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Page 1: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

BBBioprotectBioB

Page 2: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Mastering Malolactic Fermentation  A deep dive into the life of your  malolactic bacteria ‐ Oenococcus oeni

Chr. Hansen, May 2020

Page 3: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

BBBioprotectBioB

Chr. Hansen is a bio‐science company since 1874 … ‐ Making culture is our core activity

Page 4: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Chr. Hansen is the world’s most sustainable food ingredient company Ranked no. 2 on Corporate Knights’ list of Global 100 most 

sustainable companies in 2020

Corporate Knights, an independent ranking agency reviews all publicly listed companies globally with > USD 1bn revenue (7,395)

In 2020, we improved our total score against Corporate Knights’ indicators due to our products’ contribution to the UN Global Goals and performance on environment and diversity. 

Page 5: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Managing   fermentat ion

5

While this often gave acceptable results, it also carries a high 

risk of spoilage/contamination from unwanted microbes

In late 20th century, commercial yeast and MLF cultures that 

can be added to wine were introduced, allowing greater control 

over the microbial population in the wine

Environmental yeast to carry out the alcoholic 

fermentation

Environmental bacteria to carry out the malolactic fermentation

Fungi Bacteria

In red grape must

Page 6: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Manage  your   fermentat ions  with  Chr .  Hansen  VINIFLORA®

6

› Fermentation experts› Highest QC methods› Sustainability › Global reach› Innovation bio‐tech › VINIFLORA® for wine

COMPANY MA LO LAC T I C  F E RMENTAT I ON

PR E ‐A LCOHO L I C  F E RMENTAT I ON

A LCOHO L I C  F E RMENTAT I ON

› VINIFLORA® yeast range › Non‐Saccharomyces yeast for

› BioProtection› Mouthfeel› Differentiation› Acid Balance

› VINIFLORA® yeast range › Saccharomyces yeast for

› Fruit forward wines› Consistency› Low nutrient demands› Bacteria synergies

› VINIFLORA® bacteria range› Lactic acid bacteria for

› Stability› Sensory› Efficiency› Food Safety

Page 7: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Class ica l  populat ion  sequence   in  winemaking

Time (in days then weeks) 

Non‐Saccharomyces spp.

Saccharomyces spp. 

Oenococcus oeni

Pre‐alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Malolactic fermentation

Popu

latio

n

Page 8: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

VINIFLORA® resources   in  North  America

Page 9: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Keep   i t  great!  With  VINIFLORA®

Page 10: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Presenter  Bio  

› Nathalia Kruse Edwards is currently working as senior application specialist ‐ fermented beverages at Chr. Hansen A/S. 

› She earned her BSc degree in Food Science and Technology in 2011, her MSc degree in Food Science and Technology, specialized in Oenology in 2013, all from the University of Copenhagen (KU) with an exchange at The University of Adelaide

› During her MSc she focused on Oenology both in her final thesis “The potential of Lactobacillus plantarum for MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia she also worked a vintage as a cellar hand at a premium winery in the Margaret River region in Australia (Vasse Felix).

› After completing her MSc Nathalia joint the wine research and development team at Chr. Hansen as a Application Scientist. During her first years of employment she had leave to work vintage in different European regions to develop her winemaking skills. Today she is a Senior Application Specialist for Chr. Hansen Oenology products, as well as developing new concepts for other fermented beverages as cider and fermented tea 

Page 11: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

L-malic L-lactic + CO2

Malolact ic   fermentat ion   (MLF)

FROM   THE  WINES  PERSPEC T I V E

› Enzymatic conversion of L‐malic acid to      L‐lactic acid

› The bacteria is performing MLF to survive and grow

› Softens the acidic profile (pH increases)

› Affects the aromatic properties of the wine

› Enhances the microbial stability of the wine

All this happens in the very harsh environment of wine!This requires some very robust bacteria

Page 12: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Magic  Number  1x106  CFU/mL

12

› For MLF to occur the cell count of O.oeni needs to be above 106 cfu/mL

› The VINIFLORA® range secures the inoculation of  > Magic number every time            (If used according to recommendations)

From 2006, Australian Cabernet ‐ pH 3.43, EtOH 13.3%

Page 13: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Is carried out by indigenous bacteria

< pH 3.5: Oenococcus oeni only

> pH 3.5: O. oeni, Pediococci and Lactobacilli  fast

Risky business  Very little control over microflora in wine

Variable speed of MLF

VA production

Biogenic amines (e.g. Histamine)

Might happen in the bottles (CO2!!)

