,th;fsJ fijfisf; $w KbAkh vdf; Nfl;ldh;.

mth;fsJ rhd;Wfis kpfTk; fhj;jpukhd Kiwapy; ehk; njhFj;Njhk;. mjd; gpd;dh; mth;fsJ jfty;fis X vd;w rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs; fUtpaplk; rkh;g;gpj;Njhk;. mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; vq;fsplk; rhpahd tplaq;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iynadf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ehk; rhpahd Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;ftpy;iynadj; njhptpj;jdh;. ngz;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; mth;fSf;F mtrpakhd cjtpr; nrad;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; NtW vd;d tplaq;fis ehk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,g;nghOJ ehk; rpwg;ghf jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. vq;fsplk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapay; xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. ehk; kw;wth;fSf;F cjt KbAk;. rpwpa mikg;Gfs; jkJ nrhe;j nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLfpd;wd’

CARSV I Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KOikahd jpl;lkhdJ fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jpl;lkply; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfSf;F ,aYkhdtiu KOikahf gjpy; mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw KOtJk; jpl;lq;fs; ve;jstpw;F khwpa nghOjpYk; $l jfty; Nrfhpg;Gr; nrad;Kiwf;F Kd;du; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspdhy; fPo;f;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ryf Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; gjpyspf;f Kbahj #o;epiy Vw;glyhk;.

CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lkhdJ xU ,aq;fhw;wy; kpf;f MtzkhFk;. ,jid kPs; ghu;itf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaKs;sJ. mj;NjhL> epiyikfSf;F Vw;w rPuhf;fy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Ngl;bapd; gpd;dUk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> fhzg;gLfpd;w FiwghLfis ,dq;fz;L tha;g;Gs;s Gjpa tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk; (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 11: Ngl;b fhzy;> gphpT M: Ngl;bf;fhd tiuTr;rl;lfk; 5 kjpg;gPL)

Nfs;tpfSf;Fj; njhluhf ,yf;fq;fs; toq;fg;gl;l nghOjpYk; $l gy;NtW Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fis xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;iwj; jdpikg;gLj;jp my;yJ md;dpag;gLj;jpg; ghu;f;f KbahJ. Fwpg;gpl;l nray; xd;W Mtzj;jpd; ve;jf; Nfs;tpapd; fPo; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gjhdJ ngUk;ghYk; xl;Lnkhj;jg; nghWg;Gf; $wypd; mbg;gilapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. kw;Wk; xU epWtdj;jpdhy; gpuNahfpf;ff; $ba Mw;wy;fs;> jpwd;fs;> mjNdhL njhlu;Gila ,lu;fs;> Vidatw;wpypUe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l rhl;rpfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.



B. Nkhjy; kw;Wk; nfhLik njhl;hghd ghypay; td;Kiwfis (CARSV) Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;

CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lkhdJ 3 gpujhd mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

A. Ma;tpw;Fk; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; cs;shf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mbg;gil tplaq;fs;

1. cq;fsJ Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs; %ykhf ePq;fs; vjidf; fz;lwpe;jPu;fs;?

2. cq;fSila Nehf;fk; vd;d?

3. vj;jifa tplaq;fis ePq;fs; Gydha;T nra;J tUfpd;wPu;fs;?

4. cq;fsJ tprhuizapd; nraw;ghl;nly;iy vd;d?

5. ,lu;fs; vit?

6. vj;jifa tsq;fs; cq;fSf;F mtrpag;gLfpd;wd> mtw;Wf;fhd nryTfs; vd;d?

B. jfty; Nrfhpg;G cghaKiw

7. cq;fsJ jfty; Nrfhpg;G cgha Kiw vj;jifaJ?

a. vj;jifa CARSV jfty;fs; mtrpak;?

b. cq;fsJ jfty; FiwghLfs; vit?

c. vq;fpUe;J CARSV njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs;?d. CARSV jfty;fis vt;thW Nrfhpg;gPu;fs;?e. jfty;fis vt;thW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp my;yJ Nrkpj;J mtw;iwf; nfhz;Lnry;tPu;fs;?

f. jfty;fis vt;thW xOq;fikg;gPu;fs;?

C. eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba nrad;Kiwfs;

8. mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs; vit?

9. nrad;Kiwfis vt;thW kPsha;T nra;tPu;fs;?

10. cq;fsJ ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhl;ghL vd;d?

11. cq;fsJ juhjuk; kpf;f nraw;ghl;L eilKiwfs; vd;d?

12. Ra-guhkhpg;gpid vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;tPu;fs;?



1. Muk;gf; fl;l Muha;r;rpfs;

kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs;

cq;fsJ Muk;gf; fl;l Muha;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfspd; nghOJ ePq;fs; vjidf; fz;lwpe;jPu;fs;? Kjy; gbKiwahf nraw;;ghl;lhsu;fs; jhk; ehLfpd;w jfty;fis Vw;fdNt NtW nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; my;yJ mikg;Gfspdhy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth> mj;jifa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkh> kw;Wk; Ngl;b fhzy; cs;slq;fyhf mtw;iw kPs; Mtzg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak; jhdh vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkyjpf Mtzg;gLj;jy; mtrpag;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila gy;NtW tpjkhd gpur;rpidfis KOikahf kjpg;gPL nra;tJld;> Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwia Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Ma;tpidAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilahf ,j;jifa jfty;fs; jpfo KbAkh> ghypay; td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ve;jtpjj;jpYk; r%f #oikTfspy; tYtw;wtu;fshf khw;wg;gltpy;iynad;gij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL Mtu;fspdhy; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mtu;fsJ ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpyhd vj;jifa mr;RWj;jNyh my;yJ Nguk;NgRjNyh ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jkJ tprhuizfis Muk;gpf;fpd;w nghOJ Fwpg;ghf ghypay; td;KiwAld; njhlu;Gila tplaq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jfpd;w re;ju;g;;gq;fspy; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rpy Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd:

gfpuq;f %yq;fisAila mwpf;iffs;> Mtzq;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; rpy jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. rpy jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; tphpthd Ma;Tfs; mtrpag;gLtJld;> I.eh. kw;Wk; Vida ru;tNjr mikg;Gfs;> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> cs;s+u; kw;Wk; mbkl;l mikg;Gfs;> rpe;jidahsu; Fohk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. Vida jfty;fs; jkJ nrhe;j Njrpa #oikTfspy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; NeubahfTk; jkJ gpuNjrj;jpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.



ngl;b 2

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly; Nfs;tpfs;

Fwpg;gpl;l Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd Muk;gf; fl;l Ma;Tfs;

» gpuNjrj;jpd; ghy;epiy ,aq;fhw;wy; vj;jifaJ. ,jpy; ghy;epiy ntspg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ghy; ehl;lk; Mfpad cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. kPwy;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;w cs;s+u; kl;lj;jpYk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk; ,it vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghy;epiy tfpghfq;fs; njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk; fyhrhu hPjpapyhd ek;gpf;iffs; vit> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhd Mw;wy;fisAk; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiaAk; vt;thW ,J ghjpf;fpd;wJ?

» ,lk;ngWtjhf rhu;j;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;w mr;RWj;jy;fs;> gaKWj;jy;fs;> gaq;futhjq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd nray;fspd; jd;ikAk; Nehf;nfy;iyAk; vj;jifaJ? ,j;jifa Fw;wtpay; nray;fs; ve;j tbtj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd? jhf;Fjypd; xl;Lnkhj;j jd;ikfSld; ,it vt;thW nghUe;Jfpd;wd?

» vit cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? ahhplk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sd? vq;Nf jdpg;gl;ltu;fs; ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;?

» khWgl;l ghypay; td;Kiw tbtq;fs; njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpd; Ghpjy;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; ,tw;Ws; gps;isfs;> mq;ftPdu;fs;> ,d hPjpahd rpWghz;ikapdu;> RNjr kf;fs; my;yJ LGBTI r%fk; Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhdit mlq;fshf vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wd? ,jd; gpd;tpisTfs; vd;d? ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfs; njhlu;gpy; VjhtJ cs;sdth? jkJ r%f cWg;gpdu; xUtUf;F vjpuhf ghypay; Fw;wk; ,iof;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf r%fj;jpw;F mwptpf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; me;jr; r%fk; my;yJ FLk;gk; vt;tifahd gpujpgypg;Gf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd? ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ rhl;rpapd; taJ my;yJ ghy;epiyf;F Vw;g mjd; jhf;fk; khWgLfpd;wjh?

» vj;jifa ghJfhg;G epiyikfs; cs;sd? ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; nghWg;Gf; $wy; nghwpKiwfis mZfpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;fpd;w nghOJ vjpu;nfhs;sf; $ba jilfs; vit?

» khWgl;l ghypay; td;Kiwfs; vt;thW Fw;wr; nray;fshf;fg;gLfpd;wd? ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fis ep&gpg;gjw;F vj;jifa rl;l hPjpahd Njitg;ghLfs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd? rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;w tha;g;gpid Njrpa rl;l Kiw toq;Ffpd;wjh? Mnkdpy;> eilKiwapy; ,jidg; gpuNahfpf;f KbAkh? tpjpfs; njhlu;ghd eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs; Mfpad ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpd;wjh? my;yJ jilahf mikfpwjh? cjhuzkhf - Mz;> ngz; ,U ghyhuJ rhd;WfSf;Fk; rk me;j];j;J toq;fg;gLfpd;wjh? gps;isfs; njhlu;gpy; tpNrl rl;l Vw;ghLfs; vJTk; eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?

» Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpYk; vt;thW tprhuizfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;l eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd? ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fis tprhuiz nra;J rl;l eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfd> rpWtu;fs; njhlu;gpyhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tpNrl epGzj;Jtk; cila nghyp]; cs;spl;l tpNrlkhf gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l nghyprhu; ,Uf;fpd;wduh?

» rhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; MfpNahu; njhlu;gpy; Kiw rhu;e;j kw;Wk; Kiw rhuhj Kiwapy; vj;jifa khWgl;l ePjp Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? ,e;j ePjp Kiwfspd; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs; ahit? Kiw rhuh nghwpKiwfs; ehl;by; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wjh my;yJ mjid NkYk; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpd;wjh? Kiw rhuh ePjpg; nghwpKiwfspy; Mz;> ngz; ,U ghyhUk; rkj;Jtkhf elj;jg;gLfpd;wduh? kuG hPjpahd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;whky; Mdhy;> murhq;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila nghwpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F njhpTnra;j ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ rhl;rpfs; vjpu;nfhs;sf; $ba gpd; tpisTfs; vd;d (fhzg;gbd;)? ,tu;fs; ,e;j ,uz;bidAk; mZfpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkh? ,e;j ,uz;L KiwfisAk; rpWtu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkh?

Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd gad;kpf;f fUtpahf ghy;epiy ePjp kw;Wk; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jt kuGfs; Fwpfhl;br; Nrhjidg; gl;bay; MFk;. ghy;epiy eilKiw ntspaPlhFk;: Maj Nkhjy;spd; nghOJ ghy;epiy mbg;gilapyhd Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Kiwfs; kw;Wk; topfhl;bfs;. gf;fk; 9 -14 (,jid http://www. iccwomen.org/whatwedo/training/docs/Gender_Training_Handbook.pdf) ,y; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.)



ngl;b 2

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly; Nfs;tpfs;

#oikTfs; njhlu;ghd Muk;gf; fl;l Ma;Tfs;

» murpay; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G epiyikfs; vd;d? Nkhjy; my;yJ FNuhjq;fs; njhlu;ghd tuyhW vd;d? ,d> rka my;yJ ,d hPjpahd mlf;FKiwfs; njhlu;ghd tuyhWfs; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? ghy;epiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ml;ôpaq;fSf;fhd tuyhW cs;sjh (cjhuzkhf – ghy;epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; mbg;gil chpikfs; fLikahf jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth)?

» ahu; ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;? Fwpg;gl;;l FOitr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; ,yf;fhf;f nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sduh? tpNrlkhf rpWtu;fs; ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sduh? mj;jifa FOf;fs; ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdu; vd;gij vt;thW mwpe;Jnfhz;Bu;fs;? mtu;fis ahu; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;ldu;? ,tu;fs; Mz;fshy; my;yJ igad;fshy;> ngz;fshy; my;yJ ngz; gps;isfshy; ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sduh?

» ,j;jifa jhf;Fjypd; Xu; mq;fkhf Vida Fw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd VjhtJ gjpTfs; my;yJ rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? tPLfisr; Rw;wp tisj;jik> ifJnra;ag;gl;lik> nghJkf;fisj; jLg;Gf;fhtypy; itj;jik> fpuhkq;fs; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jhf;Fjy;fs; my;yJ Nrhjidr; rhtbfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jhf;Fjy;fs;> ghypay; hPjpahf my;yJ ghypay; rhuhj tifapy; rpj;jputijfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;fhd mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wd njhlu;gpy; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; cs;sdth? ,j;jifa Fw;wq;fspd; jd;ik vj;jifajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

rhu;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Fw;wkpioj;jtu;fs; njhlu;ghd Muk;gf;fl;l Ma;T

» murpay;> ,uhZt> ghJfhg;G cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; vt;thW xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd? MAjf; FOf;fsh my;yJ Vida tpjkhd FOf;fsh mq;F nraw;gLfpd;wd? gpuNjr kf;fSld; mtu;fsJ cwTfs; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

» MAjf; FOf;fs; vq;fpUe;J tUfpd;wd? mtu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; vd;d? ,f;FOf;fshdJ Mz;> ngz; ,U ghyhiuAk; nfhz;Ls;sjh? ,f;FOf;fshdJ igad;fs; kw;Wk; ngz; gps;isfisf; nfhz;Ls;sjh? ,f;FOf;fspd; khWgl;l tfpghfq;fs; vd;d?

» Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw eilngWfpd;w ,lj;jpy; rhu;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Fw;wthspf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; mt;tplj;jpy; gpurd;dkhfpAs;s MAjg;gilfs; (VjhtJ fhzg;gbd;) Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapy; vj;jifa njhlu;Gfs; my;yJ $l;lzpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw eilngWfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fw;wkpioj;jtu;fs; my;yJ mtu;fsJ $l;lhspfs; ahUf;fhtJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;Jld; VjhtJ njhlu;Gfs; my;yJ nry;thf;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

fhzg;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; mZfpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd Muk;gf;fl;l Ma;T

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F my;yJ gopahdtu;fSf;F nghJthf vj;jifa kUj;Jt> r%f> cstpay; cjtpfs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd?

» vj;jifa kUj;Jt my;yJ r%f> cstpay; Nritfisg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;?

» ghypay; td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfSf;F vj;jifa Rfhjhu hPjpahd> r%f> cstpay; rhu;e;j> rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu hPjpahd cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd njhpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? vj;jifa kl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nritfs; my;yJ cjtpfis toq;ff; $ba Nritfs; eilKiwapYs;sd? ,it ghJfhg;ghfTk; ftdkhfr; nraw;glf;$baitahfTk; gaDWjp kpf;fitahfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdth?

» ,j;jifa Nritfis cs;s+u;> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; Njrpa kl;lq;fspy; ahu; toq;Ffpwhu;fs;?

» ,j;jifa Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F my;yJ rhl;rpfSf;F VjhtJ jilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth (cjhuzkhf – ghJfhg;G hPjpahd mf;fiwfs;> epjp hPjpahd gpur;rpidfs;> ghugl;r hPjpahd kdg;ghq;Ffs; my;yJ nfhs;iffs;)?



2. Nehf;fq;fs;cq;fsJ Nehf;fq;fs; vd;d? Muk;gj;jpNyNa nghWg;Gf; $wy; njhlu;ghd Nehf;fq;fisg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. nraw;gLj;Jdu;fs; (i) CARSV njhlu;ghd Mtzg;gLj;jy;fis Vd; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu; - vjpu;fhy nghWg;Gf; $wy; nghwpKiwfSf;fhf ,tw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjh mtu;fsJ Nehf;fk;> my;yJ kdpj chpikfs; kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpy; vLj;Jiug;gjh my;yJ ru;tNjr Fw;wtpay; Gydha;TfSf;F cjtp nra;tjh> my;yJ Vidaitah vd;gij jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,tu;fsJ Nehf;fk; ePjp rhu;e;j nghwpKiwfs; vdpy;> ,tu;fis kPz;Lk; Ngl;bfhz;gJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj tplkhfptpLk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tu;fSf;fhd Miz ghpe;Jiuj;jy; vdpy;> ,jw;fhd mtrpak; ,y;iy (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 7: jPq;fpiof;f Ntz;lhk;> gFjp , 2. xUq;fpizg;G)

nraw;gLj;Jdu;fs; gpd;tUtd njhlu;gpYk; ftdkhf ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (ii) jkJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw %ykhf vj;jifa tpisTfis mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu; - me;j tpisTfspd; ,Wjp ngWNgW jz;lid mspj;jyh my;yJ epjp jpul;Ljy; nraw;ghLfis mjpfhpj;jyh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bd; kPJ ru;tNjr mOj;jq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjh vd;gij jPu;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf - ,j;jifa tplaq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjd; fhuzkhf mit gpd;tUtd gw;wp jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;. (iii) vj;jifa nghWg;Gf; $wy; nghwpKiwfisj; njhlu;tJ. (iv) Fwpg;gpl;l nghwpKiw njhlu;gpy; vj;jifa Njitg;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;> mjw;fhd NjitfSk; mtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd (v) Mw;wy;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth vd;gd Nghd;wd.

,j;jifa Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;gjd; fhuzkhf nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; (vi) jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;gJ njhlu;gpyhd xl;Lnkhj;jr; rl;l hPjpahd tiuTr; rl;lfj;ij CARSV njhlu;gpy; jhgpj;jy;> mjhtJ jdpg;gl;l Fw;wtpay; nghWg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisj; jhgpg;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;ljh> mur nghWg;G my;yJ cs;s+u; kl;lj;jpy; Vida Nehf;fq;fs;> gpuhe;jpa my;yJ ru;tNjr kl;lq;fspyhd Vida Nehf;fq;fs;> rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd rk;ge;jg;gl;l tpjpfs;: ep&gpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; gpuNahfpf;ff; $ba juhjuq;fs; (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 3: nghWg;Gf;$wy; ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghd NkNyhl;lg; ghu;it). jfty;fisr; Nrfhpf;fpd;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; vjpu;fhy nghWg;Gf;$wy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mtw;iwg; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J tUfpd;wdu; vd;gJ cz;ik. ,tw;Ws; Fw;wtpay; rhu; jz;lidaspj;jYk; cs;slq;Fk;.

3. rk;ge;jg;gl;l nray;fs;vj;jifa rk;ge;jg;gl;l nray;fs; njhlu;gpyhd Mtzg;gLj;jy;fis ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wPu;fs;? CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jypd; nghOJ vj;jifa rl;l hPjpahd tiuTr;rl;lfj;jpy; jq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gijj; jPU;khdpj;jjd; gpd;du; mj;jifa tiuTr;rl;lfj;jpd; fPo; vj;jifa nray;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epiyapy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; cs;sdu; vd;gij jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;. mtw;Ws; cs;slq;fg;gl;Ls;s Vida mk;rq;fs; vd;d vd;gijAk; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;. ,tw;iwj; jPU;khdpg;gjd; nghUl;L nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.

» vit mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s?

» rhu;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l vj;jifa Fw;wq;fs; ,iof;fg;gl;ld?

» rk;ge;jg;gl;l rl;l hPjpahd tiuTr;rl;lfj;jpd; gpufhuk; mj;jifa Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fs; vd;d?

» vjid ePq;fs; ep&gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?

» ,jid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf vj;jifa Mw;wy;fs;> Mizfs; my;yJ epGzj;Jtq;fs; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? (cjhuzkhf – Fwpg;gpl;l Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf ghypay; td;Gzu;T> ghypay; mbikj;jdk; Nghd;w Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Rkj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mj;jifa Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fspy; vj;jifa mk;rq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epiyapy; ePq;fs; cs;sPu;fs;)?



ngl;b 3

rh pa piz ez ;gh ;fs ; mDgtk ; -

k Pwy ;fs ; vd ;why ; vd ;d?

er Pk ;> kd pj ch pikfs ; Gydha ;thsh ;: “vkJ epfo ;r ;r pj ;j pl;lj ;j pd ; nghOJ rhd ;Wfis toq ;fpa ,sk ; ngz ; xUth ;> mg ;ngz ;Zf ;Fk ; mtsJ FLk ;gj ;j pdUf ;Fk ; Vida ghjpf ;fg ;gl;lth ;fSf ;Fk ; ,iof ;fg ;gl;l td ;Kiwfs ; kw ;Wk ; k Pwy ;fs ; njhlh ;g py ; vLj ;Jf ; $wpdhs ;. mtsJ rNrhjuh ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; mtsJ je ;ij MfpNahh ; nfhiy nra ;ag ;gl;lij mts ; fz ;Ls ;shs ;. mjw ;F Kd ;dh ; mts ; gy ,lq ;fSf ;F nfhz ;L nry ;yg ;gl;L mq ;F jLg ;Gf ;fhtypy ; itf ;fg ;gl;L mtshy ; ve ;jstpw ;F jhf ;Fg ;g pbf ;f KbAk ; vd ;gij mwpe ;Jnfhs ;tjw ;fhf njhlh ;r ;r pahf ghypay ; td ;Gzu ;t pw ;F cl;gLj ;jg ;gl;bUf ;f pd ;whs ;. mtsJ epidTfis k Pl;Lg ;ghh ;f ;ifa py ; ,Wjpahf Xh ; ,lj ;j py ; itj ;J mtis tpw ;gjw ;fhd Kaw ;r pfs ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;ld. ,Wjpa py ; rz ;ila pLfpd ;w egh ; xUtUf ;F gh prhf mts ; toq ;fg ;gl;lhs ;. jLj ;J itj ;jpUe ;j ,lj ;j pypUe ;J 6 khjq ;fs pd ; g pd ;dh ; jg ;g pj ;Jr ; nry ;tjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gf ; fpilj ;jJ. ,th ; ifJnra ;J itf ;fg ;gl;bUe ;j fhyg ;gFjp Kjy ; kw ;nwhUtUf ;F kidtpahf toq ;fg ;gl;l fhyg ;gFjp tiu jLg ;Gf ; fhtypypUe ;J Vida gyh ; nfhiynra ;ag ;gl;lij Neh py ; fz ;Ls ;shs ;. td ;KwifSld ; $ba ghypay ; td ;Gzh ;Tfs pd ; fhuzkhf r pyh ; ,we ;Js ;sdh ;. Vndd py ; mth ;fSf ;F Vw ;gl;l fhaq ;fSf ;F ch pa kUj ;Jt trjpfs ; ms pf ;fg ;glt py ;iy. r pyh ; jw ;nfhiy nra ;Jnfhz ;LKs ;sdh ;.

,tSf ;F Vw ;gl;lijg ; Nghy ; gy tplaq ;fs ; mq ;Nf epfo ;e ;Js ;sd. mq ;F vd ;d ele ;jpUf ;fyhk ; vd ;gij ehk ; kjpg ;g PL nra ;j nghOJ> vq ;fsJ Gydha ;Tfis xOq ;fikf ;fg ;gl;l ghypay ; td ;Gzu ;T kw ;Wk ; ghypay ; jhf ;fq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; ghypay ; mbikj ;jdk ; Mfpatw ;iw ikakhff ; nfhz ;L Nkw ;nfhs ;s Ntz ;bNaw ;gl;lJ. mj ;NjhL> nfhiy> r pj ;jputij> tYf ;fl;lhag ;gLj ;jg ;gl;l jpUkzk ; Mfpad njhlh ;g pyhd rhd ;WfisAk ; Nrfh pf ;f Kbe ;jJ”

4. Nehf;fk;cq;fsJ tprhuizapd; Nehf;fk; vd;d? Gtpapay; hPjpahftpUf;fyhk; my;yJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;fyhk;> CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jypd; Nehf;fj;ij jPu;khdpg;gJ jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jkJ Kaw;rpfis ve;j tplak; njhlu;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;Nghfpd;whu;fs;> vt;tsT Neuk; mjw;F xJf;fg;Nghfpwhu;fs; vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd tuyhw;W hPjpahd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jifapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiw xd;iw

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

» jkJ tprhuizfSf;fhd Nehf;fq;fis epu;zak; nra;fpd;w nghOJ mj;jifa jPu;khdkhdJ jkJ tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Miz kPJ Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW tifahd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs;> njhlu;r;rpahd tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J njhiyJ}uj;jpy; mikg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;w nghOJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ePz;lfhyk; Ntiy nra;tjpy; gy rpukq;fs; Vw;glyhk;. my;yJ jkJ nraw;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; NghjpasT epjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glyhk; mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtWtpjkhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fSld; njhlu;Gila rpf;fy; kpf;f Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLtjhdJ ajhu;j;;jG+u;tkw;wjhfTk; newpKiw rhuhjjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

» ghhpastpyhd Fw;wr;nray;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Fwpg;ghf ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhFk;. ,aYkhdtiu mjpfstpyhd kf;fisg; Ngl;b fhz;gjd; %yk; ghhpastpyhd td;Kiwfis my;yJ kPwy;fisj; jhgpf;f KbAnkd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; rpe;jpf;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; gy tplaq;fis Nehf;Fifapy; rpwpastpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis Ngl;bfz;L mj;jifa rhd;WfspYk; rhd;whjhuq;fspYk; ,Ue;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis jhgpf;f Kaw;rpg;gJk; rpwg;ghdnjd gy tplaq;fspypUe;J njhpa te;Js;sJ. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fsJ Mw;wy;> epjp> kdpj kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ,t;thW nraw;gLtJ rpwg;ghdjhFk;.

5. ,lu;fs; vj;jifa ,lu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? Mtzg;gLj;jy;

nrad;Kiwfspd; jpl;lkply; gbKiwfspd; nghOJ

mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ,lu; kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. nrad;Kiw KOtJk; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifa kjpg;gPLfspd; ngWNgWfs;> ,dq;fhzg;gl;l

,lu;fs;> mtw;iwj; jzpg;gjw;F my;yJ gjpyspg;gjw;F

jpl;lkplg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jy;

jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

» jpl;lkply; fl;lj;jpd; nghOJ mr;RWj;jy;fs; mr;RWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; ,lu;fs; Mfpatw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;w nghOJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfSf;F Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fis khj;jpuky;y> jfty;fs; kw;Wk; jkf;F Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fs; gw;wpAk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 8: ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; gj;jpuk;)

(mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ,lu; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpyhd tphpthd topfhl;ly; jPq;fpizf;f Ntz;lhk; vDk; 7Mk; mj;jpahak; kw;Wk; gpw;Nru;f;if 2 : mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ,lu; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



ngl;b 4

,lu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; mr ;RWj ;jy ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd topfhl;ly ; Nfs ;t pfs ;

xl;Lnkhj ;j ,lu ;fs ;

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ;> rhl;r pfs ;> nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ;> jfty ;fs ; cs ;slq ;fyhf Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ; nrad ;Kiwf ;F mr ;RWj ;jy ;fis ahu ; g puj pe pj pj ;Jtk ; nra ;ayhk ; (jd pg ;gl;l egu ;fs ;> FOf ;fs ; my ;yJ mikg ;Gfs ;)?

ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida rhl;r pfs ; njhlu ;ghd ,lu ;fis kjpg ;g PL nra ;jy ;

» cq ;fsJ Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ; nraw ;ghlhdJ ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ;> rhl;r pfs ; kw ;Wk ; mtu ;fsJ r%fq ;fs ; Mfpatw ;w pd ; ghJfhg ;g pidAk ; gj ;j puj ;ijAk ; jhf ;ff ; $bajhfTs ;sjh?

» mUfpy ; kUj ;Jt trjpfs ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wdth? Mnkd py ; cq ;fshy ; me ;j trjpfisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAkh? e Pq ;fs ; Clhl;lj ;j py ; <Lgl;Ls ;s rfy t pjkhd ghjpf ;fg ;gl;Ls ;stu ;fSf ;Fk ; rhl;r pfSf ;F ;k ,J Nritfis toq ;Ffpd ;wjh my ;yJ Fwpg ;g pl;l xUr pyUf ;F khj ;j puk ; toq ;Ffpd ;wjh? midtUf ;Fk ; ,y ;iynad py ;> vQ ;r patu ;fSf ;fhd Nritfis my ;yJ guhkh pg ;Gf ;fis ahu ; toq ;Ftu ;?

