BBBioprotectBioB
Mastering Malolactic Fermentation A deep dive into the life of your malolactic bacteria ‐ Oenococcus oeni
Chr. Hansen, May 2020
BBBioprotectBioB
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Managing fermentat ion
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While this often gave acceptable results, it also carries a high
risk of spoilage/contamination from unwanted microbes
In late 20th century, commercial yeast and MLF cultures that
can be added to wine were introduced, allowing greater control
over the microbial population in the wine
Environmental yeast to carry out the alcoholic
fermentation
Environmental bacteria to carry out the malolactic fermentation
Fungi Bacteria
In red grape must
Manage your fermentat ions with Chr . Hansen VINIFLORA®
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› Fermentation experts› Highest QC methods› Sustainability › Global reach› Innovation bio‐tech › VINIFLORA® for wine
COMPANY MA LO LAC T I C F E RMENTAT I ON
PR E ‐A LCOHO L I C F E RMENTAT I ON
A LCOHO L I C F E RMENTAT I ON
› VINIFLORA® yeast range › Non‐Saccharomyces yeast for
› BioProtection› Mouthfeel› Differentiation› Acid Balance
› VINIFLORA® yeast range › Saccharomyces yeast for
› Fruit forward wines› Consistency› Low nutrient demands› Bacteria synergies
› VINIFLORA® bacteria range› Lactic acid bacteria for
› Stability› Sensory› Efficiency› Food Safety
Class ica l populat ion sequence in winemaking
Time (in days then weeks)
Non‐Saccharomyces spp.
Saccharomyces spp.
Oenococcus oeni
Pre‐alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Malolactic fermentation
Popu
latio
n
VINIFLORA® resources in North America
Keep i t great! With VINIFLORA®
Presenter Bio
› Nathalia Kruse Edwards is currently working as senior application specialist ‐ fermented beverages at Chr. Hansen A/S.
› She earned her BSc degree in Food Science and Technology in 2011, her MSc degree in Food Science and Technology, specialized in Oenology in 2013, all from the University of Copenhagen (KU) with an exchange at The University of Adelaide
› During her MSc she focused on Oenology both in her final thesis “The potential of Lactobacillus plantarum for MLF in wine” in collaboration with Chr. Hansen A/S and via Oenology studies at The University of Adelaide. While in Australia she also worked a vintage as a cellar hand at a premium winery in the Margaret River region in Australia (Vasse Felix).
› After completing her MSc Nathalia joint the wine research and development team at Chr. Hansen as a Application Scientist. During her first years of employment she had leave to work vintage in different European regions to develop her winemaking skills. Today she is a Senior Application Specialist for Chr. Hansen Oenology products, as well as developing new concepts for other fermented beverages as cider and fermented tea
L-malic L-lactic + CO2
Malolact ic fermentat ion (MLF)
FROM THE WINES PERSPEC T I V E
› Enzymatic conversion of L‐malic acid to L‐lactic acid
› The bacteria is performing MLF to survive and grow
› Softens the acidic profile (pH increases)
› Affects the aromatic properties of the wine
› Enhances the microbial stability of the wine
All this happens in the very harsh environment of wine!This requires some very robust bacteria
Magic Number 1x106 CFU/mL
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› For MLF to occur the cell count of O.oeni needs to be above 106 cfu/mL
› The VINIFLORA® range secures the inoculation of > Magic number every time (If used according to recommendations)
From 2006, Australian Cabernet ‐ pH 3.43, EtOH 13.3%
Is carried out by indigenous bacteria
< pH 3.5: Oenococcus oeni only
> pH 3.5: O. oeni, Pediococci and Lactobacilli fast
Risky business Very little control over microflora in wine
Variable speed of MLF
VA production
Biogenic amines (e.g. Histamine)
Might happen in the bottles (CO2!!)
Opportunity for spoilage microbes to establish
Brettanomyces sp., Acetobacter, undesirable LAB species
Unwanted sensory flavours13
Spontaneous ML fermentat ion
http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/pedpe/pedpe.home.html
http://allpix.club/pages/l/lactobacillus-bacteria/
Histamine
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› Histamine is bio‐genic amine with the most allergenic effect
› It is produces from the amino acid Histidine (Most likely from undefined LAB)
› It is a highly active neurotransmitter involved in any physiological functions
› When the Histamine level become out of balance these physiological functions may be affected
› E.g. by facial redness, stomach problem, itching, headache, sleep problems
› The human body can normally regulate the Histamine concentration, via enzymatic breakdown pathway
› The problem is that two of the enzymes use for the Histamine breakdown are also used for the Ethanol
breakdown pathway (ALDH and Aldehyde oxidase)
› Therefore, Histamine’s allergen effect is enhanced when combined with Ethanol – AS IN WINE!