Opportunity for spoilage microbes to establish

Brettanomyces sp., Acetobacter, undesirable LAB species

Unwanted sensory flavours13

Spontaneous  ML   fermentat ion

http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/pedpe/pedpe.home.html

http://allpix.club/pages/l/lactobacillus-bacteria/

Page 14: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Histamine 

1

› Histamine is bio‐genic amine with the most allergenic effect

› It is produces from the amino acid Histidine (Most likely from undefined LAB)

› It is a highly active neurotransmitter involved in any physiological functions

› When the Histamine level become out of balance these physiological functions may be affected

› E.g. by facial redness, stomach problem, itching, headache, sleep problems 

› The human body can normally regulate the Histamine concentration, via enzymatic breakdown pathway 

› The problem is that two of the enzymes use for the Histamine breakdown are also used for the Ethanol 

breakdown pathway (ALDH and Aldehyde oxidase)

› Therefore, Histamine’s allergen effect is enhanced when combined with Ethanol – AS IN WINE!

Page 15: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Understanding the life of Oenococcus oeni

1

Oenococcus oeni (O. oeni) can survive and perform malolactic fermentation (MLF) under very stressful conditions  ‐

as wine

The main stress factors for O. oeni in wine are SO2, pH, alcohol and temperature 

‐ These stress factors are synergistic, meaning that they enhance each other’s effect

Page 16: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

16

Temperature

pH SO2

Ethanol

Wine  as  stressfu l  environment

Condition for MLF Total SO2

Very difficult > 45 ppm

Difficult 30 – 45 ppm

Less favourable 15 – 30 ppm

Favourable < 15 ppm

Condition for MLF Ethanol

Favourable < 13%

Difficult 13 – 15%

Very difficult 15‐17%

Condition for MLF Temperature

Very Difficult <59°F

Not so favourable 59‐66°F

Favourable 66‐77°F

No MLF >77°F

Condition for MLF pH

Very Difficult < 3.0

Difficult 3.0‐3.2

Favourable 3.2‐3.7

Very favourable >3.7

Page 17: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Choos ing  the   r ight   t iming

› It is important to choose the right timing when inoculating Viniflora® O. oeni strains

› When having a wine that is very stressful for O.oeni, co‐inoculation can be a good idea

› Important to remember: 

› Co‐inoculation is not about the bacteria, but about the application!!

› Early co‐inoculation ‐ approx. 24 Hours after the yeast › (pH < 3.4 , Malic acid > 2 g/L, temp.< 77°F)

› Late co‐inoculation ‐ during the alcoholic fermentation (ρ 1000)› (More flexible, but still low pH and temp <77°F)

17

Page 18: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

The  choice  of   inoculat ion   t ime  depends  on  winery  condit ions  and  on  winemaker  object ives

18

Page 19: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Inoculat ion  Guidel ines

› Parameters to consider before doing co‐inoculation: pH, Malic acid, Ethanol (ethanol potential), Temperature and AF history of wine

› Firstly, select the Viniflora® bacteria that fits the wine conditions

19

Alc. (% v/v) pH Inoculation

High – alc. > 14% pH < 3.4 Early co‐inoculation

High – alc. > 14% pH 3.4 – 3.7 Late co‐inoculation

High – alc. > 14% pH > 3.7 Sequential

Low – alc. < 14% pH < 3.4 Early or late co‐inoculation

Low – alc. < 14% pH 3.4 – 3‐7  Late co‐inoculation or Sequential

Low – alc. < 14% pH > 3.7 Sequential

Temp. always < 77 °F

Page 20: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Select   the  VINIFLORA®  stra in   that   f i ts  your  wine