» Nkhjy ;fs ; njhlu ;r ;r pahf ,lk ;ngWfpd ;w ,lq ;fs pyh Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; eilngWfpd ;wd> jhf ;Fgtu ;fs ; njhlu ;r ;r pahf mq ;Nf ,Uf ;f pd ;whu ;fsh> my ;yJ mq ;F thOfpd ;w kf ;fs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ;> rhl;r pfs ; Nghd ;wtu ;fs ; njhlu ;e ;Jk ; mr ;RWj ;jg ;gLfpd ;whu ;fsh my ;yJ jhf ;Fjy ;fis vjpu ;nfhs ;f pd ;whu ;fsh (fUj ;Jf ;fisf ; $Wtjd ; fhuzkhf gopthq ;fg ;gLfpd ;whu ;fs ; Nghd ;wit cs ;slq ;fyhf) my ;yJ ,lk ;ngau ;jy ;fs ; eilngWfpd ;wdth? Mnkd py ;> ,j ;jifa jilfis ntw ;w pngWtjw ;F vj ;jifa cgha Kiwfis cq ;fshy ; eilKiwg ;gLj ;j KbAk ;.

» Xu ; ,lk ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fis nts pa pLtjd ; fhuzkhf mq ;Fs ;s ghjpf ;fg ;gl;Ls ;stu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs ; NkYk ; ,lu ;fis vjpu ;nfhs ;tjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; cs ;sdth? mj ;jifa jfty ;fs pd ; fhuzkhf ,tu ;fs ; ghjpf ;fg ;gLthu ;fs ; vd py ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs ; my ;yJ NtW VjhtJ ,lu ; %yq ;fisg ; ghJfhf ;Fk ; Kfkhf vj ;jifa nghw pKiwfis cq ;fshy ; eilKiwg ;gLj ;j KbAk ;.

» ,j ;jifa Fwpg ;g pl;l Fw ;wk ; ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lq ;fSf ;F t p[ak ; nra ;tjd ; fhuzkhf me ;jj ; jfty ;fis toq ;f patu ;fs ; Nkyjpf mghaq ;fis vjpu ;nfhs ;s Ntz ;bNaw ;gLkh? Mnkd py ;> ,j ;jifa ,lq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;tjw ;F NtW topKiwfs ; cs ;sdth? (,ilj ;jufu ;fs ; %ykhf)

» ngz;fs;> Mz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; Kd;tUk; gl;rj;jpy; mtu;fs; Fwpg;ghf vjpu;nfhs;sf; $ba ,lu ;fs ; vd ;d? Fw ;wk ; njhlu ;g py ; mtu ;fs ; mwpf ;ifa pLk ; gl;rj ;j py ; Gwf ;fz pf ;fg ;gLtjw ;fhd my ;yJ Xuq ;fl;lg ;gLtjw ;fhd rhj ;j pag ;ghLfs ; cs ;sdth? jfhg ;Gdu ;r ;r p kw ;Wk ; jd ;ghy ; Nru ; ;f ;if Mfpatw ;w py ; <Lgl;likf ;fhf mtu ;fSf ;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf ;if Nkw ;nfhs ;tjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; cs ;sdth? Fwpg ;g pl;l tifahd Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;g pyhd ,lu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; j Pq ;Ffs ; Mfpad milahsq ;fhzg ;gLk ; gl;rj ;j py ;> mit njhlu ;g py ; nraw ;gLtjw ;F vj ;jifa newpKiwfs ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd.

» ,lu ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd cq ;fsJ nrhe ;j mwpT kw ;Wk ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs ; MfpNahuJ mwpT Mfpatw ;iwf ; fUj ;j pw ;nfhz ;Ls ;s Pu ;fsh? nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fis my ;yJ rhl;r pfis MNyhr pj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. Vndd py ;> Fwpg ;g pl;l r py egu ;fs ;> g puNjr kf ;fs ; my ;yJ rKjhak ; njhlu ;ghd ,lu ;fis mtu ;fs ; khj ;j puNk mwpe ;j pUf ;fyhk ;.



ngl;b 4

,lu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; mr ;RWj ;jy ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd topfhl;ly ; Nfs ;t pfs ;

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;sf;$ba ,lu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

» cq;fsJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;KiwahdJ cq;fsJ ghJfhg;gpidAk; gj;jpuj;ijAk; mNjNghy; cq;fsJ mikg;G my;yJ FO Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iwg; ghjpf;ff; $bajhfTs;sdth?

» Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpw;Fr; nry;tJ my;yJ mq;F gpuahzq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; fhuzkhf ,lu;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;gLkh?

» Fwpg;gpl;l me;j ,lq;fspy; MAjf; FOf;fs;> gaq;futhjf; FOf;fs; my;yJ Fw;wkpiof;fpd;w tiyaikg;Gfs; Mfpad nraw;gLfpd;wdth? mtw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,lu;fs; cs;sdth?

» cq;fsJ FO ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd ,lu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? Fw;wkpioj;jtu;fs;> mtu;fsJ FLk;gq;fs;> mtu;fsJ Mjuthsu;fs; MfpNahhpdhy; ePq;fs; my;yJ cq;fsJ FOtpdu; mr;RWj;jy;fis vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; my;yJ ,lu;fs; cs;sdth (Fwpg;ghf Njrpa hPjpahd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;syhk;)

» VjhtJ clypay; rhuhj NtWtpjkhd Nkyjpf ,lu;fs; njhlu;gpy; ePq;fs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;jJz;lh (Fwpg;ghf Njrpa mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;)? cjhuzkhf – Njrpa mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf Ntiynra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; mtu;fsJ kPs;gjpTfs; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;glyhnkd mr;RWj;jg;glyhk;.

» ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;j njhy;iyfs; kw;Wk; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf jLg;Gf;fhtypy; itj;jy; my;yJ Vida tpjkhd ,lu;fs; mq;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

» kw;wtuJ gy;NtWtifahd kdtLf;fs; njhlu;ghd ,lu;fis nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;gLkh?

» Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fSf;F Neubahf tp[ak; nra;tJ ghJfhg;ghdjh?

» Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;tJ ghJfhg;ghdjh? mq;F nts;sg;ngUf;F> kz; rhpTfs; kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd thdpiy Nghd;w ,lu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

» Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk; kpfTk; njhiytpYs;sjh? mq;F nry;tjhapd; ,uT jq;fNtz;bNaw;gLkh? mt;thW jq;fNtz;bNaw;gbd; mjw;Fhpa trjpfs; cs;sdth?

» ntb nghUl;fs; mq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? ntbf;fhj ntbnghUl;fs; ntbg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sdth?

» vt;tpj rj;jKk; mw;w fl;blq;fSf;F mUfpy; my;yJ fl;blj;jpw;F cs;Ns ,t;tplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?

» ePq;fs; Nrfhpf;fpd;w rhd;Wfs; my;yJ VjhtJ jfty;fs; cq;fsplk; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; vt;tpjkhd ghjpg;Gf;fis ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;glyhk;?

» Vw;glf; $ba VjhtJ gpd;tpisTfisr; rhkhspg;gjw;F Vw;wtpjj;jpy; NghjpasT jahu;epiyapy; cs;sPu;fsh? cjhuzkhf – NghjpasT Nkyjpf vhpnghUl;fs;> Vida tpepNahfq;fs;> KjYjtpfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; fUtpfs; Nghd;wd.

» cq;fSila FOtpdhy; mUfpYs;s kUj;Jt trjp epiyankhd;Wf;F tp[ak; nra;a KbAkh?

» mtrpak; Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; cq;fsJ thfdj;jpYs;s cgfuzq;fs; my;yJ Vida milahsq;fis mfw;w KbAkh?

jfty;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

» ePq;fs; Nrfhpf;fpd;w jfty;fis ,ufrpaj;jd;ikAlDk; ghJfhg;GlDk; Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;fhd mw;wy;fs; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?

» jfty;fisAk; rhd;WfisAk; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhd trjpfs; cq;fsplk; cs;sdth?

» ePq;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;w ,lq;fspy; Nrhjidr; rhtbfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth? mj;NjhL> njhlu;r;rpahf Njly;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wdth?

» ePq;fs; Nrfhpf;fpd;w jfty;fs; gw;wpAk; mtw;iw vq;Nf itf;fpd;wPu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; vj;jidNgu; mwpe;Js;su;fs;? mtu;fSs; ahhplkhtJ ,Ue;J ePq;fs; Nrfhpf;fpd;w jfty;fSf;F VjhtJ ,lu;fs; Vw;gLkh?



6. tsq;fs;jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd; nghOJ Mtrpakhd tsq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mtw;Wf;fhd nryTfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

» gzpahsu;fspd; Njitfs; Fwpg;ghf ciungau;g;ghsu;fs;> tprhuizahsu;fs;> njhopy;El;g epGzu;fs; Nghd;w Nkyjpf gzpahsu;fSk; tsq;fSk; cs;slq;FfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> rpWtu; ghJfhg;G tpNrl epGzu; my;yJ jfty; njhopy;El;g epGzu;fs; MfpNahhpd; Nritfis nraw;gLj;Jdu;fs;; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sjh vd;gijAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;.

» tsq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtjhdJ cq;fSf;F mtrpag;gLfpd;w cgfuzq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;> nghUl;fs; hPjpahd Njitfs; Mfpatw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;NjhL> fsQ;rparhiy trjpfs;> Nkyjpf nkd; nghUl;fs; (tpla Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; my;yJ Vida kpd;dpay; juT ikaq;fs;)> mtrpakhapd; gapw;rpfs; Nghd;wdTk; ,tw;Ws; cs;slq;Fk;.

» tsq;fs; kjpgPLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf nryT njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPLfshdJ Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs;> jq;Fkpl nryTfs;> nghUl;fSf;fhd gbfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;> rhl;rpfSld; njhlu;Gila VjhtJ nryTfs;> mjhtJ mtu;fSf;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs; my;yJ ,uT Neuj;jpy; jq;Ftjw;fhd nryTfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

7. jfty; Nrfhpj;jy; cghaq;fs;

ghhpa CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpDs; tpNrl jfty; Nrfhpg;G cghankhd;iw nraw;gLj;Jdu;fs; tpUj;jpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Fw;wq;fs; my;yJ kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpyhd rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Njitg;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F vj;jifa jfty;fs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd vd;gij jfty; Nrfhpg;G cgha Kiw %yk; ,dq;fhzy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd rhd;W hPjpahd tpjpfs;> rhd;W hPjpahd Vida tplaq;fs;> vq;fpUe;J nraw;gLj;Jdu;fspdhy; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;> mj;jifa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhd Kiwahd mZFKiw njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gply;> jfty;fis xOq;fikj;jy;> ,Wjpapy; mt;thW Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Lnry;yy; Nghd;wdTk; cs;slq;Fk;.

ngl;b 5

jfty; Nrfhpg;G cghak;

jfty; Nrfhpg;G cghakhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

a) CARSV njhlh;gpy; vj;jifa jfty;fs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd?

ePq;fs; Mtzg;gLj;Jfpd;w Fw;wq;fs; my;yJ kPwy;fs; njhlh;gpy; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;F v;jjifa jfty;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd?

b) fhzg;gLfpd;w FiwghLfs; vd;d> CARSV jfty;fis vq;fpUj;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;tPh;fs;?

vj;jifa rhj;jpag;ghLs;s %yq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd – rhd;Wfs;> Mtzq;fs;> b[ply; kw;Wk; ngsjPfk;? mit vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

c) CARSV jfty;fis vt;thW Nrfhpf;f KbAk;?

ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fisAk; rhl;rpfisAk; ,dq;fz;L mth;fis mZfp Ngl;b fhz;gjw;fhd mZFKiwfis vt;thW ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tPh;fs;? Vida jfty;fisAk; rhd;WfisAk; ePq;fs; vt;thW Nrfhpg;gPh;fs;?

d) CARSV jfty;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp vt;thW nfhz;Lnry;tPh;fs;?

ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fis vt;thW ghJfhg;ghff; nfhz;L nrd;W fsQ;rpag;gLj;JtPh;fs;?

e) jfty;fis vt;thW xOq;fikg;gPh;fs;?

jfty;fis tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Kiwapy; xOq;fikg;gjw;F vj;jifa Kiwfs; eilKiwapy; cs;sd?



7a. vj;jifa Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik

njhlu;Ggl;l ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV jfty;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd?

xt;nthU rhu;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Fw;wk; my;yJ kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpy; ep&gpf;fNtz;ba jdpj;jdpahd mk;rq;fs;> xt;nthU mk;rj;ijAk; ep&gpg;gjw;F mtrpakhd jfty; tiffs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa tpsf;fkhd rhd;W gzpg;Gj;jfnkhd;W jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd; vf;fl;lj;jpy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; njhlu;gpYkhd rfytpjkhd rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd jfty; Njitg;ghLfis epiwNtw;wf;$ba tpjj;jpy; kpfTk; G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;f jfty;fis kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Kiwapy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Nrfhpf;fpd;wdu; vd;gij ,j;jifa gzpg;Gj;jfk; cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghu;f;f> gpw;Nru;f;if 1> cjhuzkhf> Nuhk; rl;lj;jpd; Muk;gf; Fwpg;gpy; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpufhuk; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzk; kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;l mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzk; Mfpatw;wpd; gpufhuk;> jdpg;gl;l Fw;wtpay; nghWg;Gf;fisj; jhgpg;gjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd gzpg;Gj;jfj;ijg; ghu;itaplTk;.

7b. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l

ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV jfty;fis vq;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;

ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; kPwy;fs; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; tif gw;wpa tphpthd topfhl;bf;fhf mj;jpahak; 10Ig; ghu;f;fTk;: ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd rhd;Wfspd; tiffs;.

xt;nthU Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; njhlu;gpYk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ep&gpg;gjw;F mtrpakhd xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l mk;rq;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;jf;$ba nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F fpilf;fpd;w my;yJ fpilf;ff; $ba rfytpjkhd jfty; %yq;fs;> jfty; tiffs; Mfpatw;iw nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; gl;bayply; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Ws; ew;rhd;wpjo;fs;> Mtzg;glq;fs;> b[ply; my;yJ ngsjPf hPjpahd rhd;Wfs; Nghd;wd cs;slq;Fk; - ,it xt;nthU nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; Miz kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sd. Kd;Dhpikfis vt;thW njhpTnra;ag;NghfpNwhk; kw;Wk; xd;iwj;njhlu;e;J mLj;J tUtJ vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ngl;b 6

rhpapiz ez;gh;fs; mDgtk; -

rhd;Wfis NjLjy;

fhNyh];> xU Gydha;thsUk; xU gFg;gha;thsUkhthh;. ,th; X vd;w ehl;by; mikjpapd;ik epytpa fhyg;gFjpapy; jLg;Gf; fhty; epiyaq;fspy; ,iof;fg;gl;l ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlh;ghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Mtzg;gLj;jp tUfpd;whh;. “,q;F jhk; mbf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $l;Lg; ghypay; td;Gdh;Tf;Fj; njhlh;r;rpahf cl;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk; juf;Fiwthd ghypay; elj;ijfspy; <LgLtjw;F eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; kw;Wk; Vida gy;NtWtpjkhd gaq;fukhd J\;gpuNahfq;fs; jkf;F ,iof;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; mwpf;ifapl;bUe;jdh;. Vw;fdNt jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jth;fSk; jw;NghJ vy;iyapYs;s ,ilj;jq;fy; epiyaq;fspy; trpj;J tUgth;fs; toq;fpa KOikahd rhd;whjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahhpg;gJ vkJ Muk;gf; fl;l Nehf;fkhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; vkJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; nraw;gzpapd; jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapd; nghOJ ehk; Vida jfty; %yq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;Nlhk; - NtW gy ,lq;fspy; jLg;Gf;fhtypy; ifjpfs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jhf mjw;fhd tje;jpfs; gutp te;jpUe;jd. mth;fs; vt;tsT fhyk; mq;F ,Ue;jdh; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. mj;jifa Mtzq;fis vkf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cjtpfis toq;f rpy mur epWtdq;fs; Kd;te;jd. mth;fSldhd njhlh;G vkf;Ff; fhzg;gl;lJ. rpy ifjpfSf;F fLk; fhak; ,iof;fg;gl;ljhfTk; mj;jifa fhaq;fSf;F rpiwr;rhiy kUj;Jth;fspdhy; rpfpr;iraspf;f Kbahj nghOJ mth;fis ntspNa nfhz;L nrd;W mq;Fs;s itj;jpah;fs; rpfpr;iraspj;jjhfTk; ,jid mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fisg; gpujpepjp;jJtg;gLj;Jfpd;w rpy itj;jpah;fs; fz;ljhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJld; xt;nthU Nehahsp njhlh;gpYk; jdpj;jdpahd kUj;Jtg; gjpTfisr; rkh;g;gpj;jdh;”

7c. Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l

ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV jfty;fis vt;thW Nrfhpg;gJ

vj;jifa jfty; %yq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijj; jPu;khdpj;j gpd;du;> mj;jifa %yq;fspypUe;J jfty;fis vt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfis vt;thW ,dq;fz;L mtu;fis mZFtJ> mj;jifa



ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfsplkpUe;J vj;jifa jfty;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd> mj;jifa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf vj;jifa Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;glTs;sd> NkYk; Ngl;bfis vt;thW elj;JtJ> jfty;fis vt;thW gjpTnra;tJ Nghd;wd ,tw;Ws; cs;slq;Fk;.

» Neub mDgtj;ijAila eghplkpUe;J Fwpg;Gf;fis vLg;gjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba gpd;tpisTfs; gw;wpf; ftdkhf nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. $w;Wf;fis vLj;jy;> Ngl;bfisg; gjpTnra;jy;> mtw;wpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfsJ ifnahg;gj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk;/ my;yJ Ngl;bfis xsp> xypg; gjpTnra;jy; Mfpad gw;wpAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtis> cj;jpNahfG+u;t Gydha;thsu;fspdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahfG+u;t $w;Wf;fs; kPJ gpd;du; Kuz;glf;$ba nray;fs; vd;d> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ rhl;rpfsJ ek;gfj;jd;ikf;F rthy; tpLf;Fk; tifapy; ,it gpuNahfpf;fg;gLkh vd;gJ gw;wpAk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk; (,t;tplak; njhlu;gpy; Nkyjp tpguq;fSf;F mj;jpahak; 11 Ig; ghu;f;f: Ngl;bfhzy;).

» nghUj;jkhdtplj;J jfty;fis vt;thW Nrfhpg;gJ njhlu;gpyhd jpl;lkplyhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhftpUf;Fk;. nrad;Kiwfis vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;tJ> Gifg;glq;fis vLf;Fk; Kiw> tiuG hPjpahd rhd;whjhuk;> Fw;wk; eilngw;w ,lq;fs;> jfty; Nrfhpg;Gf; fl;lj;jpd; nghOJ rhd;Wfisr; Nrfhpj;J mtw;iwj; njhlu;r;rpahfg; NgZjy;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfisg; Ngl;bfhzy;> Gifg;glk; vLj;jy;> Fw;wk; njhlu;ghd eilngw;w ,lq;fs; gw;wpa tiuGfis tiujy;> jfty;fis Nrf-hpj;jy;> ifahSjy; njhlu;ghd tphpthd topfhl;b gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F mj;jpahak; 11 Ig; ghu;f;fTk;: Ngl;b fhzy;> kw;Wk; mj;jpahak; 12: Nkyjpf jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;)

i. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiuAk; rhl;rpfisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Vida Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisAk; Vida rhl;rpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gij tpl ghypay; td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisAk; mJ njhlu;ghd rhl;rpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gJ kpfTk; rthYf;Fhpa tplakhFk;. ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW tifahd mwpf;iffs; fhzg;gl;l nghOjpYk; $l gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; epkpj;jk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSk; Vida rhl;rpfSk; Kd;tUtjw;F tpUg;gkw;wtu;fshftpUg;gu;. ghypay; td;Kiwapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l kdtLit kPl;Lg;ghu;g;gjw;F tpUg;gKilatu;fshf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ,Uf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ghypay; td;KiwahdJ mtu;fsJ Fw;wk; vd rpe;jpf;fTk; $Lk; my;yJ mjid mtu;fs; ep&gpf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; mtu;fis ahUk; ek;gkhl;lhu;fs; vd vz;zTk;$Lk;. r%f> ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk; fyhrhug; gpd;Gyq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ghypay; td;Kiwf; Fw;wq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ,lu;fis vjpu;nfhs;syhk; my;yJ mtu;fs; trpf;fpd;w r%fj;jpdhy; mtu;fSf;F ,lu;fs; cUthf;fg;glyhk;.

,j;jifa nray;fs; Fw;wkpioj;j FOitr; Nru;e;j cWg;gpdu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk; my;yJ mUfpy; trpg;gtu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk; my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ nrhe;j r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk; my;yJ mtuJ FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vg;NghJk; ,tu;fs; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;Jfpd;w kdg;ghq;Fld; ele;Jnfhs;gtu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis mtkhdg;gLj;jp ntl;fj;jpw;Fs; cs;shf;fp jz;lid toq;fyhk; my;yJ ghypay; td;Kiwia ikakhff; nfhz;L ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jdpikg;gLj;jp> tPl;bypUe;J tpyf;fpitj;J mtu;fsJ tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fisAk; ghjpf;filar; nra;ayhk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfs; tpUk;gpdhYk; $l mtu;fspdhy; fijf;f Kbahj #oy; epytyhk;. rpyUf;f Fwpg;gplf; $ba rpy rpukq;f;s ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf> ,tu;fSf;F mwpT my;yJ Gyik rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; ,Uf;fpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; my;yJ Vida tpjkhd mq;ftPdq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w nghOJ njhlu;ghly;fspy; <LgLtjpy; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;syhk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSk; rhl;rpfSk; ghJfhg;ghd #oiy czu;e;J jkhfNt Kd;te;J Fw;wk; njhlu;ghd mwpf;iffis toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;gpid cUthf;ff; $ba ghJfhg;ghd #oiy toq;FtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ntspf;fsg; gzpfs; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ vdpy;> VjhtJ Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpd; ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; nghWf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;du; nghWg;Ngw;gjw;F mtrpakhd ntspf;fsg; gzpfspd; kl;lk; gw;wpj; jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;. mNjntis> ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd gad;kpf;f jfty;fis gy;NtW tpjkhd %yq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAnkd;gij nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw ntWkNd ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfsplkpUe;J khj;jpuk; jhd; ngwNtz;Lnkd;gjpyiy.

ghypay; td;Kiwfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis rhl;rpfs; rku;g;gpj;jhYk; rku;g;gpf;fhtpl;lhYk; mtu;fis khpahijAld; elj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l jfy;fis toq;Ftjw;F Kd;tUfpd;w egu;fs; rpyNtisfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,q;F ek;gfj;jFe;j cwT Kiwfs; fl;baikf;fg;gLk; vd;w cWjpfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 10: ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd rhd;W tiffs;).

rpyNtisfspy; rhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; MfpNahu; jhkhfNt Kd;te;J jkJ rhd;Wfis toq;fyhk;. ,J Ra tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy; epfoyhk;. ,j;jifa tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;w nghOJ nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; NtfkhfTk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f KiwapYk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; gjpyspg;gjw;Fj; jahuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfSld; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; <LgLtjw;F Kd;du; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJld;> ,lu; kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fs; Mfpad iftrk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; rpyNtisfspy; kjpg;gPLfs;> kjpg;ghuha;Tf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; Vida Ma;Tfs; %ykhf



Neubahf ,dq;fhzg;glyhk;. ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfis ehk; mZFfpd;w nghOJ mj;jifa tplaq;fs; mtu;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; mtu;fsJ njhpTf;F Vw;gTk; ,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; kjpg;gPl;by; <LgLtjw;F ,zq;Ffpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; my;yJ jhk; njhlu;ghd mdhkNjak; Ngzg;glNtz;Lnkdf; $Wfpd;w gl;rj;jpy;> mjhtj jk;ikg;gw;wpa ngau; tpguq;fisj; njhptpf;ff; $lhJ vdf; Nfl;fpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fis mZFtjw;F Kd;du; mj;jifa tplaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ii. ,ilj;jufu;fs; %ykhf mZFjy;

,ilj;jufu;fshfg; gzpahw;Wfpd;w egu;fisr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jkJ gl;baypy; cs;slf;fp r%fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w cWg;gpdu;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mj;NjhL> fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j jilfis nty;Ytjw;Fk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisAk; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfisAk; ,tu;fs; %ykhf ,dq;fhz KbAk;. Fwpg;gpl;l r%fk; gw;wpAk; mq;fpUf;fpd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; gw;wpAk; mr;r%fk; njhlu;ghd ,aq;fhw;wy; gw;wpAk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fhj epiyapy; ,ilj;jufu;fspd; cjtpAld; jkJ gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. rpyNtisfspy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisAk; rhl;rpfisAk; Neubahf mZFfpd;w nghOJ mtu;fs; ghjpg;Gf;fis vjpu;nfhs;syhk;. rpyNtisfspy;> r%fj;jpw;F ntspapYs;s cWg;gpdu;fSld; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ Vida rhl;rpfs; njhlu;GfisNah my;yJ Clhl;lq;fisNah Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F mr;rKilatu;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,ilj;jufu;fs; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f r%fj; njhlu;ghsu;fshf nraw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fsJ gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik njhlu;gpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; (ghu;f;f> ngl;b 8: ,ilj;jufu;fs; njhlu;ghd mghak; gw;wpa Nrhjig;gl;bay;). ngUk;ghYk; ,j;jifa ,ilj;jufu;fs; gpuNjr mbkl;l kf;fs; cWg;gpdu;fshfNth my;yJ Njrpa my;yJ ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fshfNth my;yJ Nritfis toq;Fgtu;fshfNth my;yJ Vida r%f tiyaikg;Gf;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fshfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. kw;Wk; Njthyaq;fs;> Vida fl;likg;Gfs;> ngz;fs; FOf;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F cjtp nra;af; $batu;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. NkYk; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w ghy;epiy ika td;Kiw cjtpg; nghwpKiwapd; fPo; Vw;fdNt ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSld; neUf;fkhfg; gzpahw;Wgtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

ngl;b 7

tof;Fr; rl;lk; cjhuzk; -

,ilj;jufh;fis gad;gLj;Jtjdhy;

Vw;glf; $ba ,lh;fs; - I.rP.

rP. ,d; Ygq;fh tof;F

rh;tNjr Fw;wtpay; tprhuizfspd; nghOJ ,ilj;jufh;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpg;ghf tprhuizfspd; nghOJ mth;fsJ gf;fr;rhh;gw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; tfpghfk; njhlh;ghd Nfs;tpfs; Mfpad I.rP.rP. ,y; eilngw;w Njhk]; ypahNfh tof;fpd; nghOJ mtjhdj;ijg; ngw;wJ. ,e;j tof;fpd; nghOJ rhl;rpfs; toq;fpa rpy rhd;Wfis Ygq;fh ePjpkd;wk; epuhfhpj;jJ. rpy ,ilj;jufh;fs; toq;fpa rhd;Wfis ikakhff; nfhz;L rpWth; rpg;gha;fsJ rhd;whjhuq;fisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,ilj;jufh;fs; gzk; nfhLj;J rhd;Wfis toq;Fk;gb J}z;bajhFk;. me;jj; jPh;g;G fPOs;sthW fhzg;gl;lJ:

‘tof;Fj; njhLdh;fs; Gydha;T nra;tJ njhlh;ghd nghWg;Gf;fis ,ilj;jufh;fsplk; tpl;bUj;jy; $lhJ. mth;fs; vj;jifa ghJfhg;G hPjpahd rpukq;fis vjph;nfhz;l nghOjpYk; ,jid Nkw;nfhz;bUj;jy; $lhJ. ,e;j tprhuizapd; nghOJ gy rhl;rpfs; rhd;Wfis toq;Ftjw;fhf miof;fg;gl;ldh;. Kf;fpa %d;W ,ilj;jufh;fs; vt;tpj Nkw;ghh;itfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;shky; rpy tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; kPjhd ek;gfj;jd;ik ,of;fg;gl;lJ. rhd;W toq;fpath;fSila gpd;Gyq;fs; gw;wp Muha;tjw;F Fwpg;gplf; $basT Neuj;ij ePjpkd;wk; nryTnra;jJ. ,th;fsJ rhd;Wfs; Jy;ypaj;jd;ik mw;wjhfTk; Neh;ikaw;wjhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa Mtzq;fis NghjpasT Muha;e;J cWjpg;gLj;j tof;Fj; njhLdh;fs; jtwpaikapd; fhuzkhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpf nryTk; Vw;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,ilj;jufh;fs; chpa Kiwapy ;Nkw;ghh;it nra;ag;glhikapd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; rhl;rpfis njhlh;Gnfhz;l nghOJ jkf;Fr; rhjfkhf rhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;. rhh;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,e;j rpWth; rpg;gha;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G vt;thW ,Ue;jnghOjpYk; ,th;fsJ taJ Nkhjy;fspy; ,th;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mth;fis jkf;F Ntz;ba tpjj;jpy; khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd vdj; njhptpf;f;fg;gllJ.’ ICC-01/04- 01/06-2842, ge;jp 482.



ngl;b 8

,ilj ;jufu ;fSld ; <LgLjy ; njhlu ;ghd Nrhjidg ; gl;bay ;

1 nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; gaDWjpkpf;f Kiwapy; rhpahd ,ilj;jufu;fisj; njhpTnra;Ak; Kfkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfs; MfpNahiu #oTs;s r%fj;jpy; cs;s rfytpjkhd nrayhw;Wgtu;fs; gw;wpa jfy;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.

,tw;Ws; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ngz; jiyikj;Jtk; cs;slq;fyhf r%fg; gbKiwfis ,dq;fhz;gJk; cs;slq;Fk;. (cjhuzkhf – nghpatu;fs;> kUj;Jtr;rpfs;> Mrphpau;fs;> ngz; fpuhkpaj; jiytu;fs; my;yJ ngz; kjj;jiytu;fs; MfpNahu; cs;slq;Ftu;). gy r%fq;fspy; jiyikj;Jtk; hPjpahd fl;likg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngz;fis cs;slf;fpa xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; jiytu; my;yJ jiytu;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis my;yJ rhl;rpfis mZFtjw;F ,tu;fs; cjtyhk; my;yJ jilNaw;gLj;jyhk;. FO Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NtiyfSf;F ngUk;ghYk; Kf;fpakhd cjtpfis toq;ff;$ba ty;yik cilatu;fshf ngz;fs; jiyikj;Jtk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,jw;F mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w FOthdJ nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapYk; khpahijAlDk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikAlDk; gzpahw;wf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

✓

2 ghjpf;fg;gl;l Mz;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nghOJ nghUj;jkhd ,ilj;jufu;fis ehlTk;. cjhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l Mz;fSld; khj;jpuk; gzpahw;Wfpd;w rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdu;fs; - ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghypay; td;KiwfSld; njhlu;Gila Fwpg;gpl;l fyhrhu hPjpahd kdg;ghq;Ffs;> $Uzu;Tj; jd;ikfs; Mfpad njhlu;gpyhd tpopg;Gzu;Tfs; ,Uj;jy; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.

✓

3 ,ilj;jufu;fs; Clhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis my;yJ rhl;rpfis mZFfpd;w nghOJ r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j jdp egu;fs; my;yJ mZfg;gLfpd;w mikg;Gfs; Mfpait njhlu;gpyhd ,lu;fis ftdkhf kjpg;gPL nra;aTk;. ,ilj;jufu;fs; gq;Fgw;Wtijf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fsh my;yJ rhl;rpfis mk;gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fsh kw;Wk; mbg;gil xOf;fnewpj; jhuhjuq;fspd; gpufhuk; ele;Jnfhs;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gij Kiwahf kjpg;gPL nra;aTk;.

✓

4 mikg;gpd; Mizia ed;F czu;e;J mjd;gb nraw;glf;$batu;fshf ,ilj;jufu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sTk;. Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpid ,ilj;jufu;fs; czu;e;Js;shu;fsh vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; (rpy ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y Kbahj epiyik> fhyg;gFjp> rpWtu;fs; Nghd;w rhl;rpfs; Mfpad). ,jd; %yk; rhl;rpfshf tuf;$batu;fs; njhlu;gpyhd gpioahd njhlu;ghly;fisj; jtpu;f;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> gpioahd vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;JtijAk; jtpu;;f;f KbAk;.

✓

5 Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Nehf;fkhdJ rpWtu;fSf;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghdJ vd;gij ,ilj;jufu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fpwhu;fsh my;yJ mwpatpy;iyah vd;gij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sTk;. Fwpg;ghf rpWtu;fs; njhlu;gpyhd tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Gydha;thsu;fs; gapw;Wtpf;fg;glhjtu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; my;yJ rpWtu;fisg; Ngl;bfhz;gjw;F mjpfhukspf;fg;glhjtu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; taJ Fiwe;jtu;fis mjhtJ rpWtu;fis rhl;rpahf mwpKfk; nra;jy; $lhJ.

✓

6 r%fj;jpy; VjhtJ gpoTfs; my;yJ gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth vd;gij mtjhdpf;fTk;. vjpu;f;fUj;jf;fisf; nfhz;l cWg;gpdu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l mNj r%fj;jpy; tho;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gijAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;.

✓



ngl;b 8

,ilj ;jufu ;fSld ; <LgLjy ; njhlu ;ghd Nrhjidg ; gl;bay ;

7 ghJfhg;ghdJ vdf;fUJk; gl;rj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshf my;yJ Vida rhl;rpfshf tuf;$batu;fis ,dq;fhZk; Kfkhf rKjha cWg;gpdu;fs;> rKjhaj; jiytu;fs;> kUj;-Jtr; Nritfis toq;Fgtu;fs;> cjtpf;FOf;fs;> epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; kpfTk; neU-f;fkhf gzpahw;wTk;.

✓

8 gpuNjr mikg;GfSld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; Vida rhl;rpfs; Kd;tUtjw;fhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. ,tw;Ws; ngz;fs; tYT+l;ly; mikg;G-fs;> ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fs;> ,ufrpaj;jd;ikiag; NgZjy;> Vida ghJfhg;G hPjpahd ei-lKiwfs; Mfpad cs;slq;Fk;.

✓

9 ,ilj;jufu;fshf tuf;$batu;fis ftdkhf MuhaTk; (Fw;wr;nray; njhlu;ghd gjpTfs;> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik> ek;gfj;jd;ik> tfpghfk; njhlu;gpyhd Mw;wy;fs;> $l;lzpfs;> ngz;fs;> Mz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; MfpNahUld; gzpahw;WtJ njhlu;gpyhd Mw;wy;fs;).

✓

10 ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w rhd;WfSf;F gpujpaPlhf VjhtJ xd;iw nraw;ghl;lhsu;fNsh my;yJ ,ilj;jufu;fNsh toq;ff; $lhJ. ,it njhlu;gpy; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Ws; epjp kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; rhu;e;j cjtpfs; my;yJ cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwaw;w cjtpfs; Mfpad cs;slq;Fk;. Mdhy; ,r;nray; mtu;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; NritfSf;F mDg;gpitg;gijj; jLf;ff; $lhJ. tha;g;Gs;s vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,J toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

✓

11 ,ilj;jufu;fsJ tfpghfk;> mtu;fsJ kl;Lg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; njspthd tiuaiwfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk;. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fsplkpUe;J mtu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba cjtpfs; kw;Wk; topfhl;bfs; Mfpatw;wpd; msTfisAk; tiuaiw nra;Jnfhs;sTk;.

✓

12 ve;jnthU ,ilj;jufUk; kpfTk; ek;gfkhd Kiwapy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fisj; njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;fhd topKiwfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sTk;. ✓

13 ,ilj;jufu;fSldhd mtu;fsJ Ra Clhl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;. mjhtJ mj;jifa ,ilj;jufu;fs; njhlu;gpy; VjhtJ jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; mjid epahag;gLj;jf; $ba epiyapy; mtu;fs; cs;sduh vd;gJ Nghd;wd.

✓

iii. ciungau;g;ghsu;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fsJ FOtpy; Kf;fpa ghfj;jpid ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; jkJ ciungau;g;gpy; khj;jpuky;y ghypay; td;Kiwapd; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfs;> nghUj;jkhdtplj;J rpWtu;fSlDk; gzpahw;wf; $batu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; Kiwahfg; gapw;wg;gl;ltu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j cWg;gpdu;fSld; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Clhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w ve;j re;ju;g;gj;jpd; nghOJk; jkJ Nritfis toq;ff; $batu;fshf ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Ws; Ngl;bfhzy; Nghd;wdTk; cs;slq;Fk;. rhpahd nkhopapYk;> gpujhd nrhw;fSf;fhd fyhrhuk; rhu;e;j nghUl;Nfhly;fis toq;ff; $batu;fshfTk; ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; ,Ug;gJld;> Fwpg;gpl;l #oiktpy; ghypay; td;KiwAld; njhlu;Gila elj;ijfs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw khw;whky; ,Ug;gJld;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w jfty;fis khw;whkYk; mtw;wpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jhjtu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ngl;bfhz;fpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; kpfTk; $Uzu;TlDk; njhopy;thz;ik kpf;ftu;fshfTk; jPq;fpiof;f Ntz;lhk; vd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapyhd xOf;fnewpapd; gpufhuk; gzpahw;wf; $batu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mwptpf;fg;gl;l rk;kjk; vd;w vz;zf;fU njhlu;gpy; mtu;fs; KOikahd Ghpjy;fis



cilatu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> FOtpd; ,ufrpak; Ngzy; vDk; nfhs;iff;F ,zq;fp elj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.

ciungau;g;ghsu;fisj; njhpTnra;Ak; NghJ gpd;tUt-dtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;: » gapw;wg;gl;l RahjPd ciungau;g;ghsu;fisj; njhpTnra;J mtu;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w chpa tifapyhd NghjpasT epjp kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fis xJf;fTk;. vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,j;jifa egu;fis cldbahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyik ,Uf;fyhk;.

» ,ufrpaj;jd;ikiag; NgZk; Kfkhf FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fis ciungau;g;ghsu;fshf gad;gLj;j Ntz;lhk;. jtpu;f;f Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfsJ r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fis ciungau;g;ghsu;fshfg; gad;gLj;;jyhk;. Fwpg;ghf RNjr r%fq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,J Vw;GilajhFk;.

» ciungau;g;ghsu;fshf tuf;$batu;fsJ Mw;wy;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F NghjpasT Neuj;ij xJf;fTk;. ciungau;g;ghsu;fshf tuf;$batu;fs; njhlu;ghd Fw;wk; rhu;e;j gjpTfs;> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik> ek;gpf;ifj; jd;ik> rpWtu;fSld; gzpahw;Wk; Mw;wy;fs; Mfpad njhlu;gpy; ed;F MuhaTk;.

» ciungau;g;ghsu;fsJ ghy;> taJ> milahsk;> ,dk;> fyhrhuk;> murpay; $l;lzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Kiwahf ,dq;fhzTk;. Vnddpy; ,it ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhlrpfspd; ek;gpf;if kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. mj;jifa tplaq;fis $Uzu;T kpf;f Kiwapy; ghprPypf;fTk;. ,jd; %yk; khwhepiyf; fUj;Jilatu;fisNah my;yJ kw;wtu;fisj; Jd;gg;gLj;Jfpd;w rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;ltu;fisNah jtpu;f;f KbAk;.

» ,tu;fsJ Nritfis thliff;F mku;j;Jtjw;F Kd;du; rk;ge;jg;gl;l eguJ ghypay; td;Kiw kw;Wk; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis mwpaTk;. ghypay; td;KiwAld; njhlu;Gila nrhw;fs; gw;wp mtu;fs; ed;F mwpe;Js;sdu; vd;gij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sTk;. ,tu;fsJ mwtPdk; rhd;Wfisr; Nrfhpf;fpd;w nrad;Kiwfis vjpu;kiwahf jhf;fhjjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (cjhuzk; - Jauk; kw;Wk; mjpu;r;rp Nghd;wd). tha;g;Gs;s re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ciungau;g;ghsu;fis FOtpy; cs;slf;fTk;.

» rpWtu;fisg; Ngl;bfhz;fpd;w nghOJ mj;Jiw rhu;e;j gapw;rpfisAk; Kd; mDgtq;fisAk; cila rpWtu;fSld; gzpahw;wpa ciungau;g;ghsu;fis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jTk;.

» ciungau;g;ghsu;fs; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sTk;:

» jhk; gzpahw;Wfpd; gpuNjrq;fspy; ghJfhg;G hPjpahd tplaq;fspy; nrsfhpakhf gzpahw;wf; $batu;fshf ,Ug;gJld;> nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; $Wfpd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; RKfkhf gzpahw;wf; $batu;fshfTk;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

» gpuNjr #oikTfisg; Ghpe;jtu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtis> Gwtaj;jd;ikAld; gzpahw;wf; $batu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

» ghypay; td;Kiw kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;gpyhd gpuNjr fyhrhuk; Mfpatw;iw ed;F Ghpe;jtu;fshfTk; mDgtk; kpf;ftu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> ,j;jifa tplaq;fs; vt;thW Ngl;bfhz;gtu;fSldhd njhlu;ghliyg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij mwpe;jpUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.

» ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd tplag;gug;gpid ed;F mwpe;jtu;fshfTk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila Jiw rhu;e;j nrhw;fis ed;F mwpe;jtu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; ghypay; td;Kiwia tpghpf;fpd;w nghOJ gyu; Kd;dpiyapy; $wj;jfhj nrhw;fSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjid NtWtpjkhf kiwj;Jf;$Wk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

7d. jfty;fis vt;thW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;Lnry;tJ

CARSV njhlu;ghd Gydha;Tr; nrad;Kiw jpl;lkplypd; Xu; mq;fkhf jfty;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; mj;jifa jfty;fis fhj;jpukhd Kiwapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L nry;tJ njhlu;ghd tplaq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jfty;fisAk; rhd;WfisAk; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp mtw;iwg; NgZtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. cjhuzkhf – Fw;wk; eilngw;w ,lk; njhlu;ghd Gifg;glq;fs; my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfspd; Ngl;bfisg; gjpTnra;j Mtzq;fs; Nghd;wd – mtw;wpd; Neu;ik my;yJ ehzaj;jpy; vj;jifa Fe;jfKk; Vw;glhj tpjkhf ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisNah my;yJ rhl;rpfisNah Nkyjpf ,lu;fSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf; $lhJ.

jfty;fis vt;thW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L nry;tJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd jpl;lkply; gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

» jfty;;fis gwpKjy; nra;tjw;fhd ,lu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghOJ nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; vt;thW> vq;Nf> vt;tpjkhf mjid mopf;fg;Nghfpd;whu;fs; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

» nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspdhy; fhty; njhlu; fhg;Gr; rq;fpypiag; (Chain of Custody) Ngzf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (Fw;wk; njhlu;ghd jla;qfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L ghJfhf;fg;gLk; NghJ ahu; ahu; mjidf; ifahz;ldu;> ahhpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; mit ,Ue;jd vd;gijg; gjpTnra;J njspthf itj;jpUj;jy; fhty; njhlu; fhg;Gr; rq;fpyp> mjhtJ Chain of Custody vdg;gLk;) (ghu;f;f> mj;pahak; 12: Nkyjpf jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> <. Chain of Custody)

» ePz;l fhykhf ,j;jifa jfty;fis ghJfhg;Gld; gj;jpukhf NgZtjw;fhd Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdth>



,tw;Ws; nghUj;jkw;w Kiwapy; ifahSjy; my;yJ fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; %ykhf Vw;glf;$ba mopTfs; my;yJ khRWjy; Mfpatw;iwj; jLj;jYk; cs;slq;Fk;.

jfty;fis vt;thW fsQ;rpag;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpyhd jpl;lkply;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ mj;jifa jfty;fs; vq;Nf Nrfhpf;fg;gLk;> mit ahhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk; Nghd;w tplaq;fisr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jpl;lkply; Ntz;Lk;. jhk; Nrfhpj;j jfty;fis vt;thW ghJfhg;GlDk; mtw;wpd; ,ufrpaj;jd;ik Ngzg;glf;$ba tpjj;jpYk; itj;jpUf;fg; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;gij nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kpff; ftdkhf ghprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;;. ghJfhg;ghd tyankhd;wpy; kj;jpa fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Kiwnahd;iw ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpg;ghf Nkhjy; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. jfty;fisg; ghJfhg;gthpdhy; vg;NghJ Nkw;ghu;it nra;af; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Kiw njhlu;ghd tphpthd topfhl;bfSf;fhfh mj;jpahak; 13 : jfty;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; ifahSjy; vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk;).

jfty;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;WnkhU ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;Lnry;fpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila ,lu;fisg; ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf thfdq;fs; my;yJ egu;fs; Nrhjidaplg;gLfpd;w Nrhjidr; rhtbfs;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs; my;yJ Vida gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ mtjhdkhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; vj;jifa Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; jk;kplk; cs;sd> me;j Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpahdJ jfty;fisAk; rhd;WfisAk; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjh vd;gJ gw;wpAk; jPu;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

7e. jfty;fis vt;thW xOq;fikg;gJ

jfty;fs; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;du;> mj;jifa jfty;fs; xOq;fikf;fg;gLk; KiwahdJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; nghOJ Kd;$l;bNa ,it njhlu;gpy; kpff; ftdkhf ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kpd;dpapy; juT ikankhd;iwg; gpuNahfpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. mNjNtis> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l rfy tpjkhd jfty;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa jfty;fs; cs;sf hPjpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld;> Fiwe;jsT gpd;tUk; jfty;fisAk; cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

» Ngl;b fhzg;gl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU egu;> rhl;rpfs; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l juTfs;;

» Ngl;b fhzg;gl;l xt;nthU ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;> rhl;rp njhlu;ghd ghJfhg;G hPjpahd mf;fiwfs;

» Ngl;bapy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l rk;kjj;ij toq;fpaikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;

» rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ rhl;rpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ew;rhd;wpjo; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

» mj;jifa ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ rhl;rpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l Mtz hPjpahd jfty;fs;

» kUj;Jt my;yJ nghyp]; hPjpahd gjpTfs; fhzg;gLtJ njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;.

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ rhl;rp njhlu;ghd Gifg;gl my;yJ xsp> xyp hPjpahd jfty;fs;

» mtrpakhapd; Nkw;;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fspd; nkhopngau;g;Gfs;.

tha;g;Gs;s re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,e;j juT ikakhdJ NghjpasT tpUj;jpnra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> gy;NtW tifahd newpKiwfspd; fPo; ,e;j juTfisj; Njbg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ru;tNjr Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; Mfpad njhlu;ghd Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F cjtf;$ba gy;NtW tifahd gfpuq;f %y juTikag; gpuNahfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gad;gLj;jf; $ba fUtpfs;

njhlu;ghd rpy cjhuzq;fs;

1. OpenEvsysOpenEvsys vd;gJ Open Events System ,d; RUf;fkhFk;;. ,J RahjPdkhf gfpuq;f %ykhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wnjhU juT ikag; gpuNahfkhFk;. ,jid HURIDOCS tpUj;jpnra;jjJ. kdpj chpikfs; njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLfpd;w mur rhu;gw;w epWTdq;fSf;F gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F OpenEvsys cjTfpwJ:

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> Fw;wkpioj;jtu;fs;> kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; rk;gtq;fs; Mfpad gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gjpTnra;jy;> cyhtpj; NjLjy; kw;Wk; kPsg;ngwy;.

» juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> mwpf;iffis cyhtpj; NjLjy;> Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahf tiffs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;.

» ,ilaPLfis ,dq;fz;L Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;> mjhtJ kUj;Jt kw;Wk; rl;l cjtpfs; Nghd;wd.

» ew;rhd;wpjo;fs;> cWjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; xspf;Nfhg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;.

http://www.openevsys.org

2. I-DocI-DOC vdg;gLtJ kw;WnkhU RahjPd jpwe;j %yq;fisf; nfhz;l juT ika gpuNahfkhFk;. ru;tNjr Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; fLikahd kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; Mfpad njhlu;ghd Mtzg;gLj;jy; rhu;e;j gFg;gha;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,J cjTfpwJ. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; gpd;tUtd njhlu;gpYk; I-doc Ig; gad;gLj;jyhk;:

» cz;ikr; rk;gtq;fisAk; rhd;WfisAk; ,dq;fz;L> Nrfhpj;J cWjpg;gLj;jp> njhFj;Jg; nghUj;jpg; ghu;j;jy.

» mtrpakhd jfty; tiffisj; njhFj;J

http://www.openevsys.org



tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;. cjhuzk;- rhd;Wfs;> rk;gtq;fs;> gpd;Gyq;fs;> egu;fs; (re;Njf egu;fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> rhl;rpfs;)> epWtdq;fs;> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida nghUl;fs;.

» Fwpg;gpl;l rl;l tiuTr;rl;lfj;jpd; gpufhuk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; (muR> rk\l;b> gpuhe;jpak;> ru;tNjrk;).

» Gtpapay; kw;Wk; Neuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tiuglq;fis tiujy;> ,izg;Gf;fisAk; Gs;sptpguq;fisAk; cUthf;Fjy;.

» jfty; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp mwpf;iffis cUthf;Fjy;> rl;l hPjpahd Kiwg;ghLfs;> I.rP.rP. njhlu;ghly;fs;> ntspf;fs Ntiyfs;> Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfs; rhu;e;j tplaq;fs;.

» Case Matrix cld; ,izj;jy; / Kf;fpa ru;tNjr Fw;wr; rl;lj; Njitfs; kw;Wk; ep&gpg;gjw;F mtrpakhdtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila CICD gFg;gha;Tfs;.

http://blog.casematrixnetwork.org/toolkits/databases/i-doc/

8. kPs;ghu;it kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs;

NkYk; ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 14: jw;NghJ eilngWfpd;w Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwfis kPs;ghu;itf;F cl;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis gFg;gha;T nra;jjiyg; ghu;f;fTk;.

ngl;b 9

kPs;ghu;it kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs;

IICI Gydha;thsu;fs; ifNal;bypUe;J 9tJ gjpg;GGjpa jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;w nghOJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ij njhlu;r;rpahf vt;thW kPs;kjpg;gPL nra;ag;Nghfp-d;Nwhk; vd;gJ gw;wp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l Cfq;fs; njhlu;e;-Jk; ngWkjpahditah vd;gijj; jPu;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUtdtw;iwj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfTk; kPs;kjpg;gPL mtrpakhfpwJ:

» Gjpa jfty;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf vj;jifa Nkyjpf Ntiyfs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd?

» cq;fsJ Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzg;;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;F Nkyjpf tsq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sjh my;yJ kPs; epakpf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sjh?

» Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiwapDs; mjd; tpisTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkh my;yJ mila KbAkh?

» Mtzg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpid rPuikf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sjh?

» Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; VjhtJ mk;rj;jpid epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Gjpjhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;l jilfs; VJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

http://blog.casematrixnetwork.org/toolkits/databases/i-doc/



9. ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitfs; FOtpYs;s rfy cWg;gpdu;fSk; xOf;fnewp rhu;e;j KiwapYk; njhopy;thz;ik kpf;f KiwapYk; ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd flg;ghLfis cilatu;fs;. jhk; Vd; ,t;thW ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJ njhlu;ghd Ghpjy;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wdu;> gpioahd my;yJ Nkhrkhd elj;ijfspd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba gpd;tpisTfisAk; ed;F Ghpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ed;elj;ijf; NfhitahdJ ,j;jifa mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fisj; njhFg;gJld; njhopy;thz;ikkpf;f Kiwapy; CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jy; elj;ijfSf;F topfhl;LfpwJ.

CARSV Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F Kd;duhf Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpyhd ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitfis nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdj;jpd; ed;dlj;ijf; NfhitahdJ ,e;j NjitfSf;Fg; Nghjhky; ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,y;yhjtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. xt;nthU FO cWg;gpduJk; njhopy;thz;ik kpf;f elj;ij rhu;e;j flg;ghLfisg; gpujpgypf;ff; $bajhf ,it ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> FO cWg;gpdu;fs; ,zq;fp elf;f vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w xOf;fnewp rhu;e;j nfhs;iffisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;ghf:

» Gydha;thsu;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapy; ,ufrpa cld;gbf;iffs; ngUk;ghYk; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rfytpjkhd nghUl;fs;> mwpT> eilKiwfs;> $l;lq;fs;> jPu;khdq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ,ufrpaj;jd;ik cs;slf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,it nghJ nraw;jsj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

» ,j;;jifa ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitfs; rpWtu;fSf;F vjpuhd ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis fl;lhak; mwpf;ifaplg;gl Ntz;ba Njitg;ghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;lha mwpf;ifaply; Njitg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w #oypy; re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkhd my;yJ cz;ikahd ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; gw;wp mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhd eilKiwfis nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fl;lha mwpf;ifaply; rl;lq;fs; my;yJ nfhs;iffs; ei-lKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

» rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis mwpf;ifapl Ntz;ba Njit ahUf;Fs;sJ?

» mj;jifa mwpf;iffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpfs; ahu;?

» mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhd flg;ghL vg;NghJ Vw;gl;lJ (cjhuzkhf – J\;gpuNahfk; njhlu;ghd re;Njfk; ,Ue;jnghOJ)?

» vj;jifa jfty;fs; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;?

» Neuk; kw;Wk; Vida eilKiwfs; njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifaply; xOq;Ftpjpfs; vd;d?

» ,ufrpaj;jd;ik vt;thW ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ?

» mwpf;ifaplhky; tpLtjd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba rl;l hPjpahd jhf;fq;fs; vd;d?

( IRC/UNICEF Mfpatw;wpypUe;J – ghypay; J\;gpuNahfj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gll rpWtu;fisg; guhkhpj;jy;: kdpjhgpkhd #oikTfspy; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f cstpay; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bfs; (epANahf;> NY, 2012))

ngl;b 10

ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitf; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd cjhuzq;fs;

ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s xOf;fnewp rhu;e;j tplaq;fs; nghJthf gpd;tUk; nfhs;iffisAk; ngWkhdq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhftpUf;Fk;:Do No Harm

» jPq;fpiof;f Ntz;lhk;

» ghugl;rkpd;ik

» RahjPdk; kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik

» ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia kjpj;jy;

» fyhrhuq;fs; kw;Wk; rkaq;fis kjpj;jy;

» jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sypy; r%f gq;Fgw;Wjiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

» kdpj chpikfs; njhlu;ghd mu;g;gzpg;Gfs;.

ed;dlj;ijf; NfhitfspYs;s nrayhw;Wif mbg;gilapyhd my;yJ eilKiwg;nghWg;Gfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

» epjp> gzpahsu;fs;> tsq;fs; Mfpatw;iw vt;thW Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;.

» jfty; ghpkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;

» ey;yhl;rp

» cs;sf Kiwg;ghl;Lg; nghwpKiwfs;.

CARSV njhlu;gpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfs; MfpNahUld; gzpahw;Wifapy; ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitfs; Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd:

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; ika mZFKiwf;F Vw;g gzpahw;wTk;.

» jPu;g;G toq;f te;jtu;fs; Nghd;w Njhw;wg;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba elj;ijfis ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;lhk;.

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiu Fiw$wNtz;lhk;.

» ghjpf;fg;gl;l rfyiuAk; jd;khdj;JlDk; khpahijAlDk; elj;jTk;

» rhd;Wfspd; gpufhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fsJ ghJfhg;gpid Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jTk;.

mtrpakhapd; ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhitapy; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; ifnahg;gkpLtJ nghJthd eilKiwahfFk;.