• It is very important to remember 

that O. oeni strains are different

• Within the Viniflora™ range, the      

O. oeni strains are selected according 

to different strengths

• The range covers most wine 

conditions

Wine making parameters Cultures benefits

Culture Temperature (°F) 

Max :77°F

Alcohol %(v/v)

pH SO2 (ppm)

Flavor

Buttery to fruity

FermentationSpeed

Slow to fast

Viniflora® Oenos ≥ 63 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.2 ≤ 40

Viniflora® Oenos 2.0 ≥ 59 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.2 ≤ 40

Viniflora® CH11 ≥ 57 ≤ 15 ≥ 3.0 ≤ 35

Viniflora® CH16 ≥ 63 ≤ 16 ≥ 3.4 ≤ 40

Viniflora® CH35 ≥ 59 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.1 ≤ 45

Viniflora® CiNe™ ≥ 63 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.2 ≤ 30

Page 21: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Nielsen J C , and Richelieu M Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999;65:740-745

Viniflora® CiNe™ is citrate negative = MLF without diacetyl production

Launched in 2010 to meet an increased demand for balanced and fruity wines

Widely used in white and rosé

Enhance   the   f ru i ty  character  with  Vini f lora®  CiNe™

21

Page 22: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Blend Roussanne & Marsanne

From publication ”Revue des Oenologues, N°161 special, Nov 2016, pp 65‐68”

CiNe™   ‐ a  spec i f i c  metabol ism   for  a  cr isp   f ru i t   f lavour

22

Page 23: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

At  Chr .  Hansen,  we  screen   for   the  next   robust  bacter ia

1. Higher robustness to extreme and changing conditions

2. Enhance flavor attributes and explore new ones

3. BioProtection

4. Improve capacity of production and quality

24

Where do we get the strains from?

Exclusively from NATURE

Isolated from grape, must, wine samples and winery environment 

Chr. Hansen discovery platform

Project collaborations with universities and research centers

External culture collections

Page 24: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Viniflora® ‐high scale production of cultures

Production Frozen/Freeze-dried Storage Transport Use

Chr. Hansen has 6 plants devoted to culture production (DK, Germany, France, US)

Page 25: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Production Frozen/Freeze-dried Storage Quality Control Transport/Use

Viniflora® ‐ highly standardized and process stabilized cultures

Freeze-drying process

Freezing process

Freeze‐dried culture pelletsFrozen culture pellets

Two ways to keep the culture stable

Page 26: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Production Freeze/Dry Storage Transport Use

Viniflora®  ‐ careful storage

Chr.Hansen has the largest ‐67°F freezer capacity in Europe

Frozen cultures are shipped to dairies, wineries and meat industries all around the globe

Page 27: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Production Freeze/Dry Storage Transport Use

Viniflora®  ‐ direct inoculation for all users

› Freezers at -49ºF are necessary for FroZen™ products

› Freeze-dried product can be stored at -0.4°F for a period of up to 2 years

Always use products immediately to keep viability at its highest level

One simple step:

› Follow the inoculation guidelines provided into the inoculation protocol.

FroZen™ has a very short lag phase once inoculated

Page 28: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

SpecificationsProduct DocumentationProduct Documentation Inoculation Protocol

Certificate of Analysis

Viniflora® is not only a product, it is also an ”insurance” for your HACCP process

Safety Data Sheet

Allergen information

Non-GM statement

To read before selection or use

To check the product quality

To use for insurance quality audit or customers questionnaires

Same document as specifications but issued per batch number

Other quality , safety certificates and special uses certificates are available upon request…

Organic use statementOrganic use statement

Organic use

Validation

Organic use ECOCERT Validation

HACCP statementHACCP statement

Kosher

(US)

Kosher CertificationBy OK labs(US)

Page 29: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Qual i ty  Control

31

› All strains sold by Chr. Hansen go through an extensive Quality Control system

› Starting with checking strains for anti‐biotic resistance and bio‐genic amine production – This happens at before selection of new strains