10. juhjuk; kpf;f nraw;ghl;L eilKiwfs;

vjpu;T$wf;$ba nraw;ghl;L epfo;Tfs; njhlu;gpy; rPuhd eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; gjpyspg;Gfs; gw;wpa Njitg;gh-Lfs; njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLk; Kfkhf cs;sf juhjur; nraw;ghl;L eilKiwfis nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;fpd;w tplaq;fis ,it cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

» rhl;rpfis ifahSfpd;w eilKiwfs;

» Mtzk;> ngsjPf kw;Wk; b[ply; hPjpahd rhd;Wfis ifahSfpd;w eilKiwfs;

» ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;

» b[ply; ghJfhg;G newpKiwfs;

» ,ufrpaj;jd;ik hPjpahd xOq;FkuGfs;

» b[ply; Kiwapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s $Uzu;Tkpf;f jfty;fs; kw;Wk; yhf;fu;fspy; ngsjPf hPjpahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw ahu; mZfpg;ngwyhk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;. kw;Wk; ,tw;iw mZfpg; ngWfpd;w egu;fsJ vz;zpf;ifia kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 13: jfty;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpf; ifahSjy;)

» njhlu;ghly; jpl;lq;fs;

» vt;tifahd Mtzq;fs; (Fwpg;Gfs;> xsp> xyp tbtq;fs;> Gifg;glq;fs;) Mtzg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd cgfuzq;fis vt;thW ifahStJ.

» td;Kiwfs; ,lk;ngw;w ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghd eilKiwfs;

» Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;fs; (ghu;f;f> mj;jpahak; 8: jPq;fpiof;f Ntz;lhk;/ Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;fs;)

» ahuhtJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> rhl;rpfs;> jdpahf cs;s rpWtu;fs; my;yJ Vida egu;fs; MfpNahiu NtW ,lq;fSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;jy;> mtrufhy cjtpfs; Mfpad njhlu;gpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s jpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; hPjpahd njhpTfs;.

» jfty;fis gwpKjy; nra;tjw;fhd ,lu;fs; fhzg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; mjid vt;thW mopf;f KbAk;.

11. Ra-guhkhpg;G,lu; kpFe;j> td;KiwAld; $ba Nkhjy; #oypy; gzpahw;Wtjd; fhuzkhf kw;wtu;fsJ Jd;gpay; rhu;e;j mDgtq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiy nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F Vw;glyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf fLk; kw;wtu; kdtL vd;w epiyapy; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. ,tu;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba kdtOj;jq;fisj; jzpf;Fk; Kfkhf mikg;G kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L hPjpapyhd kl;lq;fspy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;fhf nghUj;jkhd Ra-guhkhpg;G eilKiwfis tpUj;jpnra;jy;.

ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd Ma;T Kd;ndLg;Gfs;> ghypay; kw;Wk; neUq;fpa tho;f;ifj; Jiz td;Ki-wfs; njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fSf;F Vw;gLfpd;w kw;wtu; njhlu;ghd kdtLit Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjidj; jLj;jy; njhlu;ghd topfhl;b-fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fs; ngw-g;gl;Ls;sd (gpwpNuhhpah 2015)

nrad;KiwfSk; ghJfhg;GfSk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

» FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhd Ngl;bfshdJ jdpg;gl;ltu;fsJ jhf;Fg;;gpbf;Fk; jd;ik njhlu;ghd kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gue;j mDgtk; kw;Wk; ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpapUj;jy;.

» gpwu; gw;wpa kdtL njhlu;ghd Neha; mwpFwpfs; kw;Wk; Vida fhuzpfs; Mfpad gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Kfkhf FOtpYs;s cWg;gpdu;fs; gapw;wg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> mtw;Wf;F vt;thW gjpyspj;jy;> cjtpfukhd Nkw;ghu;itfis vt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> mtrpakhdtplj;J kdtL njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs; Mfpad gw;wpa gapw;rpfSk; toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

» Gydha;thsu;fSf;F Kd;$l;ba kw;Wk; eilngWfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> gzpf;Fg; gpd;du; Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; MNyhridfis toq;ff; $ba MNyhrfiu mZff;$ba tha;g;Gfs;.

» gy;NtW tpjkhd kw;Wk; rkepiyiakg; Ngzf;$ba tpjj;jpy; Ntiyfis toq;Ftjd; %ykhf kdtLit Vw;gLj;jf; $ba nghUl;fSld; <LgLtij kl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba Kiwfs;. ,tw;Ws; Row;rp mbg;gilapy; njhopy; hPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;> ,jd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis my;yJ Fw;wkpioj;jtu;fis mtu;fs; njhlu;ghd fijfis Ngl;bfhz;gtu;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf Nfl;fNtz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. Ma;thsu;fs; FOf;fshfg; gzpahw;Wjy;> mjd; %yk; FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F fs hPjpahd Ngl;bfs; kw;Wk; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila njhopy;fs;> rhujp> juTfisg; gjpjy;> vOJtpidQu; kw;Wk;/ my;yJ epu;thf hPjpahd njhopy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fyhk;. kw;Wk; Xa;ntLj;jy;> clw;gapw;rpfisr; nra;jy;> jpahdj;jpy; <LgLjy; Nghd;w Ra guhkhpg;Gr; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfspYk; <LgL KbAk;.

» xU ehisf;F Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba Ngl;bfs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tfspd; vz;zpf;ifia kl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

» Gyd; tprhuizfspy; <LgLgtu;fs; NghjpasT Xa;tpid Ngl;bfSf;fpilapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gij cWjpnra;jy;.

» Ma;Tfisg; nghWg;Ngw;gjd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba czu;T hPjpahd jhf;fq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tpNrl ,ufrpaf; $l;lq;fis elj;Jjy;. Mtzg;gLj;jYld; njhlu;Gila njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L hPjpahd mk;rq;fis kPsu;ghu;it nra;fpd;w $l;lq;fis Vidatw;wpypUe;J gphpj;J jdpahf elj;Jjy;.

140mj;jpahak; 10: ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd rhd;Wfspd; tiffs;


mj;jpahak; 10 cs;slf;fk;

mj;jpahak; 10: ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd rhd;Wfspd; tiffs; ............ 141A. mwpKfk; ...............................................................................................................................................................141

ngl;b 1rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; rhu;e;j Njitg;ghLfspd; jhf;fk; .......................................................................142ngl;b 2gfpuq;f %yj; jfty;fs; .....................................................................................................................................143

ftdpf;f Ntz;ba gpujhd Fwpg;Gfs; ......................................................................................................144ngl;b 3Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV Fw;wq;fSf;F cs;ehl;by; tof;Fj; njhLj;jy; - rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfs; .......................................................................................145

B. rhl;rpg;gj;jpuk; %ykhd rhd;Wfs; .........................................................................................................................1461. rhl;rpg;gj;jpuk; %ykhd rhd;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? ..................................................................................................................1462. rhl;rpg;gj;jpuk; rhu;e;j rhd;Wfis vq;fpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; .......................................................1473. rhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; %ykhd rhd;Wfspd; tfpghfk; vd;d? .......................................................................147

ngl;b 4rhpapiz ez;gu;fs; mDgtk; - rhl;rpNa rhd;whFk;. ..........................................................................................148

C. Mtz hPjpahd rhd;Wfs; ....................................................................................................................................1481. Mtz hPjpahd rhd;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? ...........................................................................................1482. Mtz hPjpahd rhd;wpd; tfpghfk; vd;d? ...........................................................................................1493. Mtz hPjpahd rhd;wpd; tfpghfk; vd;d? ...........................................................................................149

D. b[ply; rhd;Wfs; .................................................................................................................................................1501. b[ply; rhd;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? ........................................................................................................150

ngl;b 5b[ply; rhd;Wfs; Nrfhpg;Gf; fUtpfisj; njhpT nra;fpd;w nghOJ ghprPypf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ..................151

2. b[ply; rhd;wpid vq;Nf fz;lwptJ? .................................................................................................152ngl;b 6rfghb mDgtk; - r%f Clfg; gad;ghl;bd; cjhuzk; ...................................................................................152

3. b[ply; rhd;wpd; tfpghj;jpuk; vd;d? ....................................................................................................153ngl;b 7b[ply; rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gJld; njhlu;Gila tpNrl mgha Neu;Tfs; ...........................................................153

E. ngsjPfr; rhd;W .....................................................................................................................................................1541. ngsjPfr; rhd;W vd;why; vd;d? ..........................................................................................................154

ngl;b 8ngsjPfr; rhd;wpid vd;dhy; Nrfupf;f KbAkh? .................................................................................................154

2. ngsjPfr; rhd;Wfis vq;Nf fz;lwptJ? ............................................................................................1553. ngsjPfr; rhd;wpd; tfpghj;jpuk; vd;d? .................................................................................................155

ngl;b 9CARSV f;fhd kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpidg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; .......................................................................156



mj ;j pahak ; 10: ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ;

njhlu ;ghd rhd ;Wfs pd ; tiffs ;

A. mwpKfk ;

kpfTk ; r pwe ;jJk ; ek ;gfj ;jFe ;jJkhd jfty ;fis my ;yJ rhd ;Wfisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;tNj xt ;nthU Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ; nrad ;Kiwa pd ; Nehf ;fkhFk ;.

g pzf ;fpYs ;s tplankhd ;iwj ; jhg pg ;gjw ;fhf e Pjpkd ;wj ;jpy ; rku ; ;g ;g pf ;fpd ;w nghOJ vz ;g pf ;fpd ;w ngWkhdKk ; tbtKk ; cila r py tifahd rk ;ge ;jg ;gl;l jfty ;fis nghJthf rhd ;W vd ;w nrhy ; Fwpj ;J epw ;fpd ;wJ. Fw ;wtpay ; rhu ;e ;j tof ;Fj ; njhLj ;jy ;fs pd ; nghOJ nghJthf vt ;t pj re ;Njfj ;jpw ;Fk ; ,lkpd ;w p ep&g pf ;f Ntz ;ba Njit cs ;sd. Mdhy ; gh pe ;Jiuj ;jy ; my ;yJ ePjpj ;Jiw rhuhj Nehf ;fq ;fSf ;fhf Mtzg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w nghOJ nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; ep&g pj ;jy ; njhlu ;g py ; rw ;W Fiwthd juhjuk ; cilatw ;iwAk ; g puNahfpf ;f KbAk ; (cjhuzkhf – vz ;g pg ;gjd ; rkepiyj ;jd ;ik my ;yJ Vidait). ,j ;jifa newpKiw rhu ;e ;j #oiktpy ; jfty ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; rhd ;Wfs ; Nghd ;w nrhw ;g puNahfq ;fs ; khWgl;l nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs pdhy ; khWgl;l Nehf ;fq ;fSf ;fhf ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fs ; Nrfh pf ;fg ;gLfpd ;wd. r py tifahd jfty ;fs ; Kiwrhu ;e ;j rhd ;W KiwfisAk ; fhty ; njhlu ; fhg ;Gr ; rq ;fpyp Kiw nfhz ;bUj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. Vidatw ;Wf ;F ,it mtrpakpy ;iy. vj ;jifa juhjuk ; kpf ;f rhd ;W h Pjpahd ep&gzq ;fs ; jkf ;F mtrpag ;gLfpd ;wd my ;yJ Vw ;Gilad vd ;gijj ; j Pu ;khd pf ;Fk ; nghWg ;G nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fisr ; rhu ;e ;jjhFk ;. mtu ;fsJ Nehf ;fj ;jpw ;F vJ mtrpaNkh mjid ikakhff ; nfhz ;l jfty ;fisr ; Nrfh pg ;gJ ,tu ;fsJ nghWg ;ghFk ;.

ghypay ; td ;KiwAld ; njhlu ;ghd Mtzg ;gLj ;jyhdJ rk ;ge ;jg ;gl;l epfo ;T my ;yJ #oy ;fs ; gw ;w pa jfty ;fis toq ;Ffpd ;w ve ;j tplakhfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. ,J Mtzg ;gLj ;jg ;gLk ;. ,J g pd ;tUtdthfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;:

» Ma ;T nra ;ag ;gl;litfs ; my ;yJ fz ;lw pag ;gl;litfs ; (cjhuzkhf – iftplg ;gl;l jLg ;Gf ;fhty ; e piyankhd ;w py ; ,Ue ;J fz ;lw pag ;gl;l ifjpfs ; njhlu ;ghd ngau ;g ; gl;bay ;> ,izaj ;jsj ;j pypUe ;J gjpt pwf ;fk ; nra ;ag ;gl;l mur rhu ;gw ;w epWtdk ; xd ;w pd ; mwpf ;if> my ;yJ xd ;iyd py ; fhzg ;gl;l t PbNah)

» nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fSf ;Ff ; ifas pf ;fg ;gl;lit my ;yJ e Pj pkd ;w cj ;jut pd ; g pufhuk ; ifas pf ;fg ;gl;litfs ; (cjhuzkhf – kUj ;Jtg ; gjpTfs pd ; g puj p> ifalf ;fj ; njhiyNgr p xd ;w pYs ;s tuyhw ;Wg ; gjpTfs ;)

» nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs pdhy ; my ;yJ %d ;whe ;jug ;g pdhy ; cUthf ;fg ;gl;litfs ; (cjhuzkhf – rhl;r pfs pd ; $w ;Wf ;fs ;> td ;Kiwfs ; ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd tiuglq ;fs ;> fhaq ;fs ; gw ;w pa Gifg ;glq ;fs ;> fhty ; njhlu ; fhg ;Gr ; rq ;f pypg ; gjpTfs ;> nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fsJ Ra mtjhd pg ;Gfs ; kw ;Wk ; t pQ ;Qhd h Pj pahd gFg ;gha ;Tfs ;)

jd pg ;gl;l ghypay ; jhf ;fk ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fis khj ;j puky ;y ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs pd ; Nehf ;fq ;fisj ; jhg pf ;ff ; $ba t plaq ;fisAk ; nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; Nrfh pj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. mj ;NjhL> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; k PJ ,iof ;fg ;gl;l Vida tifahd k Pwy ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fisAk ; ,tu ;fs ; Nrfh pj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. mjhtJ r piwa pyilj ;J itj ;jy ; my ;yJ ghypay ; mbikj ;jdk ; Nghd ;wd. rhjhuz Fw ;wq ;fs pypUe ;J ru ;tNjr rl;lq ;fs pd ; f Pohd Fw ;wq ;fisg ; g ph pj ;jw ptjw ;F mtr pakhd g pd ;Gyk ; kw ;Wk ; nghJthd mk ;rq ;fs ; Mfpatw ;iw cs ;slf ;f pa jfty ;fisAk ; nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; Nrfh pj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. kw ;Wk ; k Pwy ;fSf ;F my ;yJ Fw ;wq ;fSf ;F ahu ; nghWg ;G vd ;w jfty ;fisr ; Nrfh pg ;gJld ; vt ;thW vd ;gijAk ; Nrfh pj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ; (ghu ;f ;f> mj ;j pahak ; 4: jd pg ;gl;l Fw ;wt pay ; nghWg ;Gfs ;> kw ;Wk ; mj ;j pahak ; 5: mur nghWg ;Gfs ;).



ngl;b 1

rhd ;Wfs ; kw ;Wk ; eilKiwfs ; rhu ;e ;j Njitg ;ghLfs pd ; jhf ;fk ;

mtrpag;gLfpd;w ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd rhd;Wfs; tif kw;Wk; ahuhy;> vt;thW mir Nrfhpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikahdJ ePjpj;Jiw epahahjpf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wy; nghwpKiwfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F Vw;g khwf;$bajhfTs;sd (fhty; njhlu; fhg;Gr; rq;fpyp). Fw;wtpay; rhu;e;j tof;Ffisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; rhd;Wfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikahdJ kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhdjhfTk; tphpthdjhfTk; fhzg;gl;l nghOjpYk; $l> Fw;wtpay;> kdpj chpikfs; my;yJ Vida tifahd nghWg;Gf; $wy; nghwpKiwfs; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;j tiuapy; ,tw;Wf;F Vw;Gila jpl;ltl;lkhd newpKiwfs; ,y;iy. VjhtJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwnahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ve;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wdNth mtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; eilKiw rhu;e;j Njitg;ghLfs; Mfpad gw;wp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ghypay; td;Kiwfs; rhu;e;j tplaq;fis ep&gpg;gjw;F vj;jifa rhd;Wfis mtu;fs; rptpy; Fw;wtpay; my;yJ Vida epWtdq;fsplk; ifaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; mj;jifa jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;J mtw;iwf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itg;gjw;fhd mDkjpfs; vj;jifa mikg;GfSf;F my;yJ egu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijAk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

rpy #o;epiyfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L rpy tifahd rhd;Wfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ. cjhuzkhf> kw;nwhU egu; $Wtij jhd; Nfl;ljd; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhz;ljhf rhl;rp xUtu; rhd;whfj; njhptpf;fpd;w tplaq;fis gy;NtW tpjkhd nghJthd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epahahjpf;fk; cila ePjpkd;wq;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,it njhlu;gpy; tpNrl tpjptpyf;Ffs; cs;sd vd;gijAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;. tha; %ykhd rhd;WfSf;Fg; gjpyhf Kd;$l;ba rhl;rpfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kWf;fyhk;. ,jw;F vjpu;thjp rthy;fis tpLf;f KbAk;.

I.rP.rP. tpjpfs; njhlu;ghd eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs; (RPE) MdJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbaj rhd;Wfs; tif gw;wp vjidAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; rhd;W hPjpahd gFg;gha;Tfs; gw;wp nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikAila tiuTr;rl;lfnkhd;iw mit toq;Ffpd;wd.1 mjdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L rhd;Wfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; my;yJ epuhfhpf;fyhk;:

» rk;ge;jk;

» epfo;jfTg; ngWkjp

» mD$ykw;witia cz;lhf;Ffpd;w jhf;fk;

I.rP.rP. kw;Wk; Vida ru;tNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; epahahjpf;fq;fs; Mfpad rhd;Wfisr; rku;g;gpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; ,Wf;fkhd eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. gy rhd;Wfs; ,q;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfs; ngUk;ghYk; mjd; nghUj;jg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; fhj;jpuj;jd;ik Mfpad njhlu;gpNyNa mf;fiwiar; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gw;wpa tplaq;fis tpl ,tw;Wf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpd;wd. (cjhuzkhf – ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ fle;j fhy ghypay; elj;ijfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkw;wit). ,Ug;gpDk; cs;ehl;L kl;lq;fspy; RPE kpfTk; kl;Lg;ghLfisf; nfhz;lJ. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,jw;fhf mj;jpahak; 4 Ig; gad;gLj;j KbAk;: jdpg;gl;l Fw;wtpay; nghWg;Gfs;> gphpT <: nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikAila rhd;Wfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; my;yJ ePjpkd;wr; nrad;Kiwapd; nghOJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ rhl;rpfs; gq;Fgw;Wtij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf jw;Nghija RPE ,w;F Kd;Ndw;wfukhd nghUl;Nfhly;fis toq;FtJ njhlu;ghd ghpe;Jiufs;> mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;fpd;w mNjNtis ghypay; td;Kiw rhu;e;j Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd nghWg;Gf;$wy;fisAk; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

1

1 I.r P.r P eilKiw kw ;Wk ; rhd ;Wfs ; (63) kw ;Wk ; (64) gw ;w pa t pj pfs ;. http://www.icc-cpi.int.



rfyt pjkhd rhd ;WfisAk ; 4 tifahf tifg ;gLj ;jy-hk ;. mitahtd:

» el;rhl;r pg ;gj ;j pu rhd ;W

» Mtz h Pj pahd rhd ;W

» b[ply ; rhd ;W

» ngsj Pft pay ; rhd ;W (jlatpya ; rhd ;Wfs ; cs ;slq ;fyhf)

rhd ;Wfs ; ,e ;j 4 tiffSf ;Fs ; cs ;slq ;f pa nghOjpYk ; $l xt ;nthU rhd ;WfSf ;F ,ila pYk ; neUq ;f pa njhlu ;GfSk ; Clhl;lq ;fSk ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. xd ;W kw ;nwhd ;Wf ;F cjtpnra ;af ; $bajhfTk ; mjid tYg ;gLj ;jf ;$bajhfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. cjhuzkhf – td ;Kiwr ; rk ;gtk ; ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lnkhd ;w py ; r pj ;j putij njhlu ;ghd cgfuznkhd ;W vt ;thW gad ;gLj ;jg ;gl;lJ vd ;gij mjid Neubahff ; fz ;l xUtu ; t psf ;fks pf ;fyhk ;. my ;yJ rhd ;WfSf ;fhffr ; Nrfh pf ;fg ;gl;l Mtzq ;fSila mu ;j ;jq ;fis mjpfh pf ;ff ; $ba t pjj ;j pyhd nghUl;Nfhly ;fis nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fSf ;F toq ;fyhk ;. rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfh pf ;f pd ;w Kiw> mtw ;iwf ; fsQ ;r pag ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w Kiw Mfpatw ;w pd ; fhuzkhf xNu t pjkhd t plaq ;fs ; k Pz ;Lk ; k Pz ;Lk ; e pfo ;tjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; cs ;sd. rhd ;W xd ;W Nrfh pf ;fg ;gl;L mJ b[ply ; t PbNahthf ghJfhf ;fg ;glyhk ;. my ;yJ Mtznkhd ;W b[ply ; kag ;gLj ;jg ;gl;L ghJfhf ;f pd ;w nghOJ mr ;nray ; k Pz ;Lk ; ,lk ;ngwyhk ;. cs ;slf ;fj ;ij ikakhff ; nfhz ;L Mtznkhd ;W rhd ;Wfis cs ;slf ;f pa pUf ;fyhk ; (Mtzk ;) Vndd py ; mjpy ; Xu ; ,yl;rid fhzg ;gLtjd ; fhuzkhf mjpfhuk ; kpf ;fjhf mjidf ; fUJtjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; cs ;sd.

Fwpg ;g pl;l rk ;gtk ; ,lk ;ngw ;wJ vd ;gijf ; fhl;Ltjw ;Fr ; r py tifahd rhd ;Wfs ; gad ;juf ;$bajhf ,Uf ;fyhk ;. cjuzkhf – kUj ;Jt h Pj pahd gjpTfs ; Nghd ;wd. mNjNtis epfo ;r ;r pfs ; rhu ;e ;j juTfshdit Fwpg ;g pl;l tifahd Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd ngWkjpfis mjpfh pg ;gjw ;F cjtyhk ; (rhd ;W tif) (ghu ;f ;f mj ;j pahak ; 14: rhd ;WfisAk ; jfty ;fisAk ; gFg ;gha ;T nra ;jy ;> ngl;b 11: r py tiffisj ; jhg pg ;gjw ;fhf epfo ;T rhu ;e ;j rhd ;Wfisg ; gad ;gLj ;jy ;) r py tifahd rhd ;Wfs ; mjhtJ> rhl;r pfs ; my ;yJ itj ;j pau ;fs plkpUe ;J ngw ;Wf ;nfhz ;l el;rhl;r pg ; gj ;j puq ;fs ; jhjpfs ; my ;yJ kd pj ch pikfs ; nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; MfpNahu ; toq ;Ffpd ;w rhd ;Wfs ; Mfpatw ;iw mbg ;gilahff ; nfhz ;L td ;Kiwfs ; my ;yJ k Pwy ;fs pd ; Nehf ;fk ; vj ;jifaJ vd ;gijj ; jhg pf ;f KbAk ;. mNjNtis> Vida t pjkhd rhd ;Wfs ; jd pg ;gl;l Kiwa pYk ; Fw ;wq ;fis ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjTfpd ;w Mtzq ;fshfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. Fwpg ;g pl;l fpuhknkhd ;iwr ; Nru ;e ;j ghh pastpyhd egu ;fs ; ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs pdhy ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fshf ,Uf ;f pd ;w nghOJ mtu ;fs plkpUe ;J ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;f pd ;w rhd ;Wfs ; mq ;F gue ;jst py ; jhf ;Fjy ;fs ; ,lk ;ngw ;Ws ;sd vd ;gij ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjtyhk ;.

2 i`l;> Nf (2016) ‘tof;Ffs; njhlu;ghd gfpuq;f %yr; rhd;Wfs;> ahNy rl;l rQ;rpif xd;wpak;> 125, 2015-2016: 323–330.

ngl;b 2

gfpuq;f %yj; jfty;fs;

‘nghJthf nra;jp Clfq;fs;> murhq;f mwpf;iffs;> fy;tprhh; gzpfs;> r%f Clfk;> xd;iyd; tPbNahf;fs;> glq;fisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;Sk; fUtpfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;w jfty;fs; gfpuq;f %yj; jfty;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. (ghh;f;f> gphpT ,: Mtz hPjpahd rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; <: b[ply; hPjpahd rhd;Wfs;)

gfpuq;f %yq;fspypUe;J Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;w jfty;fshdJ gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rhd;Wfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bad. Mdhy; mjd; ek;gfj;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. MfNt mjd; epfof;$ba jd;ik gw;wpa ngWkjpfis Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sJ. mjid cWjpg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. gfpuq;f %yj; jfty;fSld; nraw;gLfpd;w nghOJ Kjd;Kjypy; mjid cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. rhpahf cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;shky; mq;Fs;s jfty;fs; cz;ikahdit vd nraw;gLj;Jdh;fs; Cfpf;ff; $lhJ. (cjhuzkf- xd;iydpy; cs;s tPbNah xd;iw Muha;e;J ghh;f;fpd;w nghOJ rpyNtisfspy; mq;F gpd;Gykhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpw;Fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l epfo;tpw;Fk; vt;tpj njhlh;Gk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. MfNt Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;it mJ cz;ikapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;atpy;iy vd;gij mwpaKbAk;).

gfpuq;f %yj; jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Ue;j nghOjpYk; CARSV njhlh;ghd tplaq;fspd; nghOJ Gydha;T rhh;e;j %ykhf ,jid gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpukq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. gfpuq;f %yq;fspy; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rpy Ntisfspy; mj;jif jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf mjidj; jahhpj;j egiuAk; Nehpy; r%fkspj;J cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd NjitfSk; voyhk;. (mjidj; jahhpj;j Clftpayhsh;> Gifg;glf; fiyQh;> jpiug;glj; jahhpg;ghsh; Nghd;Nwhh;). gpd;Gyk; rhh;e;j my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j rhd;Wfshff; fUjf;$ba rpy; gfpuq;f %yj; jfty;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mjhtJ Aj;jnkhd;iwg; gpufldg;gLj;jpaik Nghd;wd ePjpj;Jiwiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; ek;gfkhd jfty;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

gfpuq;f %yq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w jfty;fs; khj;jpuk; NghjhJ. rl;l hPjpahf ep&gpf;Fk; Kfkhf NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Vida tifahd rhd;WfSk; mtrpag;glyhk;. Nehpy; fz;l rhl;rpfsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w jfty;fs; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ. Nkhjy;fspdhy; ghjpf;fglg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ngsjPf hPjpahd mghaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fzpdp my;yJ Vida njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfs; %ykhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w gfpuq;f %yj;jfty;fs; ghJfhg;ghdit. ,J Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwia ghJfhg;G kpf;fjhf khw;wpaikg;gJld; kuG hPjpahf Nehpy; fz;lth;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w rhl;rpfis tpl nryT Fiwe;jjhFk;.2

2



ftd pf ;f Ntz ;ba g pujhd Fwpg ;Gfs ;

» r py tifahd rhd ;Wfs ;> mjhtJ ngsj Pf h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfs ; Nghd ;wd mtw ;iwr ; Nrfh pg ;gjw ;Fk ; kw ;Wk ;/ my ;yJ nrad ;Kif ;Fs ;shf ;Ftjw ;Fk ; ifahStjw ;Fk ; kw ;Wk ; Nrkpg ;gjw ;Fk ; t pNrl rl;l h Pj pahd mq ;f Pfhuq ;fs ; m ;y ;yJ mjpfhuks pj ;jy ; ;fs ; mtr pak ; vd ;gijf ; fUj ;j pw ;nfhs ;sy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. ,tw ;iwg ; ga pw ;wg ;gl;l njhopy ;thz ;ik kpf ;ftu ;fs ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. mtr pakhd mjpfhuq ;fNsh my ;yJ ga pw ;r pfNsh mw ;w nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; ,j ;jifa Mtzq ;fis Nrfh pj ;jy ; $lhJ. ,tu ;fs ; ,jid g pioahf ifahStjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; ,Ug ;gNjhL> mit gadw ;wjhfTk ; khwyhk ;. ,jd ; fhuzkhf e Pj pkd ;wq ;fs ; ,tw ;iw Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;shky ; t plyhk ;. ,j ;jifa re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; NtWtpjkhd gjpTnra ;jiyNah my ;yJ Mtzg ;gLj ;jiyNah Nkw ;nfhs ;syhk ; (cjhuzkhf – Gifg ;glk ; vLj ;jy ;).

» gy ;NtW t pjkhd Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ;fisg ; nghWj ;j tiua py ; Fwpg ;ghf gh pe ;Jiuj ;jy ; my ;yJ e Pj p rhuhj Nehf ;fq ;fs pd ; nghOJ ngsj Pf h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfh pf ;f Ntz ;Lnkd ;w mtr pakpy ;iy. ,j ;jifa t plaq ;fis juhjuk ; kpf ;fitahf khw ;w paikg ;gjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; cs ;sd (cjhuzkhf- rkepiyahd epfo ;Tfs ; my ;yJ Vidait). ,j ;jifa Mtzq ;fs ;> tiuGfs ;> Gifg ;glq ;fs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs ; toq ;Ffpd ;w rhl;r pfis Nkw ;Fw pg ;g pl;l t plaq ;fisg ; gad ;gLj ;j p juhjuk ; kpf ;fitahf mikf ;fyhk ;.

» gy ;NtW re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; Fw ;wq ;fs ; my ;yJ k Pwy ;fs ; e Pz ;l fhyj ;j pw ;F Kd ;du ; ,iof ;fg ;gl;bUg ;gjd ; fhuzkhf rhd ;Wfs ; gOjhfpa pUf ;fyhk ; my ;yJ mtw ;w py ; khw ;wq ;fs ; Vw ;gl;bUf ;fyhk ;. ml;̂ o paq ;fs ; ,iof ;fg ;gl;l fhyg ;gFjpa py ; kUj ;Jtr ; Nritfs ; Fiwthf ,Ue ;j pUf ;fyhk ;. my ;yJ Vida fhuz pfs pdhy ; ngsj Pf my ;yJ b[ply ; h Pj pahd rhd ;WfNsh Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ;fNsh ,y ;yhjpUe ;j pUf ;fyhk ;. ,j ;jifa re ;ju ;g ;gj ;j py ; ,jidr ; Nrfh pf ;f KbahJ. ,j ;jifa re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ; njhlu ;g py ; Nrfh pf ;ff ; $ba xNunahU Mtzkhf mtu ;fs plkpUe ;J ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;f pd ;w ew ;rhd ;w pjo ;fs ; khj ;j puNk ,Uf ;fyhk ;. MfpNtjhd ; Ngl;bfhz ;f pd ;w njhopy ;El;gq ;fs ; njhlu ;g py ; Kf ;f pa typAWj ;jy ;fis ,e ;j new pKiw Nkw ;nfhs ;f pd ;wJ. mjhtJ> Vida tbtpyhd rhd ;Wfs ; njhlu ;e ;Jk ; nghJthd mk ;rq ; ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; nghWg ;Gf ;$wy ; tiffs ; Mfpatw ;iwj ; jhg pg ;gjd ; e pk pj ;jk ; mq ;F ,Uf ;fyhk ;.

» CARSV Nghd ;w ru ;tNjr Fw ;wq ;fisf ; fUj ;j pw ;nfhz ;L Nehf ;Fifa py ;> ghypay ; td ;Kiwf ; Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd rhd ;Wfshf ,tw ;iw Mtzg ;gLj ;JtJ Kf ;f pakhFk ;. gy re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ; kw ;Wk ; ghh pastpyhd Fw ;wq ;fs ; Mfpatw ;iw Mtzg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w nraw ;ghl;lhsu ; ;fs ; ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd Fw ;wq ;fisg ; gw ;w p khj ;j puNk mf ;fiwfisr ; nrYj ;Jfpd ;wdu ;. mjNdhL Njhlu ;Gila #oikT rhu ;e ;j rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfh pf ;fgjw ;F kwe ;J t pLfpd ;wdu ; my ;yJ mj ;jifa rhd ;Wfs pd ; Kf ;f paj ;Jtj ;ij Fiwkjpg ;g PL nra ;f pd ;wdu ;. Mdhy ;> ,tw ;iw ep&g pg ;gjw ;F mit mtr pak ; vd ;gijf ; fUj ;j pw ;nfhs ;sy ; Ntz ;Lk ; (cjhuzkhf –Maj Nkhjy ; fhzg ;gl;lik my ;yJ Fwpg ;g pl;l r pt py ; r%fj ;j pw ;F vjpuhf Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;l gue ;jst pyhd jpl;lkplg ;gl;l jhf ;Fjy ;fs ; Nghd ;wd).

gy;NtW tifahd Mtzq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;…

ngsjPf hPjpahd rhd;Wfisr; Nrfhpg;gJ rl;l hPjpahfNth

my;yJ rhd;Wfs; rhu;e;Njh mtrpakpy;iy…



ngl;b 3

Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; nfhLik njhlu;Ggl;l ghypay; td;Kiw CARSV Fw;wq;fSf;F

cs;ehl;by; tof;Fj; njhLj;jy; - rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfs;

Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tiytpyf;fzq;fs;> nghWg;Gf; $wy; tiffs; (nghWg;Gf; $wf;$batu;fs; ahu;> ,ize;j Fw;w eltb-f;iffs;) cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eilKiw rhhu;e;j ghJfhg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; neUq;fp njhlu;Gilajhf rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Njitg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nraw;ghl;lu;fs; kj;jpapy; vOfpd;w gpujhdkhd Nfs;tp ahnjdpy;> cs;ehl;L epahahjpf;fq;fs; kpfTk; nefpo;r;rpj;j;d;ik cs;s Kiwapy; rhd;Wfspd; juhjuq;fisg; NgZkh> ru;tNjr rl;lj;-jpd; fPo; cs;ehl;L ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ghypay; td;Kiwfis Xu; Fw;wkhff; fUjp mtw;Wf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis ru;tNjr kw;Wk; fyg;G ePjpkd;wq;fspdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk; fhj;jpukhd RPE (eilKiw kw;Wk; rhd;W tpjpfs;) mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkh vd;gjhFk;. nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikAila RPE I mjpfstpy; $l;bizg;gjd; fhuzkhf ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspd; fPo; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tiutpyf;fzq;fis cs;s+u;kag;gLj;j KbAk;.

I. CARSV njhlu;gpy; cs;s+hpy; tof;Fj; njhLf;fpd;w nghOJ rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Nfs;tpfs;.

» CARSV njhlu;ghd tof;Fj; njhLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nghOJ vj;jifa RPE Kiwia Njrpa ePjpkd;wq;fs; gpd;gw;Wk;?

II. msTfspYk; CARSV njhlu;ghd #oikTfspYk; khw;wq;fisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w RPE I Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;3ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd gpujhd tpj;jpahrq;fs; gpd;tUtdw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpap-Uf;Fk;:

» Fw;wk; njhlu;ghd Mf;ff; $Wfs;

» nghWg;Gf;$Wk; topKiwfs;

» eilKiw kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs;

ICTR RPE4 kw;Wk; ICTY RPE5 Mfpatw;wpd; 96 Mk; tpjpahdJ ghypay; td;Kiwapd; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;fhf gpd;tUk; gpujhd ghJfhg;Gf;fisj; jhgpj;Js;sJ:

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ rhd;Wfis cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy

» ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ fle;jfhy ghypay; tho;f;if njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; rhd;whf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.

» Aj;jk;> ghhpastpyhd td;Kiwfs;> jLg;Gf;fhtypy; itj;jpUj;jy; Nghd;w #oikTfspy; rk;kjk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; mtrpakpy;iy. ,j;jifa #oy;fs; gyte;jr; #oy;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

ICC RPE ,j;jifa ghJfhg;Gfis jkJ 70> 71 kw;Wk; 72.4 Mk;; tpjpfspy;; Nkyjpfkhfr; Nru;j;Js;sdu;. 63 Mk; tpjpapd; gpufhuk; ICC ,d; epahahjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; vj;jifa Fw;wq;fisAk; ep&gpg;gjw;F cWjpg;gLj;jy; mtrpakw;wjhFk;

ru;tNjr kw;Wk; fyg;G ePjpkd;wq;fisg; Nghyy;yhJ Njrpa ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ epahahjpf;fq;fspy; rhd;wfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJ ngUk;ghYk; mtrpakhFk;. xU tof;fpid ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F kUj;Jt hPjpahd my;yJ jlatpay; hPjpahd rhd;Wfs; Kiwrhu;;e;j KiwapNyh my;yJ Kiwrhuh KiwapNyh Njitg;ghLfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,j;jifa rhd;Wfs; ,y;yhj epiyik fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis ,of;fpd;wdu;. ghypay; td;Gzu;T ,lk;ngw;w-jhf mwpaKbfpd;w nghOjpYk; $l mJ njhlu;ghd jlatpay; rhd;WfisNah my;yJ kUj;Jt hPjpahd rhd;WfisNah ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyikfNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. td;Kiw ,lk;ngw;w #o;epiy ,jw;fhd gpujhd fhuzpahFk;. jhf;Fjy; ,lk;ngw;w jUzk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt hPjpahd kjpg;gPL Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd fhyg;gFjp rpy Ntisfspy; mjpfkhftpUf;fyhk;. kw;Wk; jlatpay; hPjpahd rhd;Wfis Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd njhopy;El;gk; ,y;yhj epiyikfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa rhd;Wfs; ,d;ikapd; fhuzkhf rl;l eltbf;iffs; my;yJ tof;Fj; njhLj;jiy ,it jLf;fyhk;. ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kidfpd;w ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F ,JNthu; jilahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

III. fye;JiuahLtjw;fhd Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

cs;ehl;L epahahjpf;fq;fs; RPE I vt;thW Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd kw;Wk; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J vt;thW ghlq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; mwpe;Jnfhz;L Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; cldbahf fye;Jiuahly;fis Muk;gpf;Fk; Kfkhf nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;:

1. CARSV njhlu;ghd Gydha;Tfs; kw;Wk; tof;Fj; njhLj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;s+hpy; Nkw;nfhz;l nghOJ vj;jifa rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd Njitg;ghLfs; vOe;jd?

2. cs;s+u; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; CARSV njhlu;ghd tof;Fj; njhLj;jy;fis ,yFgLj;Jk; Kfkhf vj;jifa Gj;jhf;f hPjpahd> rl;l hPjpahd cghaq;fs; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;ld?

3. CARSV njhlu;ghd tof;Fj; njhLj;jy;fSf;F ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fs; gad;gLj;jpaitfSf;F epfuhd Gj;jhf;fk; kpf;f RPE Kiwfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpy; cs;s+u; epahahjpf;fq;fs; ghprPypj;jdth? jilfs; ahit? mj;jifa jilfis vt;thW kPw KbAk;?

3456

3 ru;tNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; nghwpKiw 2014> ghypay; td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;if

vLj;jy;: Nkhjy;fSf;Fg; gpd;duhd gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; ghypay; td;Kiwf; Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; rl;l

eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa rpwe;j eilKiwf; ifNaL: Utz;lhtpw;fhd ru;tNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J tof;Fj;njhLdu;

mYtyfj;jpypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; http://www.unictr.org/.

4 ICTR, eilKiw kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs; (tpjpfs; 96)> kPsha;T 22. 1995 [_d; 29 ,y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

2013 Vg;uy; 10 ,y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. http://www.unictr.org/.

5 ICTY, eilKiw kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs; (tpjpfs; 96)> kPsha;T 49. 1994 ngg;uthp 11 ,y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

2013 Nk 22 ,y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.; http://www.icty.org/sid/136.6 eilKiw kw;Wk; rhd;Wfs; njhlu;ghd I.rP.rP. tpjpfs; (tpjpfs; 70> 71> 72). Kf;fpa Fwpg;G 1.



B. rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; %ykhd rhd ;Wfs ;

1. rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; %ykhd

rhd ;Wfs ; vd ;why ; vd ;d?

rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; %ykhd rhd ;Wfs ; vDk ; nghOJ ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ;> Neh py ; fz ;l rhl;r pfs ;> cs ;s pUe ;j rhl;r pfs ;> njhlu ;r ;r pahff ; fz ;l rhl;r pfs ;> e pGzj ;Jtr ; rhl;r pfs ;> re ;Njfj ;j pw ;F ,lkhdtu ;fs ; MfpNahu ; (,jd ; g pujhd ,yf ;Fg ; ghu ;itahsu ;fs ; vt ;thw pUe ;j nghOjpYk ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida cz ;ik t plak ; rhu ;e ;j rhl;r pfs pd ; rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; njhlu ;g py ; ,t ; xOq ;FkuG mf ;fiw nrYj ;JfpwJ.) jkJ Ik ;Gyd ;fs py ; xd ;w pd ; %ykhf mDgtpj ;j t plak ; gw ;w p vLj ;Jf ;$WtjhFk ;.

rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; %ykhd rhd ;Wfs pd ; jd ;ik gy ;NtW fhuz pfs py ; jq ;f pAs ;sJ. ,tw ;Ws ; rhl;r pfsJk ; Ngl;bfhz ;gtu ;fsJ rhl;r pfis k Pl;Lg ;ghu ;f ;Fk ; Mw ;wy ; kw ;Wk ; njhiyj ;njhlu ;ghly ; Mw ;wy ;fs ; Mfpad ek ;gfj ;jd ;ika pd ;7 nghUl;L el;rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; %ykhd rhd ;Wfs ; kjpg ;g PL nra ;ag ;gly ; mtr pakhFk ; (ghu ;f ;f> mj ;j pahak ; 14: jfty ;fisAk ; rhd ;WfisAk ; gFg ;gha ;T nra ;jy ;> ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd el;rhl;r pg ;gj ;j pu h Pj pahd jfty ;fis kjpg ;g PL nra ;jy ;)

rhl;r pg ;gj ;j puk ; %ykhd rhd ;Wfis tha ;nkhop %ykhf Neubahf epj pkd ;wq ;fs py ; toq ;fyhk ; my ;yJ Ngl;bf ; Fwpg ;Gfs ; tbtj ;j py ; vOj ;J %ykhf gjpTnra ;ag ;gl;L my ;yJ rhl;r pfs pd ; $w ;Wfshf cWjpnkhop %ykhf my ;yJ XbNah my ;yJ t PbNah Nghd ;w kpd ;d pay ; tbt py ; gjpTfis Nkw ;nfhz ;L e Pj pkd ;wq ;fs py ; toq ;fyhk ; (ghu ;f ;f> mj ;j pahak ; 11: Ngl;bfhzy ;> g ph pT <: Ngl;bj ; jfty ;fisg ; gjpTnra ;jy ; kw ;Wk ;> ngl;b 11: rh pa piz ez ;gu ;fsJ mDgtk ; - jfty ;fisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhz ;L gjpTnra ;jy ;).

tof ;fkhd my ;yJ khjph p ,lj ;j pw ;fhd ghypay ; td ;Kiw gw ;w pa rhl;r pg ;gj ;j pu %ykhd rhd ;Wfs ; g pd ;tUtdtw ;iwAk ; cs ;slf ;f pa pUf ;fyhk ;8: » mwpe ;jpUg ;g pd ;> ghypay ; td ;Kiw eilngw ;w ,lk ;> Neuk ;> jpfjp Nghd ;wd gw ;w pa Jy ;ypakhd jfty ;fis ,aYkhdtiu toq ;Fjy ;.

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; my ;yJ rhl;r p rk ;ge ;jg ;gl;l td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd Fw ;wq ;fs ; ,iof ;fg ;gLtjw ;F Kd ;du ;

7 ngk ;gh tof ;F Kf ;fpa Fwpg ;G 73> ge ;jp 229-330. e Pjpkd ;wk ; ,t ;thW Fwpg ;g pl;lJ: ‘rhl;r pa pd ; ek ;gfj ;jd ;ikia kjpg ;g PL nra ;Ak ; nghOJ xt ;nthU rhl;r pa pdJk ; jd pg ;gl;l #o ;epiyfs ; gw ;w p kd ;W gh pr Pypj ;jJ. ,tw ;Ws ; Fw ;wths pfSf ;Fk ; mtu ;fSf ;Fk ; ,ilapyhd njhlu ;Gfs ;> taJ> ghjpg ;GWk ; jd ;ik> fUj ;jpw ;nfhs ;sg ;gLk ; epfo ;Tfs ; njhlu ;g py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w VjhtJ <LghLfs ;> Fw ;wkpioj ;jhf jhdhf Vw ;W ;fnfhs ;tjdhy ; Vw ;glf ;$ba ,lu ;fs ;> Fw ;wths p k PJ Vw ;glf ;$ba rhj ;jpag ;ghLs ;s ghugl;rq ;fs ;> kw ;Wk ;/ my ;yJ cz ;ikiaf ; Fwpg ;g pLtjw ;fhd cs ;Nehf ;fk ; my ;yJ g pioahd rhd ;Wfis toq ;Ftjw ;fhd Nehf ;fk ; Nghd ;wd. rhl;r pa pd ; rhd ;W k Pjhd ek ;gfj ;jd ; ;ik njhlu ;g py ; fUj ;Jiuf ;ifapy ;> toq ;fg ;gl;l jfty ;fSf ;F Kd ;Dh pikaspj ;J ngWkjpkpf ;fjhf fUj ;jpw ;nfhs ;sNtz ;Lnkd kd ;W j Pu ;khd pj ;jJ. ,jd ; epkpj ;jk ; rhd ;Wfis nkhj ;jkhf ,J gh pr Pypj ;jJ. Fwpg ;g plg ;g plg ;gl;l tplaq ;fs pd ; xj ;jjd ;ik kw ;Wk ; Jy ;ypaj ; jd ;ik Mfpad gh pr Pypf ;fg ;gl;ld: (ii) toq ;fg ;gl;l jfty ;fs ; ghuhl;Lf ;Fh paitah: (iii) rhl;r p Vw ;fdNt toq ;fpa $w ;Wld ; mtuJ rhd ;W Kuz ;gl;ljh. ,Wjpahf nghUj ;jkhdtplj ;Jk ; mtrpakhdtplj ;Jk ; rhd ;Wfis toq ;fpa nghOJ rhl;r pa pd ; elj ;ij gw ;w p kd ;W gh pr Pypj ;jJ. ,tw ;Ws ; ,tu ;fsJ jahu ; epiyfs ; kw ;Wk ; tpUg ;gq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; jug ;g pdu ;fs pdhy ; Nfl;fg ;gLk ; Nfs ;t pfSf ;F gjpys pf ;fpd ;w tpjk ;> rl;l h Pjpahd g pujpepjpfs ; Mfpatw ;iw kd ;W gh pr Pypj ;jJ.

8 Mgph pf ;fhtpy ; ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ; njhlu ;ghd gh pfhuq ;s ; kw ;Wk ; tof ;Fj ; njhLj ;jy ; cgha Kiwfs ; 2012: gh pfhuk ;

gf ;fk ; 71-72.

my ;yJ ,iof ;fg ;gl;l nghOJ my ;yJ mjd ; g pd ;du ; eilngw ;w Fw ;wk ; rhu ;e ;j tpsf ;fkspj ;jy ;fs ; (cjhuzkhf – jLg ;Gf ;fhtypy ; itj ;jpUe ;j fhyg ;gFjp)

» Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ; my ;yJ Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ;fsJ fl;Lg ;ghl;bd ; f Po ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; vt ;thW nfhz ;Ltug ;gl;lhu ; vd ;gJ njhlu ;ghd tpsf ;fq ;fs ;

» td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lj ;jpw ;F ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; vt ;thW nfhz ;Lnry ;yg ;gl;lhu ; vd ;gJ njhlu ;ghd tpsf ;fq ;fs ;. cjhuzkhf - mt ;t plk ; vt ;thW fhzg ;gl;lJ> mq ;F NtW ahu ; rKfkspj ;jpUe ;jhu ;fs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;g ;ltu ; vt ;tsT Neuk ; ele ;Jnrd ;whu ; my ;yJ ,Oj ;Jr ; nry ;yg ;gl;lhu ; Nghd ;w tpguq ;fs ;.

» ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjTk ; Kfkhf Fw ;wk ; eilngw ;w ,lj ;jpd ; g pd ;Gyk ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fs ;. cjhuzkhf – MAj Nkhjy ; mq ;F fhzg ;gl;ljh my ;yJ nghJkf ;fSf ;F vjpuhf jpl;lkplg ;gl;l gue ;jstpyhd jhf ;Fjy ;fs ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;ldth> jhf ;Fjiy Nkw ;nfhz ;ltuJ Nehf ;fj ;ij ep&g pf ;Fk ; Kfkhf mtu ; vj ;jifa fPo ; ;j ;jukhd thu ;j ;ijfisg ; g puNahfpj ;jhu ; vd ;gJ njhlu ;ghd tpguq ;fs ;> mjid KoikahfNth my ;yJ gFjpahfNth Fwpg ;g pl;l kf ;fs ; $l;lj ;jpw ;F vjpuhf vt ;thW ghtpj ;jhu ; vd ;gJ gw ;w pa tpguq ;fs ;.

» Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ;fsJ Njhw ;wk ;> elj ;ij> Mil mzpe ;jpUj ;j tpjk ; gw ;w pa tpsf ;fq ;fs ;. (cjhuzkhf – r PUilfs ; my ;yJ Vida cilfs ;) mwpe ;jpUg ;g pd ; mtu ; njhlu ;ghd milahsk ;.

» Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ;fs ; gad ;gLj ;jpa nkhop njhlu ;ghd tpsf ;fq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; mtu ;fs py ; xUtu ; kw ;nwhUtUld ; vt ;thW ciuahbdhu ;fs ; vd ;gJ. (cjhuzkhf – gl;lg ;ngau ;fs ; my ;yJ nfg ;ld ;> r Pg ; vd gjtpg ; ngau ;fisf ; nfhz ;L mioj ;jhu ;fsh vd ;gd). vj ;jifa jfty ;fis ikakhff ; nfhz ;L Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd mjpfhu h Pjpahd fl;likg ;Gfis ,dq ;fhz KbAk ;.

» ghypay ; td ;Kiwia Neh py ; fz ;ltu ; njhlu ;ghd VjhtJ t psf ;fq ;fs ;.

» ghypay ; td ;Kiwa pd ; fhuzkhf ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltUf ;F Vw ;gl;l clypay ; kw ;Wk ; csk ; rhu ;e ;j Jd ;gq ;fs ; mj ;NjhL> ,jd ; fhuzkhf mtUf ;F Vw ;gl;l nghUshjhu> r%f> cs> r%ftpay ; rhu ;e ;j nghWg ;Gfs ;. nraw ;gLj ;Jdu ;fsJ Mizf ;F Vw ;g Fwpg ;g pl;l ghypay ; td ;Kiw gw ;w pa Fw ;wq ;fs ;



njhlu ;ghd Njitg ;gLfpd ;w jfty ;fs pd ; jd ;ik khWgl;ljhf ,Uf ;fyhk ; vd ;gijf ; fUj ;j pw ;nfhs ;sTk ;. jkJ Nehf ;fj ;j pw ;F mtr pakw ;w r pf ;fyhd Njitaw ;w Nfs ;t pfisf ; Nfl;gij ,tu ;fs ; jt pu ;j ;Jf ;nfhs ;Sjy ; Ntz ;Lk ;.

2. rhl;r pg ;gj ;jpuk ; rhu ;e ;j rhd ;Wfis

vq ;fpUe ;J ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;syhk ;

ghypay ; td ;Kiwf ; Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd rhl;r pg ;gj ;jpur ; rhd ;Wfis ghypay ; td ;Kiwapdhy ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ mJ njhlu ;ghd rhl;r pfis Ngl;bfhz ;gjpy ; khj ;jpuk ; my ;yhJ ,e ;jf ; Fw ;wq ;fs pd ; Xu ; mq ;fkhff ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w Vida k Pwy ;fs pdhy ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; rhl;r pfs plkpUe ;Jk ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAk ; (cjhuzk ; - nfhiyahspfs ;> Klkhdtu ;fs ;> mopTf ;Fs ;shd fpuhkq ;fs ;> nfhs ;isau ;fs ;9. ,j ;jifa rhl;r pfs ; g pd ;tUtdtw ;Ws ; xd ;whfTk ; my ;yJ mjid tpl mjpfkhdjhfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;:

» ghypay ; td ;Kiwapd ; fhuzkhf ghjpf ;fg ;gl;l egu ; my ;yJ rhl;r p jdf ;F Vw ;gl;l mDgtj ;ij Neubahf tpsf ;fyhk ;. kw ;Wk ;/ my ;yJ Vida ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fSf ;F ,iof ;fg ;gl;l mePjpfis vLj ;Jiuf ;fyhk ;. mjhtJ> jLg ;Gf ; fhtypYs ;s rf ifjpfSf ;F Vw ;gl;l tplaq ;fisf ; $wyhk ;. Neubahfg ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs ; Nghd ;w MAj NkhjYld ; njhlu ;Gila Kf ;fpakhd g pd ;Gyk ; rhu ;e ;j jfty ;fisf ; Fwpg ;g plyhk ;. mjhtJ MAj Nkhjy ; fhzg ;gl;l tpjk ;> mg ;g puNjrj ;jpy ; ,Ue ;j Via FOf ;fs ;> mUfpypUe ;j Nrhjidr ; rhtbfs ;> nghJkf ;fs ; k PJ Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;l jhf ;fk ;> mtw ;wpd ; jd ;ik> vt ;tsT fhyk ; Nghd ;wd.

» jhf ;Fjy ;fis Neubahf fz ;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ mJ njhlu ;ghd mDgtq ;fisAila FLk ;g cWg ;g pdu ;fs ;> r%f cWg ;g pdu ;fs ;> Nrit toq ;Fdu ;fs ;> epthuzg ; gzpahsu ;fs ; Nghd ;Nwhu ; (cjhuzkhf – rk ;gtj ;ij Neubahff ; fz ;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida Fw ;wq ;fis Neubahff ; fz ;ltu ;fs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs plkpUe ;J mtw ;iwf ; Nfl;lwpe ;jtu ;fs ; my ;yJ rk ;gtj ;jpw ;Fg ; g pd ;du ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltUf ;Fr ; r pfpr ;iraspj ;jtu ;fs ;.

» mg ;gFjpa py ; gzpahw ;w pa itj ;jpau ;fs ;> jhjpfs ;> MNyhrfu ;fs ;> g puNjr jiytu ;fs ;> kd pj ch pikfs ; Mu ;tyu ;fs ;> ,uhZt mjpfhh pfs ; kw ;Wk ; mtjhd pg ;ghsu ;fs ; Nghd ;wtu ;fs plk ; ghypay ; td ;Kiwapd ; fhuzkhfTk ; Vida Fw ;wq ;fs pdhYk ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd

9 ghypay ; td ;KiwahdJ kw ;wtw ;wpypUe ;J jdpg ;gLj ;jg ;gl;l epiyapy ; khj ;jpuk ; ,lk ;ngWtjpy ;iy. MfNt> cq ;fSf ;F toq ;fg ;gl;l MizahdJ FWfpajhff ; fhzg ;gl;lnghOjpYk ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida rhl;r pfSld ; mDgtpj ;j my ;yJ fz ;Ls ;s Vida Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;g py ; fye ;JiuahLtJ mj ;jpatrpakhFk ;. td ;Kiwfs ; njhlu ;ghd gpur ;rhu nraw ;ghLfSld ; ,J ,j ;jifa ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ; ve ;jstpw ;Fg ; nghUe ;jpr ; nry ;fpd ;wd vd ;gijf ; fhl;LtJ Kf ;fpakhFk ;. ,tw ;wpd ; nghJthd mk ;rq ;fs ;> njhlu ;Gila mk ;rq ;fs ;> nghWg ;Gf ;$wy ; Kiwfs ; Mfpatw ;iw mwpe ;Jnfhs ;tjw ;F ,J cjTk ;.