› The most relevant bio‐genic amine is Histamine, which is produced from Histidine (amino acid) via an enzymatic pathway

› The bacteria in the VINIFLORA® range do not have this pathway

Histidine

Decarboxylase

Page 30: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Qual i ty  Control  – of  each  batch

33

› Cell viability (Flowcytometry and cell count on plates)

› MACC activity test (unique for Chr. Hansen)

› Accelerated malic acid conversion test, so we ensure that cells are not only viable but also active when it comes to conversion of malic acid

› Contaminant analysis (clean products)

• Non Lactic Acid Bacteria (NLAB) (< 5000 cfu/g)• Lactobacilli (< 5000 cfu/g) • Yeasts and Molds (< 10 cfu/g)• Acetobacter (< 100 cfu/g)• Enterobacteriaceae (< 100 cfu/g)• Enterococci (< 1000 cfu/g)• Total Bacillus (< 100 cfu/g)• Listeria monocytogenes (absent in 25 g)• Salmonella spp. (absent in 25 g)

Page 31: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Is the pH too low?

Is the SO2 too high?

Is the FAN/YAN too low? 

Is the malic acid too low? 

Is the population too low? 

Is the alcohol too high?

Y E S

N O N O N O N ON O N O

Change tempera‐ture to 63‐77°F

Re‐inoculate with CH11 and BACTIV‐AID

Re‐inoculate with CH35 and BACTIV‐AID

Add BACTIV‐AID

Add L‐malic acid

Re‐inoculate with preferred strain

Re‐inoculate with CH16

Y E S Y E S Y E SY E S Y E S Y E S

De‐acidify by potassium bi‐carbonate when permitted by legislation

If below pH 3.0, use an adaptation protocol

Reduce SO2 by adding H2O2when permitted by legislation and re‐inoculate

If possible blend with another VAT to get a higher level of malic acid

In the future, consider co‐inoculation

Trouble ‐shoot ing:    What   to  check   in  case  of  a  stuck  MLF

Is the temperature too low or to high? 

Considerations

Possible other inhibitors? 

Treat with PVPP and re‐inoculate 

N O

Y E S

Page 32: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Management  of  MLF  can  solve  severa l  wine  qual i ty   i ssues

QUAL I T Y   I S SUES   ( RANK ING  OF  QUOTE   FREQUENCY  BY  PRODUCERS ,   TRADERS  &  BOT T L ERS )

35

› Defects that can be linked to MLF deviation or can be solved with a suitable management of MLF

Most of the defects recorded in the market are linked to a deviation in MLF, or else could be solved by a suitable management of MLF 

0

5

10

15

20

25

Page 33: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

There are six main approaches to get the necessary bacteria into a wine to be put through MLF:

Spontaneous flora

Cross‐seeding

Build‐up cultures

Pre‐activation cultures

Quick reactivation

Direct inoculation

36

risksperceived

costs

Involve inoculating with a commercial product

MLF   ‐ gett ing  a  populat ion  of  MLB   into  a  wine

Page 34: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Reduce time to market/respect deadlines 

Improve tank management

Consider if you can get benefits from co‐inoculation

Save time

Save costs

Control better

Enhance fruitiness

Impact on wineries Impact on wines

Save heating energy

Reduce carbon footprint

Avoid sluggish or stuck ferment

Adapt O. oeni to high ethanol concentrationKeep the initial quality potential

Avoid spoilage microorganisms and BA

Diacetyl produced by bacteria is partly 

degraded by yeast  fruitiness enhanced

37

Co‐inoculation is a technique which is growing in popularity Involves running both AF and MLF concurrently, but needs to be properly managed

Page 35: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

Keep   i t  great!  With  Direct   Inoculat ion  VINIFLORA®‐ High  CFU  and  act iv i ty   in  every  pack

Page 36: MLF Tool box US - May 20 2020 Gusmer Final (002) · MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia

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› For more information on Chr. Hansen products; contact our exclusive distributor:

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© 2019 Chr. Hansen. All rights reserved.


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