10 cs ;Ns ,Ug ;gtu ;fSk ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fshf ,Uf ;fyhk ;. Mdhy ; ,tu ;fs ; jkf ;F ,iof ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;g py ; vLj ;Jf ; $Wtjw ;F Kd ;tuhjtu ;fshf ,Uf ;fyhk ;. cjhuzkhf jLg ;Gf ;fhty ; epiyaq ;fspy ; ,it epfoyhk ;. gud ; b[prh tof ;fpd ; nghOJ rhl;r p B Mdtu ; ghypay ; h Pjpahd jhf ;fj ;jpdhy ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;. jdf ;F ,iof ;fg ;gl;l mePjpfSf ;fhf Kd ;tu kWj ;j xUtUf ;F vjpuhf xUtiu ePjpkd ;wj ;jpd ; Kd ;te ;J rhl;r pahf tUk ;gb ePjpkd ;w miog ;ghiz tpLf ;fg ;gl;lJ. ,tUf ;F vjpuhf ,iof ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wq ;fshdJ tof ;Fj ; njhLj ;jypd ; Xu ; mq ;fkhFk ;. rhl;r p V ghypay ; td ;Gzu ;Tf ;F cl;gLj ;Jtijg ; ghu ;f ;Fk ; gb ,tu ; epu ;g ;ge ;jpf ;fg ;gl;likahdJ ,tUf ;F vjpuhf Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;l r pj ;jputij vd epjpkd ;wk ; Fwpg ;g pl;lJ. ICTY TJ tof ;Fj ;njhLdu ; md ;Nuh Gud ;br p[h> IT-95-17/1, 10 , brk ;gu ; 1998>ge ;jp 267.

gy ;NtWtpjkhd jfty ;fs ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. ,it eilngw ;w fhyg ;gFjp> eilngw ;w ,lk ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fSk ; ,tu ;fs plk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. epfo ;e ;j Fw ;wk ; njhlu ;g py ; nghJthd tplaq ;fisj ; jhg pg ;gjw ;Fk ; ghypay ; td ;KiwAld ; njhlu ;Gila re ;ju ;g ;g #o ;epiyfisAk ; mwpe ;Jnfhs ;s KbAk ;. (ghu ;f ;f> mj ;jpahak ; 4: jd pg ;gl;l Fw ;wtpay ; nghWg ;G> ngl;b 2: ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd re ;ju ;g ;g #o ;epiyfis mwpe ;Jnfhs ;Sjy ;.

» cs ;Ns trjpj ;jtu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; MAjg ; gilfisr ; Nru ;e ;j Kd ;dhs ; cWg ;g pdu ;fs ; my ;yJ MAjf ; FOf ;fisr ; Nru ;e ;jtu ;fs ;10 Vw ;fdNt Fw ;wkpioj ;jtUld ; Nru ;e ;J nraw ;gl;ltu ;fs ;> jw ;rkak ; Vw ;gl;l nraYf ;fhf tUe ;Jfpd ;w egu ;fs ;> kpfTk ; Kf ;fpakhd rhd ;Wfis toq ;f KbAk ;. Vnddpy ;> ,tu ;fs ; Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ;fSld ; Neubahf njhlu ;g py ; ,Ue ;jtu ;fs ;. mNjNtis> cs ;Ns ,Uf ;fpd ;w rhl;r pfis mZFfpd ;w nghOJ kpfTk ; ftdkhf mZFjy ; Ntz ;Lk ;. gapw ;wg ;gl;l Gydha ;thsu ;fs ; khj ;jpuNk ,jid Nkw ;nfhs ;s Ntz ;Lk ;.

» epGzj ;Jtk ; kpf ;f rhl;r pfs ;> mjhtJ t pNrl jpwd ;fSld ; $ba njhopy ;thz ;ik kpf ;f egu ;fs pdhy ; e pGzj ;Jtk ; rhu ;e ;j fUj ;Jf ;fis toq ;f KbAk ;. mjhtJ> jlatpay ; rhu ;e ;j Mjhuq ;fs ;> ,uhZt jj ;Jthu ;j ;jq ;fs ;> mur pay ; fl;likg ;Gfs ;> tof ;fq ;fs ;> kuGfs ; my ;yJ rhd ;Wfisj ; njh pt pg ;gjd ; fhuzkhf Vw ;glf ;$ba kdtL Nghd ;w t plaq ;fisj ; njh pt pf ;f KbAk ;.

Vida e Pj pkd ;wq ;fs pdhy ; toq ;fg ;gl;l j Pu ;g ;Gf ;fisAk ; rhl;r pg ;gj ;j pu rhd ;Wfshf gad ;gLj ;JtJ njhlu ;g py ; nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fs ; gh pr Py pf ;fyhk ;. cjhuzkhf- ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fisAk ; Vida rhl;r pfisAk ; Njitaw ;w t pjj ;j py ; k Pz ;Lk ; k Pz ;Lk ; Ngl;bfhz ;gijj ; jt pu ;f ;Fk ; Kfkhf MAjg ; Nghuhl;lk ; xd ;W mg ;g puNjrj ;j py ; e pyt paijf ; fhl;Ljy ;.

3. rhl;r pg ; gj ;j puk ; %ykhd

rhd ;Wfs pd ; tfpghfk ; vd ;d?

ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs plkpUe ;J rhd ;WfNs ngUk ;ghYk ; nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fSf ;F kpfTk ; ,yFthff ; fpilf ;f pd ;w jfty ;fs ; MFk ;. ,Ug ;g pDk ;> ,it njhlu ;g py ; kpfTk ; ftdkhfr ; nraw ;gl Ntz ;Lk ;. r pyNtisfs py ; ghypay ; td ;Kiwf ; Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;g py ; fpilf ;f pd ;w xNunahU rhd ;W ,JthfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;

...cs ;s pUf ;f pd ;w rhl;r pfis mZfpj ; jfty ;fisg ;

ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;Sfpd ;w nghOJ kpff ; ftdkhf mjid

Nkw ;nfhs ;sNtz ;Lk ;. ga pw ;wg ;gl;l Gydha ;thsu ;fs ;

khj ;j puNk ,jid Nkw ;nfhs ;s Ntz ;Lk ;



ngl;b 4

rhpapiz ez;gu;fs; mDgtk; -

rhl;rpNa rhd;whFk;.

ePjpgjp> nglNurd; xg; ngh];dpah kw;Wk; nù;rpNfhtpdh cau; ePjpkd;wk;: ‘ngh];dpah kw;Wk; nù;rpNfhtpdh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; 20 tUlq;fspd; gpd;du; tof;Fj; njhlu;ghd tprhuizfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. rhl;rpfspd; $w;Wf;fis khj;jpuNk ngUk;ghYk; tof;Fj; njhLj;j mjpfhhpfs; ghu;itapl;ldu;. mq;F jlatpay; hPjpahd rhd;WfNsh my;yJ clypay; hPjpahd rhd;WfNsh my;yJ DNA my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; njhlu;ghd kUj;Jt mwpf;iffNsh ,Uf;ftpy;iy’rhl;rpg; gj;jpu hPjpahd rhd;Wfspd; Kf;fpa tfpghfj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L ,f;$w;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tpNrlkhf jlatpay; hPjpahd rhd;Wfs; mw;w epiyapy; tuyhw;W hPjpahd Fw;wq;fSld; vt;thW nraw;gLtJ> Fw;wk; eilngw;w ,lk; kw;Wk; kPwy;fs; Mfpad Muhag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ep&gpg;gjw;F rhl;rpaplkpUe;J Fiwthd tpsf;fq;fs; NghJkhdit. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jlatpay; rhd;Wfs; rhu;j;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Fw;wk; ,lk;ngw;W gy tUlq;fspd; gpd;dNu fpilf;fpd;wJ.

ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;g pyhd Mtzq ;fs ; my ;yJ jlatpy ; my ;yJ ngsj Pfk ; my ;yJ kUj ;Jtk ; my ;yJ XbNah my ;yJ t PbNah h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfs ; ,y ;iynad ;gjw ;fhd mj ;jifa Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;g py ; e Pj piag ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbahJ vd ;w mu ;j ;jk ; ,y ;iy. I.r P.r P. Nghd ;w ru ;tNjr e Pj pkd ;wq ;fs py ; ngsj Pf h Pj pahd my ;yJ jlatpy ; h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfs ; ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd Fw ;wq ;fis ru ;tNjr rl;lq ;fs pd ; f Po ; e p&g pg ;gjw ;F mtr pakpy ;iy. ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fSk ; rhl;r pfSk ; toq ;Ffpd ;w KOikahd rhd ;Wfs pd ; mbg ;gila py ; ru ;tNjr Fw ;wq ;fisj ; jhg pf ;f KbAk ;. ru ;tNjr e Pj pkd ;wq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; e pahahjpf ;fq ;fs ; Mfpad ngUk ;ghYk ; rhl;r pg ; gj ;j puj ;j pd ; mbg ;gila py ; fl;bnaOg ;gg ;gLfpd ;w tof ;Ffis Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;f pd ;wd. ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; rhl;r pfs ; toq ;Ffpd ; rhd ;w pd ; mbg ;gila py ; ,it Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;sg ;gLfpd ;wd. ,j ;jifa re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; rhl;r pfs ; toq ;Ffpd ;w rhl;r pg ;gj ;j pu h Pj pahd rhd ;WfshdJ ntw ;w pfukhf rl;l eltbf ;iffis Nkw ;nfhs ;tjw ;Fk ; Fw ;wj ; j Pu ;g ;GF ; ms pg ;gjw ;Fk ; cjTfpd ;wd11.ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd t plaq ;fisj ; jhg pg ;gjw ;F rhl;r p h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfs ; Kf ;f pakhFk ;:

» ghypay ; td ;Kiwr ; nray ;fs ; ,lk ;ngw ;Ws ;sd.

» mj ;jifa nraiyr ; #oTs ;s #o ;e piyfs ;

11 cjhuzkhf> ICTY ,d ; RPE 96 ,d ; g pufhuk ; ghypay ; h Pj pahd jhf ;fjy ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd tof ;Ffs pd ; nghOJ ghjpf ;fg ;gl;lth pd ; rhd ;w pid cWjpg ;gLj ;j Ntz ;ba mtr pakpy ;iy.

,tw ;Ws ; jLg ;Gf ;fhtypy ; itf ;fg ;gl;bUe ;j fhyk ; kw ;Wk ; gyte ;jk ; g puNahfpf ;fg ;gl;l #o ;e piy Mfpad fUj ;j pw ;nfhs ;sg ;gLk ;.

» jhf ;Fjy ; ,lk ;ngw ;w #o ;e piy> mj ;jifa Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;g py ; jw ;NghJ eilngWfpd ;w gue ;jst pyhd ru ;tNjr Mizf ;FOf ;fs ; rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wths pfsJ elj ;ijfs ; kw ;Wk ; g pd ;Gyk ; rhu ;e ;j Vida jfty ;fs ;.

» Nkhjypd ; jd ;ik> mjd ; tif> mur pay ; nry ;thf ;Ffs ; kw ;Wk ; g puNjr mjpfhu ,aq ;fhw ;wy ;fs ;

» rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wths pfs ; njhlu ;ghd milahsk ; kw ;Wk ; nghWg ;Gf ;$wYld ; njhlu ;Gila Vida mk ;rq ;fs ;.

» Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ;fsJ FOf ;fs ;> mikg ;Gfs ; kw ;Wk ; fl;lis toq ;f paik njhlu ;ghd fl;likg ;Gfs ; Nghd ;wd.

» Nkyjpf rhd ;Wfs ; njhlu ;ghd ,lk ; kw ;Wk ; mtw ;w pd ; tif.

C. Mtz h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfs ;

1. Mtz h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfs ; vd ;why ; vd ;d?

vOj ;J tbtpyhd my ;yJ Mtz tbtpyhd ngsjPf nghUs ; h Pjpahf gjpTnra ;ag ;gl;l jfty ; Mtz h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfisf ; Fwpf ;Fk ;. cz ;ikahd rhd ;WfshdJ ngsjPf Mtzj;jpy ; gjpTnra ;ag ;gl;l jftyhFk ;. ,J Mtzj;jpw ;F cjTtjhfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. xU MtzkhdJ cz ;ikahd ngsjPf h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfisf ; nfhz ;ljh-fTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;. cjhuzkhf – mjd ; k PJ Kj ;jpiuNah my ;yJ xUtuJ ifnahg ;gNkh gjpag ;gl;bUf ;Fk ; gl;rj ;jpy ; my ;yJ mjpy ; ; VjhtJ ,uj ;jf ; fiw gbe ;J fhzg ;gLk ; gl;rj ;jpy ; mjid mit cWjpg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;wd. (ghu ;f ;f> ngsjPf h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfs ;> g ph pT ,).

ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd tof ;fkhd Mtz h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfs ; g pd ;tUtdtw ;iw cs ;slf ;fpajhf ,Uf ;fyhk ;.

cj ;j pNahfG +u ;tkhdJ

» ,uhZt mwpf ;iffs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida nraw ;ghl;L h Pjpahd Mtzq ;fs ;. (cjhuzkhf – czT kw ;Wk ; jq ;Fkplk ; njhlu ;ghd gjpTfs ;> flik h Pjpahd Mtzq ;fs ;> nraw ;ghLfs ; njhlu ;ghd epiyik mwpf ;fifs ;> vy ;iy mwpf ;iffs ;> ,uZtj ; jpl;lq ;fs ;> cghaq ;fs ;> njhlu ;ghly ; gjpTfs ;> vOjg ;gl;l newpg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; cj ;juTfs ;> rz ;il njhlu ;ghd mwpf ;ifs ; kw ;Wk ; ,ila PLfs ;

» kUj ;Jtr ; rhd ;wpjo ;fs ;

» ifjpfs ; gl;bay ; kw ;Wk ; nghyp] ; gjpTfs ;

» milahsk ; kw ;Wk ; gjpT rhu ;e ;j Mtzq ;fs ;> ,tw ;Ws ; fhzhkw ;Nghd egu ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd

…cs;spUf;fpd;w rhl;rpfis mZfpj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sfpd;w

nghOJ kpff; ftdkhf mjid Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. gapw;wg;gl;l

Gydha;thsu;fs; khj;jpuNk ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;..



cj ;jpNahfG+u ;t Mtzq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; fhj ;jpukhd gjpTfs ; Nghd ;wd cs ;slq ;Fk ;.

» murhq ;f mku ;Tfspd ; $l;l mwpf ;iffs ;> fl;lis kw ;Wk ; fl;Lg ;ghL njhlu ;ghd Mtzq ;fs ;> kd pjhg pkhd mikg ;GfSld ; murhq ;fk ; Nkw ;nfhz ;l cs ;sfg ; Gh pe ;Jzu ;T xg ;ge ;jq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; njhlu ;ghly ;fs ;

» Gydha ;T mwpf ;iffs ;

» Ngr ;Rthu ;j ;ij epge ;jidfSld ; njhlu ;Gila njhlu ;ghly ; Mtzq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; ,uh[je ;jpu h Pjpahd Mtzq ;fs ;.

» cj;jpNahfG+u ;tkhd jfty ;fisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfs ;Sk ; ,lk ; kw ;Wk ; fle ;jfhy tof ;Fr ; rl;lk ;

cj ;j pNahfg ;gw ;ww ;wJ

» Vida Rfhjhu h Pjpahd gjpTfs ;> ,tw ;Ws ; kdey kUj ;Jtu ;> cstpayhsu ; mwpf ;iffs ;12 > Fwpg ;Gfs ;> Gifg ;glq ;fs ;> kUj ;Jtj ; njhopy ;thz ;ik kpf ;ftu ;fs pdhy ; rku ;g ;g pf ;fg ;gl;l Vida jlatpay ; rhu ;e ;j kUj ;Jtr ; rhd ;Wfs ; (ghu ;f ;f> ngl;b 9: CARSV njhlu ;g pyhd kUj ;Jt h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfisg ; Gh pe ;Jnfhs ;sy ;). ,Ug ;g pDk ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;lth plkpUe ;J mwptpf ;fg ;gl;l rk ;kjj ;ij ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;shj epiyapy ; ,j ;jifa Mtzq ;fisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbahJ. ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltUila me ;juq ;fj ;ijg ; NgzNtz ;Lnkd ;gjd ; fhuzkhf gy ;NtW tpjkhd Rfhjhu Nritfis toq ;Fgtu ;fs ; ,j ;jfty ;fis toq ;Ftjw ;F kWf ;fyhk ;

» Njr pa kw ;Wk ; ru ;tNjr mikg ;Gfs pd ; mwpf ;iffs ; kw ;Wk ; gjpTfs ;. cjhuzkhf - ,lk ;ngau ;e ;j kf ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd gjpTfs ;> Vida jfty ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Nkw ;ghu ;it> fz ;lwpjy ; nghwpKiwfs ;> rk ;gtk ; njhlu ;ghd juTfs ;> kd pj ch pikfs ; mwpf ;iffs ;> Fwpg ;ghf ,iof ;fg ;gl;l k Pwy ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd gFg ;gha ;Tfis cs ;slf ;fpa Mtzq ;fs ;> mj ;jifa k Pwy ;fs ; my ;yJ td ;Kiwfs pd ; jhf ;fk ;> eilKiwapYs ;s Kd ;ndr ;rh pf ;ifg ; nghwpKiwfs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida rhl;r pfs plkpUe ;J fpilf ;fg ;ngw ;w $w ;wfs ;.

» g puNjrj ;j pd ; kuG h Pj pahd jiytu ;fs ; my ;yJ rkaj ; jiytu ;fs ; MfpNahh plkpUe ;J fpilf ;fg ; ngw ;w Fw ;wq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd mwpf ;iffs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs pdhy ; toq ;fg ;gl;l mwpf ;iffs ;.

» gj ;jph pif Mf ;fq ;fs ;> ,tw ;Ws ; gj ;jph piffSf ;fhf vLf ;fg ;gl;l jfty ;fs ;> Mdhy ; mit ntspa plg ;glhjitahfTk ; ,Uf ;fyhk ;.

12 kUj ;Jt jlat pay ; Mtzg ;gLj ;jiyg ; nghWj ;jtiua py ; kdey kUj ;Jtu ; my ;yJ cstpayhsu ; rhu ;e ;j rhd ;Wfs ; Kf ;f pa gFjpahff ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ; njhlu ;ghd tof ;Ffs py ; ngsj Pf h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfisg ; nghWj ;jtiua py ; ,it Fwpg ;g plf ; $basT tsu ;r ;r p ngw ;Ws ;sJld ;> Kf ;f paj ;Jtk ; kpf ;fjhf ,jw ;fhd mq ;f Pfhuq ;fSk ; cz ;L. cs kUj ;Jt h Pj pahd njhopy ;thz ;ik kpf ;ftu ;fs ;> mjhtJ jlatpay ; ga pw ;r pfisg ; ngw ;w csey kUj ;Jtj ;Jiw njhopy ;thz ;ik kpf ;ftu ;fs ; mg pt pUj ;j paile ;JtUk ; ehLfs py ; FiwthfNt fhzg ;gLfpd ;wdu ;.

13 ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd ,j ;jifa juTfs ; g pd ;Gy Ma ;Tfs ; njhlu ;g py ; gad ;k pf ;fjhff ; fhzg ;gl;l nghOjpYk ; my ;yJ Fwpg ;g pl;l Fw ;wr ;rhl;L njhlu ;g py ; cjtf ;$bajhf ,Ue ;jnghOjpYk ; my ;yJ ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd Fw ;wr ;rhl;LfSf ;F cjtf ;$bajhf ,Ue ;j nghOjpYk ;> Ma ;Tfs ;> rk ;gt mwpf ;iffs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida kjpg ;g PLfs ; %ykhf Nrfh pf ;fg ;gl;l juTfshdJ eilngw ;w rk ;gtq ;fs ; njhlu ;g pyhd KOikahd g puj pgypg ;Gf ;fis toq ;Ftjpy ;iy. ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd juTfisg ; gad ;gLj ;j pr ; nra ;af ;$ba t plaq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; nra ;af ;$lhj t plaq ;fSf ;fhd Nkyjpf topfhl;lYf ;fhd I.eh. nrayfk ;> Nkhjy ;fs pdhy ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;l ehLfs pypUe ;J ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd mwpf ;ifa ply ; kw ;Wk ; nghUl;Nfhly ;: nra ;af ;$bait kw ;Wk ; nra ;af ;$lhjitfs ; (2008).

» rhd ;Wfis mbg ;gilahff ; nfhz ;l Ma ;Tfs ;> mwpf ;iffs ;> fw ;iffs ;> epfo ;r ;r pj ;j pl;lk ; rhu ;e ;j juTfs ;> Gs ;s pt pguq ;fs ;> ghypay ; td ;Kiwfs ; ,iof ;fg ;gl;l fhy ,ilntsp> mjNdhL rk ;ge ;jg ;gl;l jfty ;fs ;> rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wj ;ij ,ioj ;j egu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; mtu ;fsJ Nkyjpfhh pfs ;> ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; rhl;r pfs pdhy ; ,dq ;fhzg ;gl;l t plaq ;fs pd ; jhf ;fq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; mtw ;w pd ; Njitfs ;.

» lawpfs ; kw ;Wk ; Rtu ;fs py ; fpWf ;fg ;gl;l my ;yJ vOjg ;gl;l thu ;j ;ijfs ;. cjhuzkhf jLg ;Gf ;fhtypy ; fhzg ;gl;lit.

» tiuGfs ;> cjhuzkhf> td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lj ;jpy ; fhzg ;gl;litfs ;

» fhty ; njhlu ; fhg ;Gr ; rq ;fpyp njhlu ;ghd Mtzq ;fs ; (chain of custody).

2. Mtz h Pj pahd rhd ;w pd ; tfpghfk ; vd ;d?

gy ;NtW t pjkhd khWgl;l ,lq ;fs pypUe ;J Mtz h Pj pahd rhd ;Wfisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAk ;:

» cj ;jpNahfG +u ;tkhd fl;blq ;fs ;

» Jizg ;gilfs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida Majf ; FOf ;fs pdhy ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;gl;l ,uhZtj ; jsq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida trjpfs ;

» itj ;j pahriyfs ; kw ;Wk ; kUj ;Jt nraw ;ghl;lhsu ;fsJ jfty ; Nrfh pf ;Fk ; ,lq ;fq ;fs ;

» rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wk ; my ;yJ k Pwy ; my ;yJ td ;Kiw ,iof ;fg ;gl;l VjhtJ ,lk ;.

» tuyhw ;W h Pj pahf jfty ;fs ; Nrfh pj ;J itf ;fg ;gl;bUf ;Fk ; ,lk ;

» gfpuq ;f %yq ;fs ;

3. Mtz h Pj pahd rhd ;w pd ; tfpghfk ; vd ;d?

ghypay ; td ;Kiwfis Mtzg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w nghOJ cj ;j pNahfG +u ;khd kw ;Wk ; cj ;j pNahfg ;gw ;ww ;w Mtzq ;fNs rk ;ge ;jg ;gl;l jfty ; %yq ;fshff ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. Mtzq ;fs py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w jfty ;fis mbg ;gilahff ; nfhz ;L g pd ;tUtdtw ;iwj ; jhg pg ;gjw ;fhd tha ;g ;Gfs ; cs ;sd:

» mwpf ;ifaplg ;gl;l ghypay ; td ;Kiw13 njhlu ;ghd jd ;ik> fhy msT kw ;Wk ; mjd ; fhj ;jpuj ;jd ;ik Nghd ;wd: kUj ;Jt kw ;Wk ; Rfhjhu h Pjpahd Mszpapdh plk ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w gjpTfs ;> tpla

ICC Nghd;w ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ru;tNjr Fw;wkhf ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fis ep&gpg;gjw;F ngsjPf

kw;Wk; jlatpay; rhu;e;j rhd;Wfs; mtrpakpy;iy.



Kfhikj ;Jtg ; Gs ;sptpguq ;fs ;> rhd ;Wfis mbg ;gilahff ; nfhz ;l mwpf ;iffs ;> ghypay ; td ;Kiw njhlu ;ghd Ma ;Tfs ; kw ;Wk ; Vida fw ;iffs ;> kw ;Wk ; Clftpayhsu ;fs ;> Nkw ;ghu ;itahsu ;fsplk ; fhzg ;gLk ; gjpTfs ;> ,tw ;Ws ; Njrpa kw ;Wk ; ru ;tNjr rptpy ; mikg ;GfSld ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w jfty ;fSk ; cs ;slq ;Fk ;.

» Fw ;wkpioj ;jtu ; kw ;Wk ; mtuJ Nkyjpfhh pfs ; MfpNahiu ,dq ;fhzy ;: rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wths pfs ;> mikg ;Gfs ;> fl;lis h Pjpahd fl;likg ;Gfs ;> Kiwrhu ;e ;j kw ;Wk ; Kiwrhuhj mjpfhu mikg ;Gfs ; Mfpatw ;wpd ; g purd ;dj ;ijAk ; mtu ;fsJ eltbf ;iffisAk ; cWjpg ;gLj ;jf ;$ba cj ;jpNahfG+u ;tkhd ,uhZtg ; gjpTfs ; kw ;Wk ; murhq ;f gjpTfs ; Mfpatw ;w py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w jfty ;fs ;> rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wths pfs ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fis ntspg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w> mjhtJ mtu ;fsJ Njhw ;wk ;> Milfs ;> Fwpg ;g plf ;$ba milahsq ;fs ; Mfpatw ;iw ntspg ;gLj ;jf ; $ba ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; my ;yJ rhl;r pfs ; toq ;fpa jfty ;fs ;. rhu ;j ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl;l Fw ;wths pfs ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fs ; mtu ;fs ; gw ;w pa tho ;f ;iff ; Fwpg ;Gfs ; kw ;Wk ;/ my ;yJ mtu ;fsJ elkhl;lk ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fis cs ;slf ;fpa Njr pa kw ;Wk ; ru ;tNjr mikg ;GfsJ gjpTfs

» VjhtJ jpl;lk ; my ;yJ cghak ; my ;yJ nghWg ;Gf ; $wYld ; njhlu ;Gila Mtzq ;fs ; fhzg ;gly ;: toq ;fg ;gl;l cj ;juTfspd ;> fl;lisfspd ; gjpTfs ;> r py ,lq ;fisj ; jhf ;Ftjw ;fhf Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;l jpl;lq ;fs ;> xU jhf ;FjYf ;F Kd ;du ; my ;yJ jhf ;Fjypd ; nghOJ my ;yJ jhf ;Fjypd ; g pd ;du ; jkJ gilg ;g ph pTfSld ; my ;yJ gilg ;g ph pTfSf ;fpilapy ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;l njhlu ;ghly ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd gjpTfs ;.

» Nkyjpf tprhuizfSf ;fhd ,lq ;fs ;: cj ;jpNahfG+u ;tkhd my ;yJ cj ;jpNahfg ;gw ;ww ;w Mtzq ;fs py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w jfty ;fs ; VjhtJ tplak ; gw ;w pa KOikahd jfty ;fis ntspg ;gLj ;jhkypUf ;fyhk ;. Mdhy ; vjpu ;fhy Gydha ;T Kaw ;r pfis Nkw ;nfhs ;tjw ;F mtrpakhd Kd ;dzpj ; jfty ;fis mit toq ;fyhk ;.

14 gpujhd nghyp]; mjpfhhpfSf;fhd rq;fk; (2012) b[ply; rhd;WfSf;fhd rpwg;ghd eilKiwfs; gw;wpa topfhl;b> yz;ld; V.rp.gp.X. ge;jp 2.2.1

15 AbA+g ; t pbNah Nghd ;w r py tifahd b[ply ; rhd ;Wfis Fw ;wtpay ; rl;l eltbf ;iffSf ;fhf Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAkh

my ;yJ Vida nghWg ;Gf ;$wy ; Nehf ;fq ;fSf ;fhf Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAkh my ;yJ ,it xU epahahjpf ;fj ;jpypUe ;J kw ;nwhU

epahahjpf ;fj ;jpw ;F Vw ;wtifapy ; my ;yJ xU nghwpKiwapypUe ;J ,d ;DnkhU nghwpKiwf ;F Vw ;w tpjj ;jpy ; khWglyhk ;.

16 ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpg; gpuNahfj;jpw;fhd (mobile application) cjhuzkhf MediCapt If; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Nkhjy; gpuNjrq;fspy; ghypay; td;Kiw njhlu;ghd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; kdpj chpikfs; njhlu;ghd kUj;Jtu;fspd; gad;ghl;bidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jw;NghJ ,J tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;L tUfpwJ. ghypay; td;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd jlatpay; rhu;e;j kUj;Jtr; rhd;Wfis rpfpr;ir kUj;Jtu;fs; gaDwjpkpf;f Kiwapy; Nrfhpj;J> Mtzg;gLj;jpg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yk; cs;ehl;by; ,j;jifa Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlu;ghd rl;l eltbf;iffis nghJkf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjt KbAk;. ,f;fUtpahdJ juhjuk; kpf;f kUj;J nfhs;nghUs; tbtj;jpy; jlatpay; Mtzg;gLj;jyhf b[ply; jsj;jpy; khw;wp jlatpy; rhu; Gifg;glj; Jiwia ,yFgLj;Jk; Kfkhf ghJfhg;ghd ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp nfkuhTld; xUq;fpizf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa mk;rq;fis xUq;fpizg;gjd; Clhf ghypay; td;Kiw> rpj;jputij cs;slq;fyhd ghhpa ml;ôpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa jlatpay; kUj;Jtr; rhd;Wfisg; ghJfhj;J mtw;iw ePjpkd;wq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F MediCapt cjTfpwJ. kUj;Jtg; guhkhpg;Gf;fis toq;Ffpd;wtu;fs; ,e;j App Ig; gad;gLj;jp kUj;Jtr; rhd;Wfs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ fhaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Gifg;glk; Mfpatw;iw tof;Fj; njhLj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;Ls;stu;fs; kw;Wk; mj;jifa Fw;wq;fSf;fhf nghWg;Gf;$wy;fis ehLgtu;fs; MfpNahUf;F ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; mtw;iw mDg;gpitf;f KbAk;. Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F ghu;f;f> http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/medicapt/.

D. b[ply ; rhd ;Wfs ;

1. b[ply ; rhd ;Wfs ; vd ;why ; vd ;d?b[ply ; rhd ;W my ;yJ kpd ;d pay ; rhd ;W vDk ; nghOJ xU kpd ;d pay ; fUtpa py ; Nrfh pf ;fg ;gl;Ls ;s my ;yJ mjw ;Ff ; fpilf ;fg ; ngw ;w my ;yJ mjd ; %ykhf gh pkhwg ;gl;l rhd ;ws pf ;ff ; $ba jfty ; my ;yJ juTfs ; MFk ;. fzpd pfs ;> ] ;khl; nkhigy ; njhiyNgr pfs ; Nghd ;wd Rt Pfh pf ;fg ;gLk ; re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; mtw ;wpypUe ;J ,j ;jifa rhd ;Wfisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAk ;. mNjNeuk ; ,izaj ;jpYs ;s gfpuq ;f %yj ;jpypUe ;Jk ; ,t ;t pjkhd rhd ;Wfisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;s KbAk ;. b[ply ; h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfs ; r py re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs py ; tpNrl Mtz h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfshfg ; gh pr Pypf ;fg ;gLtJk ; cz ;L. Vida Mtz uPjpahd rhd ;WfSf ;F Vw ;Gila tpjpfSk ; nfhs ;iffSk ; ,jw ;Fk ; nghJthf Vw ;Giladthff ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd (ghu ;f ;f Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ; rhd ;Wg ; g ph pT ,). Rt Pfh pf ;fg ;gl;l kpd ;d pay ; cgfuzk ; xd ;wpypUe ;J b[ply ; h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfisg ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;Sk ; nghOJ mj ;jifa kpd ;d pa py ; cgufzq ;fs ; ngsjPf h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfshfg ; ghJfhf ;fg ;gly ; Ntz ;Lk ;14 (ghu ;f ;f ngsjPf h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfs ; g ph pT ,). ,j;;jifa jfty ;fisf ; fUtpfs pypUe ;J ngw ;Wf ;nfhz ;l b[ply ; epGzu ; e Pjpkd ;wq ;fs py ; Mtz h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfshfg ; gad ;gLj ;jf ; $ba tpjj ;jpyhd mwpf ;inahd ;iw my ;yJ cWjpg ;g pukhzk ; xd ;iwj ; jahh pf ;f Ntz ;Lk ; (ghu ;f ;f Mtz h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfs ; g ph pT M).ghypay ; td ;Kiwf ; Fw ;wq ;fis ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjTfpd ;w tof ;fkhd my ;yJ khjph p vLj ;Jf ;fhl;lhd b[ply ; rhd ;Wfs ; g pd ;tUtdtw ;iwAk ; cs ;slf ;fpajhftpUf ;Fk ;15. » kpd ;d pay ; rhu ;e ;j Rfhjhug ; gjpTfs ;> ,tw ;Ws ; kdey kUj ;Jtu ;> cstpayhsu ; MfpNahuJ mwpf ;iffs ;> Gifg ;glq ;fs ;> b[ply ; kUj ;Jtg ; glq ;fs ; (vf ;] ; fjpu ;g ; gh pNrhjid> my ; ;l;uhrTd ;l;> kpd ;fhe ;j glq ;fs ;> ] ;fhd ; Nghd ;wd). kw ;Wk ; Rfhjhu njhopy ;thz ;ik kpf ;ftu ;fs pdhy ; jahh pf ;fg ;gl;l Vida jlatpay ; rhu ;e ;j kUj ;Jr ; rhd ;Wfs ;> ,tw ;Ws ; tpNlr kUj ;Jtj ; njhiyNgr pf ; fUtpfs pD}lhf Nrfh pf ;fg ;gl;l juTfSk ; cs ;slq ;Fk ;16 (ghu ;f ;f> ngl;b 9: CARSV njhlu ;ghd kUj ;Jt kw ;Wk ; rl;l h Pjpahd rhd ;Wfs ;



gw ;w pa Gh pjy ;fs ;).

» b[ply ; nfkuh my ;yJ nkhigy ; Nghd ; Nghd ;wtw ;iwg ; gad ;gLj ;jp vLf ;fg ;gl;l glq ;fs ;> t PbNahf ;fs ;> cjhuzkhf td ;Kiwfs ; ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lq ;fsJ glq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; fhaq ;fsJ glq ;fs ; Nghd ;wd. ,j ;jifa fUtpfisg ; gad ;gLj ;jp ,tw ;iwg ; gjpTnra ;J ghJfhg ;ghd Kiwapy ; rhd ;Wfshf khw ;w KbAk ; (ghu ;f ;f ngl;b 5: b[ply ; rhd ;W Nrfh pg ;Gf ; fUtpfisj ; njh pTnra ;fpd ;w nghOJ fUj ;jpw ;nfhs ;s Ntz ;ba tplaq ;fs ;).

» njhiyNgr pa py ; my ;yJ r%f tiyj ;jsq ;fs py ; Nrkpf ;fg ;gl;l ,lk ; njhlu ;ghd jfty ;fs ;

» Ltpl;ly ;> KfE}y ;> A+bA+g ; Nghd ;wtw ;w py ; cs ;s glq ;fs ;> t PbNahf ;fs ;> Vida jfty ;fs ;

» fzpd pa pd ; `hl; l;iut ;> ngh pguy ; rhjdq ;fs ;> nkkh p ml;il> A.v] ;.g p.> jk ; l;iut ;> r P.B. nuhk ; Nghd ;tw ;w py ; Nrkpf ;fg ;gl;l jfty ;fs ;

» kpd ;dQ ;ry ;> gjpTfs ; kw ;Wk ; cldbj ; jfty ;fs ; Nghd ;wd.

» thd ; Gifg ;glq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; nra ;kjpg ; Gifg ;glq ;fs ; Nghd ;wd. cjhuzkhf – MAjg ;gilapdu ; my ;yJ nghJkf ;fsJ elkhl;lk ; njhlu ;ghd glq ;fs ;. my ;yJ fpuhkq ;fs py ; my ;yJ Vida ,lq ;fs py ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;l mopTfs ; njhlu ;ghd glq ;fs ;17

» k Pl;lh njhlu ;ghd juTfs ;> mjhtJ xU Nfhg ;g pDs ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w Vida Nfhg ;Gfs ; gw ;w pa jfty ;fshFk ;. (mjhtJ> glq ;fs ;> t PbNah> Ntl; Mtzq ;fs ; Nghd ;wd. b[ply ; Gifg ;glj ;Jld ; njhlu ;Gila k Pl;lh juTfshdJ Gifg ;glk ; vLf ;fg ;gl;l Neuk ;> mjd ; ,lk ; Nghd ;w jfty ;fis k Pl;lh juTfs ; toq ;fyhk ;. mNjNtis> xU nra ;jp my ;yJ FWQ ;nra ;jp mDg ;gg ;gl;bUf ;Fk ; gl;rj ;jpy ;> mJ vq ;F cUthf ;fg ;gl;lJ> ve ;j Neuj ;jpy ; cUthf ;fg ;gl;lJ> vt ;thW mDg ;gg ;gl;lJ vd ;gJ Nghd ;w jfty ;fisAk ; ngw ;Wf ;nfhs ;sKbAk ;.

ngl;b 5

b[ply; rhd;Wfs; Nrfhpg;Gf; fUtpfisj; njhpT nra;fpd;w

nghOJ ghprPypf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhtyu;fs;> Mtzg;gLj;Jdu;fs;> Clftpayhsu;fs;> nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kw;Wk; gpui[fs; MfpNahu; Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fs;> khDlj;jpw;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fs;> ,dg;gLnfhiy> rpj;jputij Nghd;w kdpj chpikfs; kPwy;fs;> ml;ôpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Gifg;glq;fisAk; tPbNahf;fisAk; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; vLj;J mj;jifa kiwf; Fwpahf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis ghJfhg;ghf fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf rpy fUtpfSk; ifNgrp> mg;];fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhl;rpfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L mjid ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; Fw;wk; ,ioj;jtu;fis rl;lj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;LtUtjw;F Vw;w tifapy; rpytifahd ,e;j ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp mg;];fs; tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa mg;];fspy; kiwf; Fwpahf;fk;> nkl;lh Nll;lh gjpTfs;> ,j;jifa rhd;Wfis itj;jpUg;gjd; fhuzkhf mjid itj;jpUg;gtu; VjhtJ mghaq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;gLk; nghOJ cldbahf mj;jifa jfty;fis jkJ ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpapy; kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; kw;Wk;/ my;yJ mtw;iw mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w cs;slf;fj;Jld; Nru;j;J cldbahf mopj;J tplf;$ba tifapy; ,j;jifa mg;];fspy; rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fs; fhzg;gLtJKz;L.

vdNt> Mtzg;gLj;Jdu;fs; jhk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ghprPypf;fpd;w VjhtJ mg;]; njhlu;ghd epajpfisf; ftdkhf Muha;e;J ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf mjd; chpikj;Jtk;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;> vjpu;fhy gad;ghL> mjidg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kiwf;Fwpahf;fk; kw;Wk;/ my;yJ nkl;lh Nll;lh fsQ;rpa mk;rq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wp ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mk;rq;fspy; gpd;tUtdTk; cs;slq;Fk;:

» gjpNtw;wk;nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;du; mjpYs;s cs;slf;fq;fSf;F vd;d eilngWk;?

» jhkhf kiwf;Fwpahf;fg;gl;l cs;slf;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;F khj;jpukh my;yJ mJ gjpNtw;wk; nra;tjw;F khj;jpukh?

» xU ghJfhg;ghd itg;gfj;jpw;F mjid gjpNtw;wk; nra;jjd; gpd;du; mjpYs;s cs;slf;fj;jpd; vjpu;fhyg; gad;ghl;bid ahu; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ?

» itg;gfk; vq;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? ,J me;juq;fj;jd;ik njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisNah my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; fz;fhzpg;G njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wjh?

» ,j;jifa mg;];fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf epfof;$ba Vida gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ ,lu;fs; vd;d?

17 The Engine Room, Benetech, ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr;rig (2016) DatNav: kdpj chpikfs; Muha;r;rpf;fhf b[ply; juTfis vt;thW gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid ,iza Kfthpapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. https://www.theengineroom.org/datnav-digital-data-in-human-rights-research. gf;fk;. 55–58.

...Mtzg ;gLj ;Jdu ;fs ; jhk ; gad ;gLj ;Jtjw ;F

gh pr Pypf ;f pd ;w VjhtJ “app” Ig ; gad ;gLj ;JtJ njhlu ;ghd

epajpfisf ; ftdkhfg ; gh pr Py pj ;jy ; Ntz ;Lk ;.



2. b[ply ; rhd ;w pid vq ;Nf fz ;lw ptJ?

b[ply ; rhd ;Wfis ntt ;NtW ,lq ;fs py ; fz ;lw pa KbAk ;.:18

» td ;Kiwfs ; ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lj ;j pNy NjLjy ; Nkw ; nfhz ;lNghJ fpilj ;j KbTg ; gad ;gLj ;Jeu ; rhjdk ; -gad ;gLj ;Jdu ;fs pd ; fzd pfs ;> nkhigy ; njhiyNgr pfs ; /] ;khl; njhiyNgr pfs ;> USB jk ; biut ; my ;yJ b[ply ; nfnkuh.

» xd ;iyd ; / cjhuzkhf r%f tiyaikg ;G cUthf ; fj ;jpw ;fhfg ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;gl;l ,izaj ;jsq ;fs ;> fye ;Jiuahly ; kd ;Wfs ; kw ;Wk ; nra ;jpf ; FOf ;fs ;

» gad;gLj;Jdupd; nraw;ghL gw;wpa ,izar;Nrit toq;Fdupd; gjpTfs;> nkhigy; njhiyNgrpf; fk;gdpapd; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; fl;lzg;gl;bay; gw;wpa gjpTfs;> gad;gLj;Jdupd; ,izaf; fzf;F kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jdupd; upNkhl; Nfhg;Gf; fsQ;rpak; Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l tsq;fs;;.

» ,ilkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ – cjhuzkhf nkhigy; njhiyNgrp FWQ;;nra;jpfs;> ntha;]; miog;Gf;fs;> kpd;dQ;ry;fs; my;yJ ,izaf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;

» Fw ;wnray ; my ;yJ td ;Kiw ,iof ;fg ;gl;ljhf $wg ; gLfpd ;w VjhtJ ,lq ;fs ;

,izaj;jsk; gw;wpa ntspg;gilahd %yj; jfty;fs; vtupdhYk; mZfg;glf;$aitahFk;.19 Mdhy; ,tw;wpid xd;iyd; gjpTfshf> ,izag; gf;fq;fshf> ,iza cs;slf;fkhfg; gjptJ my;yJ ghJfhg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. Fwpg;ghf Ez;ikahditfs; nghJthf mopf;fg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd my;yJ gpd;G fpilf;fhky; Nghfpd;wd. Vida b[ply; rhd;Wfspd; tiffshd nra;jpfspd;> Fwpg;gpl;l nkhigy; njhiyNgrpfspd; tuyhW my;yJ r%f Clff; fzf;Ffs; Nghd;wit %d;whk; jug;gpdupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ug;gJld; mit me;juq;fq;fspw;fhd rl;lq;fspd; fPo; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,t;thwhd jfty;fspid subpoena, juTg;gjpT cld;gbf;if my;yJ Vida tbtpyhd ,zf;fkpd;wp toq;FtNjh my;yJ mtw;wpw;F mjpfhuk; mspg;gNjh my;yJ mjd; meta juTfis (Kiwrhu; my;yJ Kiwrhuh)20 gpupj;njLg;gNjh rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. mjpfhukpd;wpf; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lit my;yJ ,ilkwpf;fg;gl;lit nghJthfr; rhd;whf mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.

18 ACPO Digital Evidence Good Practice Guide ,ypUe ;J jOtg ;gl;lJ. Rg ;uh Fwpg ;G 14> ge ;j p 3.3.

19 The Engine Room, Benetech, Amnesty International (2016) DatNav: kdpj cupikfs; Ma;tpy; b[ply; juTfis vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ> https://www.theengineroom.org/datnav-digital-data-in-human-rights-research and Frontline Defenders and Tactical Technology Collective, ‘Security in-a-Box: Digital Security Tools and Tactics’, https://securityinabox.org/en.

20 rl;l mKyhf;fy; Kftu;fs; fk;ngdpfSld; jfty; gfpu;T cld;gbf;iffisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,jd; %yk; fk;ngdpfs; gad;gLj;Jeu; juTfis ePjpkd;wf; fl;lis ,y;yhkNy Kftupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f toq;fyhk;. rpy Ntisfspy; jfty; gfpu;T cld;gbf;if ,y;yhkNyNa rl;l mKy;gLj;jy; Kftu;fs; gad;gLj;Jeu; jfty;fisf; Nfhuyhk;. NkYk; fk;ngdpfs; Ntz;lg;gLk; juTfis toq;Ftjh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;. vt;thwhapDk; fk;ngdpfs; vt;tpjkhd gad;gLj;Jeu; juTfisAk; mur rhu;gw;w tprhuizf; FOf;fSf;F toq;fpajh vd;gJ njsptw;w tplakhFk;.

ngl;b 6

rfghb mDgtk; - r%f Clfg;

gad;ghl;bd; cjhuzk;

Léonie, rl;lj;juzp> Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> : Nghy;fd; ehl;ltu;fs; kpff; F&ukhd ,dr; rptpy; Aj;jj;jpw;F Kfk;nfhLj;j NghJ vdJ fl;rpf;fhuuhd Lej-latpw;F 14 tajhFk;. mtUk; 15 taJila mtUila xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjupAk; flj;jg;gl;L giltPuu;fspdhy; ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. NkhjypNy rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s kw;iwa jug;gpw;F ,tu;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdu; MjuT toq;fpaikf;fhfj; jz;bg;g jw;fhfNt ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jk;ikg; ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fl;gLj;jpa egupid Lej-la mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. Vnddpy; mtu; cs;@iur; Nru;e;jtu;. ,J 1993,y; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,e;j tof;fpid vkJ epWtdk; ifNaw;w gpd;G Fw;wj;ij epfo;j;jpatu; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; jQ;rkile;J tho;tjhfTk; Mdhy; mtu; mq;Nf vq;Nf tho;fpd;whu; vdj; njupahnjdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. 2013Mk; Mz;bNy Aj;jk; Kbtile;J 20 tUlq;fspd; gpd;du; r%f Clfj;jpd; %ykhf Fw;wj;ij epfo;j;jpatiu vk;khy; fz;Lgpbf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. KfE}ypNy mtu; ntspapl;l Gifg;glk; xd;wpypUe;J mtu; gad;gLj;jpa fhnuhd;wpd; ,yf;fj;jfl;bidf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; %ykhf Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; fhu;fs; gjpag;gLfpd;w canton ,id milahsk; fhzf; $bajhapUe;jJ. ,jdhy; vkf;Ff; Fw;wkpioj;jtu; cz;ikapNyNa Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; tho;fpd;whu; vd;gij ep&gpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJld; tof;Fj; njhLdu; mYtyfj;jpy; ,tUf;F vjpuhff; Fw;wtpay; Kiwg;ghnlhd;iwj; jhf;fy; nra;af;$bajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,J Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fSf;fhd Fw;wtpay; tprhuizfis elj;Jtjw;Fj; jifik tha;e;j ePjpkd;wkhFk;.



3. b[ply ; rhd ;w pd ; tfpghj ;j puk ; vd ;d?

b[ply ; jlatpay ; rhd ;w pd ; jd ;ik fhuzkhf jlatpay ; b[ply ; e pGzu ;fs ; nghJthf b[ply ; rhd ;Wfs pd ; cu pa Nrfu pg ;G kw ;Wk ; fsQ ;r pag ;gLj ;jiy cWjpg ;gLj ;JkhW Ntz ;lg ;gLtJld ; mtw ;w pd ; mu ;j ;jg ;gLj ;jiyAk ; cWjpg ;gLj ;JkhW Ntz ;lg ; gLfpd ;wdu ;. jlatpay ; b[ply ; e pGzu ; xUtu pd ; mu ;j ;jg ;gLj ;jyhdJ fz ;nlLf ;fg ;gl;l b[ply ; rhd ;W njs pthf cs ;sJ vd ;f pd ;w rhd ;W u Pj pahd mjd ; Kf ;f paj ;Jtj ;j pid cWjpg ;gLj ;jj ; Njitg ;gLj ;jg ; gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf Nghl;Nlhf ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; xd ;iyd py ; gjpag ;gLfpd ;w t PbNahf ;fs ; Nghd ;w rhd ;W u Pj pahd gfpuq ;fkhd %yq ;fisf ; nfhz ;l jfty ;fs ; mit ,l;Lf ;fl;lg ;gl;lit my ;y mj ;Jld ;/ my ;yJ mit Mtzg ;gLj ;j ehLfpd ;w epfo ;TfisNa Fwpf ;f pd ;wd vd ;gij cWjpg ;gLj ;Jtjw ;F ftdkhf mit gu Pl;r pf ;fg ;gl;L cz ;ik fhzg ;gly ; Ntz ;Lk ;. b[ply ; rhd ;Wfs pd ; Nrfu pg ;Gf ;fhf r py epahahjpf ; fq ;fs ; Njitg ;gLj ;jg ;gLk ; juhjuq ;fis mKypy ; nfhz ;Ls ;sd. Mtzg ;gLj ;Jdu ;fs ; b[ply ; rhd ;W fis Muha ;tij nghWg ;Ngw ;gjw ;F Kd ;du ; nghUj ;j khd epahahjpf ;fq ;fs py ; rl;lu Pj pahd Njitg ;ghLfis gu pr Py pf ;f Ntz ;Lk ;. Fwpg ;ghf Mtzg ;gLj ;Jdu ;fs ; ,e ;jg ; gug ;g pNy rk ;ge ;jg ;gl;l ISO juhjuq ;fisg ; gw ;w p mwpe ;j pUf ;f Ntz ;Lk ;. r py rl;l Kiwikfs ; nry ;Ygbahfj ;jf ;f b[ply ; rhd ;Wfs pd ; Nrfu pg ;g pw ;fhf mtw ;w pw ;F ,iaGWtijj ; Njitg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;wd.21

b[ply ; rhd ;Wfspd ; gFg ;gha ;thdJ Fw ;wr ;nray ;fs pd ; rfy $WfisAk ; ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjtyhk ;> cjhuzkhf

» g pui[fs pd ; t PbNah rhd ;W gjpNtw ;wq ;fSld ; cs ;shu ;e ;jjhd Fw ;wr ;nray ;fs ; my ;yJ Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;Jgtu ;fs ; jhkhfNt rk ;gtj ;j pid t PbNah nra ;j pUj ;jy ;.

» Fw ;wr ;nray ; eilngw ;wNghJ Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;j pa tu ;fs pd ; Nehf ;fk ;> me ;jr ; re ;ju ;g ;gj ;j pNy mtu ;fs ; vq ;Nf ,Ue ;jdu ; vd ;gijAk ;> nkhigy ; njhiyNgr p fSldhd jfty ;fs ;> fzd pfs pd ; td ; jfLfs ;> USB Fr ;r pfs ;> kpd ;dQ ;rypYs ;s $w ;Wf ;fs ; my ;yJ r%f Clfg ; gjpTfSldhd Vida re ;Njf egu ;fSldhd njhlu ;Gfs ;

» njhiyNgr p my ;yJ kpd ;dQ ;ry ; FWf ;f PLfs ; %ykhf nghJthd jpl;lk ; xd ;W ,Uj ;jy ; kw ;Wk ; nghWg ;Gf ; fs pd ; tiffSf ;fhd Vida $Wfs ;.

» Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;j pajhff ; $wg ;gLNthu pd ; efu ;T fs pd ; ghq ;F / r pt pypad ;fs pd ; k Pjhd jhf ;Fjy ; my ;yJ Vida #opay ; jfty ;fs ;> thd ; my ;yJ nra ;kjp g pk ; ;gk ; %ykhff ; fhl;lg ;gLtJ> cjhuzkhf JUg ;Gf ;fs pd ; efu ;Tfs ;> nry ; t Pr ;Rf ;fs pd ; jhf ;fj ;j pw ;Fs ;shd ,lq ;fs ;> ghu pa kd pjg ; GijFopfs ;

21 ghu ;f ;f: ISO/IEC 27037:2012 b[ply ; rhd ;w pid milahsk ; fhz ;gJ> jpul;LtJ> ghJfhg ;gJ gw ;w paJ ISO/IEC 27042:2015 b[ply ; rhd ;w pd ; gFg ;gha ;T kw ;Wk ; mu ;j ;jg ;gLj ;jy ; gw ;w paJ.

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; / rhd ;Wfs pd ; thf ;F%yq ;fis Mjug ;gLj ;Jjy ;. cjhuzkhf Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;j pa tu pd ; t PbNahf ;fs ; my ;yJ Gifg ;glq ;fs ; ghjpf ;fg ; gl;ltu ; t pgu pg ;gijg ; Nghd ;w mNj MilAld ; ,Ug ;gijf ; fhl;Ljy ; (rl;lKiwikfs py ; ,J Njitg ;gLj ;jg ;gLfpd ;wJ.

Fwpg ;g plg ;gl;l b[ply ; rhjdq ;fs pd ; ve ;j tbtq ;fSk ; Fw ;wr ;nraypd ; ve ;jnthU mk ;rj ;j pw ;Fk ; Mjuthd rhd ;w pid toq ;fyhk ; vd ;gij mtjhd pf ;fTk ;.

ngl;b 7

b[ply ; rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfu pg ;gJld ;

njhlu ;Gila tpNrl mgha Neu ;Tfs ;

b[ply; rhd;Wfisf; ifahs;tjw;F tpNrl mwpT Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Kiwahd gapw;rpfs; ,d;wp b[ply; rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gjpy; my;yJ gpupj;njLg;gjpy; cs;s gpujhd mghaNeu;Tfs; gpd;tUtd thFk;:

» jutpidf; ifg;gw;Wfpd;w nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ jutpid khw;Wfpd;w mjd; %yk; mjid rhd;whf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sKbahj xd;whf khw;Wfpd;w mghaNeu;T

» Kjy; jlitahfj; jftypidj; jpul;b mjid xd;iydpd; ,w;iwg;gLj;JNthu; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; mjpfupj;j mghaNeu;T

» mjPj ntg;gepiy> epiyapay; kpd;rhuk; my;yJ <ug;gjd; Mfpatw;wpw;F cl;gLfpd;w fhuzj; jpdhy; Nfhg;GfSf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fs; my;yJ Nrjk;

» rhjhuzkhf Nfhg;G xd;wpidj; jpwg;gjd; %ykhf> ghu;g;gjd; %ykhf my;yJ mjd;Nky; nrhLf;Ftjd; %ykhf Nfhg;G xd;wpid ,Wjpahf mZfpa jpfjp my;yJ td;nghUs; ,Wjpahf mZfg;gl;l jpfjp> khw;wg;gLfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; juTfis rkurk; nra;jy;

» njhlu;gw;w fzdpnahd;wpypUe;J mZfyhdJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy; tprhuizapd; mf;fiwf;fhf ,izag;gf;f cupikahsiu mtjhdKwr; nra;jy;

» Mtzg;gLj;Jdu; mwpahky; Nra;ikahd fl;lisfspd; %ykhfj; juTfspd; mopg;gpid mDkjpj;jy;

» b[ply; rhd;wpidj; NjLtjw;Nfh my;yJ ifg;gw;Wtjw;Nfh cupa mjpfhuk; toq;fg;glh tpl;lhy;> mtw;wpidj; NjLtjw;Fk; gpupj;njLg; gjw;Fk; cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; my;yJ vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffspd; G+uz gjpT my;yJ ghJfhj;J itj;jpUg;Nghupd; tupir ep&gpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; mit ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mDkjpf;fg;glhky; Nghfyhk;.



E. ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;W

1. ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;W vd ;why ; vd ;d?

ghypay ; td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;Ws ;sJ vd ;gij ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjTtjw ;Fg ; nghUj ;jkhd jftypid toq ;ff ;$ba my ;yJ Fw ;wr ;nraYf ;Fk ; ghjpf ;fg ; gl;ltUf ;Fkpila py ; njhlu ;g pid toq ;ff ;$ba my ;yJ Fw ;wr ;nraYf ;Fk ; mjid epfo ;j ;j patUf ;Fkpila pyhd njhlu ;ig toq ;ff ;$ba ve ;jnthU ngsj Pfj ; njhlu ;g pidNah my ;yJ t plaj ;j pidNah Fwpg ;g pL fpd ;w rhd ;Nw ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;whFk ;.

ghypay ; td ;Kiwa pd ; tifkhjpu pahd ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;WfSs ; g pd ;tUtd mlq ;fyhk ;.

» ngsj Pfg ; nghUl;fs ;: Milfs ;> r PUilfs ; my ;yJ r PUila pd ; ghfq ;fs ; my ;yJ ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ;fs ; / rhl;r pfs ; my ;yJ Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;j patuhy ; mzpag ;gl;bUe ;j Milfs ; fz ;izf ;fl;ba Jzpfs ;> gLf ;if t pu pg ;Gfs ;> Jthiyfs ;> MZiwfs ;> FUjp tbtijj ; jLg ;gjw ;fhd fl;L> fa pWfs ;/ gl;bfs ;

» MAjq ;fs ;: RLfyd ;fs ;> fj ;j pfs ;> Njhl;lhf ;fs ;> Njhl;lh ciw> nry ; ciw> ntbnghUl;fs ;> $uhd nghUl;fs ;> r pj ;j putijr ; rhjdk ;> njhq ;fy ;.

» capu pay ; u Pj pahd / jlatpay ; nghUl;fs ;: cly ;fs ;> cly ; ghfq ;fs ;. Njhy ;> Kb> t puy ; efj ; JZf ;Ffs ;> vYk ;G> gw ;fs ;> fiwfs ;> t pe ;J> vr ;r py ;> FUjp> the ;j p> rs p> t pau ;it> Nahd pj ;j putq ;fs ; mj ;Jld ; / my ;yJ kyk ;

» cly ; fhaq ;fs ;: fz ;ly ; fhaq ;fs ;> vu p fhaq ;fs ;> ntl;Lf ;fs ;> tLf ;fs ;> cl;fhaq ;fs ; my ;yJ nts pf ; fhaq ;fs ;

» ,yj ;j pud pay ; / b[ply ; nghUl;fs ;: njhiyNgr pfs ;. fzd pfs ; kwWk ; Vida njhiyj ;njhlu ;G rhjdq ;fs ;

» er ;r pay ; gFg ;gha ;T: Nghijg ;nghUl;fs ;> eQ ;R my ;yJ kJrhuk ; ,Ug ;gijf ; fhl;Ljy ;>

» jlaq ;fs ;: ,ioaq ;fs ;> Kb> fz ;zhb> kz ;> nga pd ;l;> cNyhfk ;> g psh] ;lu ;

» gjpTfs ;: t puy ; milahsq ;fs ;. fhybj ;jlq ;fs ;. fUt pj ;jlq ;fs ;> lau ; jlq ;fs ;

» td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lq ;fs ;: ,lk ; / jLg ;G Kfhk ; ;> ,Uj ;jy ; / fz ;lw pjy ;> rhl;r pa pd ; thf ;F%yj ;Jld ; nghUe ;Jfpd ;w ,lj ;j pd ; tiuglk ; my ;yJ ngsj Pf t pgu pg ;G> me ;j ,lj ;j py ; tho ;e ;jikf ;fhd my ;yJ tho ;f pd ;wikf ;fhd rhd ;W.

» gFg ;gha ;t pw ;fhd Mtzq ;fs ;: ifnaOj ;J> ilg ; nra ;ag ;gl;l vOj ;J> khw ;wq ;fs ;> fljhr p> ikg ; gFg ;gha ;T. Mtzj ;j py ; gjpT nra ;ag ;gl;Ls ;s jfty ;fs ; jhNk Mtzr ;rhd ;whf ,Uf ;f KbAk ;. (ghu ;f ;f: c Mtzr ;rhd ;W)

ngl;b 8

ngsjPfr; rhd;wpid vd;dhy;

Nrfupf;f KbAkh?

ngsjPfr; rhd;wpidr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd jPu;khdk; - rk;gtj;jpw;F Vw;g ,jpy; Mtzq;fs; cs;slq;fyhk; - kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhd xd;whfTk; ftdkhd xd;whfTk; vLf;fg;gl;L kpf mtjhdkhfr; rpe;jpf;fg;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;. ngsjPfr; rhd;nwhd;wpidr; Nrfupg;gijg; gw;wp guprPypf;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jdu;fs; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fisj; jkf;Fj; jhNk Nfl;fNtz;Lk;.

O 1. mjpfhuk;: vdf;Fj; Njitahd rl;l mjpfhuk; cs;sjh? Mk; / ,y;iy

O 2. Mw;wy;: rk;ge;jg;gl;l ngsjPfr; rhd;wpid Nrfupj;J> fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhopy; uPjpahd gapw;rp vd;dplk; cs;sjh? (xU tprhuizahsu; vd;fpd;w uPjpapy;> Rfhjhu njhopy; uPjpahdtu; vd;fpd;w uPjpapy; my;yJ NtW? Mk; / ,y;iy

O 3. tsq;fs;;: rk;ge;jg;gl;l ngsjPfr; rhd;wpid vd;dhy; cupa Kiwapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp> vLj;Jr;nrd;W kw;Wk; ghJfhf;f KbAkh? Mk; / ,y;iy

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tpdhf;fs; vtw;wpw;fhtJ ,y;iy vd;W gjpy; te;jhy; ePq;fs; rhd;wpid Nrfupf;ff;$lhJ. cq;fspdhy; mtw;wpid gad;gLj;j Kbahky; Nghfyhk;. NkYk; mjid Nrfupg;gJ cq;fSila epahahjpf;fj;jpy; rl;l tpNuhjkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jw;F gjpyhf ePq;fs; cq;fshy; ,aYkhd msT rpwg;ghfr; rhd;wpidg; gjpT nra;aNtz;Lk; (gjpTf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;> tiuglk; cUthf;Fjy;> Gifg;glk; vLj;jy; mj;Jld; / my;yJ tPbNah gjpT. gpd;du; ePq;fs; cupa Kiwapy; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;l> jifik tha;e;j NkYk; ngsjPf rhd;wpidr; Nrfupg;gjw;Fj; jahuhd xUtupidj; njhlu;G nfhs;tijg;gw;wpg; guprPypf;fyhk;.

kpfTk; mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyfspy; eil Kiwg;gLj;Jdu; ngsjPfr; rhd;wpid Nrfupg; gjw;Fj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ mj;jpahak; 12 ,y; Nkyjpf jfty;fis Nrfupg;gJ vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPNo> Fwpg;ghf ngl;b 5,y;> ghJfhj;J itj;jpUg;gtu; tupir vd;gjd; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhj;J itj;jpUg;gtu; Nfhl;ghLfis / ngsjPf rhd;wpw;fhd jdptpsf;f tpguq;fisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.



2. ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;Wfis vq ;Nf fz ;lw ptJ?

eilKiwg;gLj;Jdu;fs; gpd;tUk; ,lq;fspy; ngsjPfr; rhd;wpidf; fhzyhk;;.

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;Nlhu pd ; / rhl;r pfs pd ; / Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;j p Nahu pd ; cly ;fs ;. ,it capUld ; cs ;sitahf my ;yJ ,we ;jitahf ,Uf ;fyhk ;. ,J fhaq ;fs pd ; fhymsT> kw ;Wk ; fhaq ;fs pd ; jd ;ik Mfpatw ;w py ; jq ;f pAs ;sJ.

» Fw ;wk ; my ;yJ td ;Kiw epfo ;j ;jg ;gl;ljhff ; $wg ;gLk ; ve ;jnthU ,lKk ;

» Fw;;wj;ij epfo ;j ;j patu ;fs ; ,Ue ;j ,lq ;fs ;. ,jpNy ifJ my ;yJ g pbj ;Jitg ;G ,lk ;ngw ;w Muk ;g ,lq ;fs ; cs ;slq ;Fk ;

» kahdq ;fs ; my ;yJ vr ;re ;ju ;g ;gj ;j pYk ; cly ;fis tpl;Lr ;nrd ;w ,lq ;fs ;

vdNt> fz ;lwpaf ;$ba ghypay ; td ;Kiwapd ; ngsjPfr ; rhd ;Wfspd ; msTk ; tifAk ; Fwpg ;ghf vt ;tsT fhyj ;jpw ;F Kd ;du ; td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;wJ NkYk ; ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; itj ;jpau pdhy ; ghu ;f ;fg ;gl;Ls ;shuh NkYk ; td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lj ;jpid mZff ;$bajhf cs ;sjh vd ;gjpy ; jq ;fpAs ;sd.

3. ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;w pd ; tfpghj ;j puk ; vd ;d?

g pd ;tUtdtw ;w pid ep&g pg ;gjw ;F ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;W cjTk ;

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu pd ; clk ;g pDs ; mj ;Jk Pwy ; eil ngw ;Ws ;sJ> cjhuzkhf ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu pd ; Nahd pa py ; ,Ue ;J my;;yJ Fjj ;j pypUe ;J t pe ;J fr pe ;J nfhz ;bUj ;jy ;

» nraw ;ghl;bidr ; Rw ;w pAs ;s re ;ju ;g ;g #o ;e piyfs ;> cs ;shu ;e ;j gyte ;jk ; kpF #o ;e piy fhzg ;gLjy ;> cjhuzkhf td ;Kiw ,lk ;ngw ;w ,lk ; xU jLg ;G Kfhkhf ,Uj ;jy ; my ;yJ Nghijg ;nghUs ; my ;yJ kJghdk ; Mfpait ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu pd ; clypDs ; ,Ug ;gJ Nghd ;w ,zf ;fj ;j pid ,y ;yhkyhf ;Ffpd ;w #o ;e piy.

» Fw ;wj ;ij epfo ;j ;j pajhff ; $wg ;gLNthu pd ; milahsk ;> cjhuzkhf gLf ;if t pu pg ;Gf ;fs ;> my ;yJ Milfs pd ; ghfq ;fs pypUe ;J fz ;lw pag ;gl;l khjpu pfs pd ; %ykhf> NkYk ;> nghWg ;Gf ;fSf ;fhd tiffSf ;fhd $Wfs pd ; %ykhf

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu pd ; milahsk ; mwpag ;glht pl;lhy ;> cjhuzkhf ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu pd ; clypy ; ,Ue ;J vLf ;fg ;gl;l capu pay ; khjpu pfs pd ; Bvd ;V gFg ;gha ; t pdhy ; $l

» td ;Kiw ele ;j ,lk ; ,Uj ;jYk ; mjidf ; fz ;Lg pbj ;Js ;sikAk ; g puNjrj ;j py ; Fw ;wj ;ij

epfo ;j ;j pNahu ; ,Ue ;jikia ep&g pf ;f cjTk ;. r pt pypad ;fs pd ; k PJ jhf ;Fjy ; ,lk ;ngw ;wikf ;fhd my ;yJ efu ;Tfs ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sg ;gl;likf ;fhd Xu ; mq ;fkhf ,J gFg ;gha ;T nra ;ag ;gl KbAk ;. my ;yJ jd pg ;gl;l ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;Wfs ; xd ;W Nru ;f ;fg ;gLk ;NghJ Vida #opay ; rhu ; jfty ;fs ; gFg ;gha ;T nra ;ag ;glKbAk ;.

» ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; / rhl;r pa pd ; thf ;F%yj ;j pid Mjhug ; gLj ;Jjy ; (,jidj ; Njitg ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w rl;lKiw ika py ;) my ;yJ nghUj ;jkhdthwhf ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; / rhl;r pa pd ; thf ;F%yj ;j pd py ; gad ;gLj ;jg ;gLjy ;. cjhuzkhf ghjpf ;fg ;gl;ltu ; ,we ;j pUe ;jhy ; my ;yJ mtu ; ,y ;yhkypUe ;jhy ; (,jid mDkjpf ;f pd ;w rl;l KiwikfSs ;)

» fpo pjy ;fs ;> my ;yJ ngsj ;j puq ;fs ; Nghd ;w fhaq ; fs pd ; Mtzg ;gLj ;jy ; %ykhfg ; ghypay ; jhf ;Fjypd ; cly ; u Pj pahd jhf ;fk ;

r py Fwpg ;g pl;l cz ;ikfis Mjhug ;gLj ;Jtjw ;F ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;Wfs ; cjtyhk ; my ;yJ mtw ;w pid ep&g pg ;gjw ;F cjtyhk ; vd ;f pd ;w NghjpYk ; ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfu pg ;gjhdJ rfy re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fs pYk ; Vida Mjhug ;gLj ;Jfpd ;w my ;yJ mjd ; gad ;ghl;Lf ;F cjtf ;$ba t psf ;fr ;rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfu pg ;gJld ; Nru ;j ;J ,lk ;ngwNtz ;Lnkd ;gij eilKiwg ;gLj ;Jdu ;fs ; mwpe ;J nfhs ;sNtz ;Lk ;. ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;Wfs ; nghJthf thf ;F%yj ;Jld ; Nru ;e ;Nj tUfpd ;wd. epGzj ;Jtr ; rhd ;Wk ; cs ;slq ;Ffpd ;wJ. NkYk ; khriljiyj ; jLg ;g jw ;fhfTk ; ,jw ;F khRkWtw ;w ghJfhg ;Gr ; nrad ;Kiwfs ; Njitg ;gLj ;jg ;gLtJld ; ghJfhj ;J itj ;j pUg ;Nghu ; tu pirAk ; e p&g pf ;fg ;gly ; Ntz ;Lk ;.

b[ply ; rhd ;Wfis MuhAk ; nghWg ;g pid Vw ;gjw ;F Kd ;du ;

r py nghUj ;jkhd epahahjpf ;fq ;fs py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;w rl;lu Pj pahd

Njitg ;ghLfis Mtzg ;gLj ;Jdu ;fs ; gu pr Pypf ;f Ntz ;Lk ;.



ngl;b 9

CARSV f;fhd kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpidg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;

kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;W vd;gJ vd;d?

ghypay; ty;YwT kw;Wk; ghypay; J\;gpuNahfj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F guhkupg;gpid toq;Fk;NghJ rk;gtq;fspd; $w;W tuyhw;wpid Rfhjhu epGzu;fs; Nrfupf;fyhk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; clypidg; guprPypf;fyhk;. mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;wpid Mtzg;gLj;jyhk;. rl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ghypay; td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis Mjug;gLj;Jk; Fwpf;NfhSld; jlatpay; khjpupfisr; Nrfupf;fyhk;. ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w rhd;Wfs; kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpd; xU tifahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpidr; Nrfupg;gjhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;wpid <LgLj;Jfpd;wJ. (1) ghjpf;fg;gl;l tuplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tuyhw;wpd; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;> kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjid kw;Wk; mjpypUe;J fz;lwpe;jtw;wpid Mjug;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Mw;wy; cs;s NghJ Mtzg;gLj;jy;. (2) ngsjPfr; rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;jy; - jlatpay; khjpupfs; - ghjpf;fg; gl;ltupd; clypy; ,Ue;J.

(1) Mtzg;gLj;jypy; cs;slq;Fgit :

» Nehahspapd; kUj;Jt tuyhw;wpid Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;

» ghypay; td;Kiw gw;wpa jdpegupd; tpgupg;Gf;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;

» kUj;Jtg; guprPyidapypUe;J fz;lwpag;gl;ltw;wpidg; gjpTnra;jy; - ,jpy; clypy; vg;gFjpapyhtJ cly; uPjpahd fhaq;fs; fz;lwpag;gLtJ - Nahdp kw;Wk; Fjk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik fz;lwpag;gLtJ cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ

» cstpay; kjpg;gPl;bypUe;J fz;lwpag;gl;ltw;wpidg; gjpTnra;jy;

» toq;fg;gl;l rpfpr;;irfs; vitahtJ ,Ug;gpd; mtw;wpidg; gjpT nra;jy;

» Nrfupf;fg;gl;Lr; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l VjhtJ khjpupfspd; ngWNgWfs;

kUj;Jt - rl;l Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; vOjg;gl;l my;yJ jl;lr;Rr; nra;ag;gl;l Fwpg;Gf;fspd; tbtj;jpid> kUj;Jt ml;ltiz tbtj;jpid (fhaq;fs; cs;s ,lq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf gltiugpay; - cly; ml;ltiz) cj;jpNahfG+u;t kUj;Jtr; rhd;wpjo; fzdpf; Nfhg;Gf;fspd; tbtj;jpid> b[ply; nkhigy; Nfhg;Gf;fspd; tbtj;jpid> gjpTfspd; tbtj;jpid> Gifg;gl tbtq;fspid my;yJ Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;wpd; Nru;f;ifapd; tbtj;jpid cs;slf;fyhk;)

(2) jlatpay; khjpupapidr; Nrfupj;jy; kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpd; gpujhd mk;rkhf cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy; khjpupfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp> nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jp> jlatpay; gFg;gha;tpid elj;Jtjw;F Mw;wy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khj;jpuNk ,tw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ghypay; td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jlatpay; khjpupfspd; tiffSs; capupay; (tha;> Fjk;> Nahdp> Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J kw;Wk; rpWePu;> FUjp tpe;J cs;slq;fyhfr; Ruf;fg;gLgit kw;Wk; Njhy;) kw;Wk; capupay; rhuh khjpupfs; (Mil) cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. Nrfupf;fg;gl;lJk; khjpupfs; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L> gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L> cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhff; fz;lwpag;gl;litfs; gjpag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW fz;lwpag;gl;lit ,Wjp kUj;Jt - rl;l Mtzg;gLj;jypd; mk;rkhf khWfpd;wd.

ngsj Pfr ; rhd ;whdJ nghJthf epGzj ;Jtr ; rhl;r pfs ;

cs ;slq ;fyhf thf ;F%yj ;jpidAk ; nfhz ;Ls ;sJ.



ngl;b 9

CARSV f;fhd kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpidg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;

kUj ;Jtr ; rhd ;w pjo ;fs ;

kUj;Jt rhd;wpjo;fs; vd;git nghJthfj; jlatpay; kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidfis elj;jp> cly; uPjpahd kw;Wk; elj;ij uPjpahd mtjhdpg;Gfis Mtzg;gLj;jp mjd; gpd;du; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf kUj;Jt uPjpahff; fz;lwpe;j juTfis toq;Fk; cj;jpNahfG+u;t Mtzq;fshFk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; mtu;fspd; kUj;Jtr; rhd;Wfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wyhdJ Njrpa epahahjpf;fq;fspy; NtWgLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> rpy ehLfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; kUj;Jtr; rhd;wpjiog; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Fw;wr;nraypidg; nghyprhUf;F Kiwg;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk; ,jd; gpd;dNu murhq;fj;jpdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l itj;jpaupdhy; kUj;Jtr; rhd;wpjo; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gLk;. ,d;Dk; rpy epahahjpf;fq;fspy; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gl;l kUj;Jtr; rhd;wpjohdJ ePjpkd;wj;jpNy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; tof;fpidj; jhf;fy; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nray;tpjp rhu;e;j Njitg;ghLfs; ePjpia mZFtjw;fhd ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; Mw;wYf;Fg; ghupa jilfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf Fw;wr;nray;fs; mur mDruizAld; eilngWk; NghJ my;yJ murhq;fk; epakpj;j Rfhjhu mjpfhupfs; Nghjpastpy; ,y;yhjNghJ my;yJ NritfSf;fhff; nfhLg;gdtpidf; NfhUk; NghJ ,j;jil Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

rpy kUj;Jt> muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Ngupd; mtw;wpd; nrhe;j kUj;Jtr; rhd;wpfo;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; ,t;thwhd gjpTfis ePjpkd;wq;fspNy cj;jpNahfG+u;tr; rhd;Wfshfr; rku;g;gpf;ff;$ba Mw;wyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l epahahjpf;fq;fspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

kUj;Jt-rl;l rhd;wpjo; vd;gJ vd;d?

kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpjopd; Fwpf;NfhshdJ ghypay; td;Kiwr; nraw;ghL ele;Js;sJ vd;gij ep&gpg;gjhFk;. ,J Fw;wj;ij epfo;j;jpatUf;Fk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s ,izg;gpid ep&gpg;gjw;Fk; cjtf;$bajhFk; vd;gJld; td;Kiw ,lk;ngw;w ,lj;Jld; cz;ikfisAk; jdpegu;fisAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.

vt;thwhapDk; kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;WfSf;Fk; rhjfkhd rl;lg; gyhgyd;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwthdJ njsptw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.22 ghypay; td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gyu; cly; uPjpahd fhaq;fis miltjpy;iy. my;yJ Fj kw;Wk; Nahdpg; ghjpg;gpid miltjpy;iy my;yJ Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapy; tpe;J my;yJ tpe;jZtpid mtu;fspd; clypy; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy vd;gJ khj;jpuk; njupe;j tplakhFk;. ,e;jr; rhd;Wfs; ,y;yhikahdJ ghypay; td;Kiw elf;ftpy;iy vd;w mu;j;jj;jpid toq;fhJ.

.22

22 bAnkhd ;l;> n[d p] ; kw ;Wk ; itl;> B.> ‘ghypay ; td ;Kiw rk ;gtq ;fs pd ; kUj ;Jt-rl;l jlaq ;fs pd ; ghtidAk ; mO:

cyfsht pa fz ;Nzhl;lk ;’, ghypay ; td ;Kiw Ma ;T Kd ;KidT (n[d Pth> 2007).

ga pw ;wg ;gl;l Rfhjhu epGzu ;fSk ; jlatpay ; epGzu ;fSk ;

khj ;j puNk kUj ;Jt - rl;lr ; rhd ;Wfisr ; Nrfu pj ;J>

nrad ;Kiwg ;gLj ;j pg ; gFg ;gha ;T nra ;a KbAk ;.



ngl;b 9

CARSV f ;fhd kUj ;Jt - rl;lr ; rhd ;w pidg ; Gu pe ;J nfhs ;Sjy ;

ahupdhy; kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpidr; Nrfupf;f KbAk;? NkYk; vq;Nf Nrfupf;f KbAk;?

gapw;wg;gl;l njhopy;uPjpahd Rfhjhug; gzpahsu;fshYk; njhopy;uPjpahd jlatpayhsu;fshYk; khj;jpuNk kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;J> nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jp> gFg;gha;T nra;aKbAk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; jlatpay; khjpupfisr; Nrfupg;gjhdJ mk;khjpupfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp> nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jp> jlatpay; gFg;gha;tpid elj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wy; ,Uf;Fk; #oiktpy; khj;jpuNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jifik tha;e;j njhopy;uPjpahd Rfhjhug; gzpahsu;fSk; njhopy;uPjpahd jlatpayhsu;fSk; Vida rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;Nfh> fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh> gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Nfh my;yJ capupay; khjpupfis khw;Wtjw;Nfh Mw;wy; ,y;yhjNghjpYk; mr;rhd;Wfis Mtzg;gLj;jyhk;.

,NjNghd;W> gapw;wg;gl;l njhopy;uPjpahd Rfhjhug; gzpahsu;fshYk; njhopy;uPjpahd jlatpayhsu;fshYk;; ,e;jr; rhd;WfSf;fhf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thf;F%yk; mspf;f KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk; nrad;Kiwapd;; ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; rl;luPjpahd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gJ Rfhjhu cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; njhopy; my;y. mtu;fspdhy; jkJ guprPyidapd; KbT mtjhdpg;Gfisg; gw;wpr; rhl;rpakspf;f khj;jpuNk KbAk;. NkYk; ghypay; td;Kiw ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjh ,y;iyah vd;fpd;w jPu;khdj;jpid mtu;fspdhy; toq;f KbahJ.

kUj;Jt - rl;;lg; gupNrhjidfs;> mit jdpg;gl;l uPjpahditahfTk; ghJfhg;ghditahfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wtiuapy;> ntt;NtW tpj;jpahrkhd ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;. ghypay; ty;YwT /ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; Mfpatw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F rpfpr;;ir mspg;gjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd trjpfisf; nfhz;l itj;jparhiyfs;> Rfhjhu ikaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; kUj;Jt - rl;lg; gupNrhjidfis elj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wypidf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. vdNt ghjpf;fg;gl;l xUtu; cl;gl Ntz;ba nray;tpjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapidf; Fiwg;gjw;F kUj;Jt rpfpr;;irfisAk; kUj;Jt - rl;lg; gupNrhjidfisAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

mtjhdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Fwpg;Gfs;

» ru;tNjr Fw;wtpay; eilKiwapy; CARSVapid ep&gpg;gjw;F kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;wpidg; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakpy;iy. ,t;thwhd Njitg;ghl;bid tpjpg;gjhdJ ghypay; td;Kiw epfo;j;jg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpNy kUj;Jt Nritfis mZfKbahj> ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; ePjpapidg; ngWtjw;Fj; jilapid Vw;gLj;jptpLk;. jLj;J itg;G my;yJ gyte;jg;gLj;jp ,lk;ngaur;nra;jy;> ghypay; mbikj;jdk; Nghd;w #o;epiyfspy; njhlu;e;J ,lk;ngWfpd;w td;KiwahdJ elkhl;lj;jpw;Fk; Rfhjhu Nritfis mZFtjw;Fk; tha;g;gpidr; rhj;jpakw;wjhf;Ffpd;w Fwpg;gpl;l #oiktpy; ghypay; td;Kiw elj;jg;gLifapy; ,J cz;ikahdjhFk;.

» kUj;Jt - rl;lg; gupNrhjid eilngwhtpl;lhYk; $l toikahd ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fg; gpd;duhd my;yJ fhaj;jpw;F rpfpr;;ir mspf;fpd;w ghuhkupg;gpd; NghJ cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jdpg;gl;l Nehahsu;fspd; kUj;Jtg; gjpTfisAk; thf;F%yq;fis Mjug;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jKbAk; - cjhuzkhf mile;j fhaj;jpw;fhd rhd;wpid toq;Ftjd; %ykhf> jhf;Fjypd; cstpay; jhf;fj;jpd; Mtzg;gLj;jyhf NkYk; jhf;Fjypd; KjyhtJ ntspf;$wy; my;yJ tpgupg;ghf –

» Rfhjhu epGzu;fs; kUj;Jtg; gjpTfis tprhuizahsu;fSf;F ntspf;$wyhdJ xt;nthU rk;gt mbg;gilapYk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; mJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; G+uzkhd mwpthu;e;j ,zf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

» ghypay; td;Kiw vjid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ vd;fpd;w tiutpyf;fzq;fs; epahahjpf;fq;fspypUe;J epahahjpf;fj;jpw;F tpj;jpahrg;glyhk; vd;gJld; ,J Njitaw;w CLUtyhf kUj;Jt - rl;l gupNrhjidfis epahag;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ. my;yJ mtkhdg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; my;yJ ghFghL fhl;Lk; tifapy; vt;tpjkhd kUj;JtuPjpahfr; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ikapd;wp kUj;Jtg; guprPyidfis elj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ. ,J Njitaw;w Kiwapy; Nahdpapid my;yJ Fjj;jpid b[ply; gupNrhjidf;F cl;gLj;Jtij cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ vd;gJld; Mdhy; ,jw;F khj;jpuk; tiuaWf;fg;glhjjhFk;. cs;Eiotpj;j ghypay; nraw;ghL ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjh my;yJ fd;dpj;jd;ik ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gijg; guprPypg;gjw;fhf mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfis mwpa fd;dpj;jpiuapidg; guprPypg;gJ my;yJ vt;tpjj;jpYk; fd;dpj;jd;ikiag; guprPypg;gJ Mfpatw;wpid fd;dpj;jd;ikg; guprPyid cs;slf;FtJld; ,J ,tw;wpw;F khj;jpuk; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy (ghu;f;f mj;jpahak; 4 : jdpg;gl;l Fw;wtpay; nghWg;G ngl;b 12 : (ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; fd;dpj;jd;ikAk; fd;dpj;jd;ikg; gupNrhjidfSk;)

» kUj;Jt - rl;lr; rhd;WfSk; kUj;Jtg; gjpTfSk; ghypay; td;Kiwapd; jdpg;gl;l thf;F%yr; rhd;Wfis Mjug;gLj;Jtjw;F khj;jpuk; gad;kpf;fjhf ,Uf;fhky; CARSV MdJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; epfo;j;jg;gl;l ghq;FfisAk; msTfisAk; mtw;wpd; nghJthd #oiktpidAk; ep&gpg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ. (ghu;f;f mj;jpahak; 14 : ghq;FfisAk; juTfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;/ ghq;Ffis milahsk; fhZjy;.



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