Understanding the life of Oenococcus oeni
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Oenococcus oeni (O. oeni) can survive and perform malolactic fermentation (MLF) under very stressful conditions ‐
as wine
The main stress factors for O. oeni in wine are SO2, pH, alcohol and temperature
‐ These stress factors are synergistic, meaning that they enhance each other’s effect
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Temperature
pH SO2
Ethanol
Wine as stressfu l environment
Condition for MLF Total SO2
Very difficult > 45 ppm
Difficult 30 – 45 ppm
Less favourable 15 – 30 ppm
Favourable < 15 ppm
Condition for MLF Ethanol
Favourable < 13%
Difficult 13 – 15%
Very difficult 15‐17%
Condition for MLF Temperature
Very Difficult <59°F
Not so favourable 59‐66°F
Favourable 66‐77°F
No MLF >77°F
Condition for MLF pH
Very Difficult < 3.0
Difficult 3.0‐3.2
Favourable 3.2‐3.7
Very favourable >3.7
Choos ing the r ight t iming
› It is important to choose the right timing when inoculating Viniflora® O. oeni strains
› When having a wine that is very stressful for O.oeni, co‐inoculation can be a good idea
› Important to remember:
› Co‐inoculation is not about the bacteria, but about the application!!
› Early co‐inoculation ‐ approx. 24 Hours after the yeast › (pH < 3.4 , Malic acid > 2 g/L, temp.< 77°F)
› Late co‐inoculation ‐ during the alcoholic fermentation (ρ 1000)› (More flexible, but still low pH and temp <77°F)
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The choice of inoculat ion t ime depends on winery condit ions and on winemaker object ives
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Inoculat ion Guidel ines
› Parameters to consider before doing co‐inoculation: pH, Malic acid, Ethanol (ethanol potential), Temperature and AF history of wine
› Firstly, select the Viniflora® bacteria that fits the wine conditions
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Alc. (% v/v) pH Inoculation
High – alc. > 14% pH < 3.4 Early co‐inoculation
High – alc. > 14% pH 3.4 – 3.7 Late co‐inoculation
High – alc. > 14% pH > 3.7 Sequential
Low – alc. < 14% pH < 3.4 Early or late co‐inoculation
Low – alc. < 14% pH 3.4 – 3‐7 Late co‐inoculation or Sequential
Low – alc. < 14% pH > 3.7 Sequential
Temp. always < 77 °F
Select the VINIFLORA® stra in that f i ts your wine
• It is very important to remember
that O. oeni strains are different
• Within the Viniflora™ range, the
O. oeni strains are selected according
to different strengths
• The range covers most wine
conditions
Wine making parameters Cultures benefits
Culture Temperature (°F)
Max :77°F
Alcohol %(v/v)
pH SO2 (ppm)
Flavor
Buttery to fruity
FermentationSpeed
Slow to fast
Viniflora® Oenos ≥ 63 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.2 ≤ 40
Viniflora® Oenos 2.0 ≥ 59 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.2 ≤ 40
Viniflora® CH11 ≥ 57 ≤ 15 ≥ 3.0 ≤ 35
Viniflora® CH16 ≥ 63 ≤ 16 ≥ 3.4 ≤ 40
Viniflora® CH35 ≥ 59 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.1 ≤ 45
Viniflora® CiNe™ ≥ 63 ≤ 14 ≥ 3.2 ≤ 30
Nielsen J C , and Richelieu M Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999;65:740-745
Viniflora® CiNe™ is citrate negative = MLF without diacetyl production
Launched in 2010 to meet an increased demand for balanced and fruity wines
Widely used in white and rosé
Enhance the f ru i ty character with Vini f lora® CiNe™
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Blend Roussanne & Marsanne
From publication ”Revue des Oenologues, N°161 special, Nov 2016, pp 65‐68”
CiNe™ ‐ a spec i f i c metabol ism for a cr isp f ru i t f lavour
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At Chr . Hansen, we screen for the next robust bacter ia
1. Higher robustness to extreme and changing conditions
2. Enhance flavor attributes and explore new ones
3. BioProtection
4. Improve capacity of production and quality
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Where do we get the strains from?
Exclusively from NATURE
Isolated from grape, must, wine samples and winery environment
Chr. Hansen discovery platform
Project collaborations with universities and research centers
External culture collections
Viniflora® ‐high scale production of cultures
Production Frozen/Freeze-dried Storage Transport Use
Chr. Hansen has 6 plants devoted to culture production (DK, Germany, France, US)
Production Frozen/Freeze-dried Storage Quality Control Transport/Use
Viniflora® ‐ highly standardized and process stabilized cultures
Freeze-drying process
Freezing process
Freeze‐dried culture pelletsFrozen culture pellets
Two ways to keep the culture stable
Production Freeze/Dry Storage Transport Use
Viniflora® ‐ careful storage
Chr.Hansen has the largest ‐67°F freezer capacity in Europe
Frozen cultures are shipped to dairies, wineries and meat industries all around the globe
Production Freeze/Dry Storage Transport Use
Viniflora® ‐ direct inoculation for all users
› Freezers at -49ºF are necessary for FroZen™ products
› Freeze-dried product can be stored at -0.4°F for a period of up to 2 years
Always use products immediately to keep viability at its highest level
One simple step:
› Follow the inoculation guidelines provided into the inoculation protocol.
FroZen™ has a very short lag phase once inoculated
SpecificationsProduct DocumentationProduct Documentation Inoculation Protocol
Certificate of Analysis
Viniflora® is not only a product, it is also an ”insurance” for your HACCP process
Safety Data Sheet
Allergen information
Non-GM statement
To read before selection or use
To check the product quality
To use for insurance quality audit or customers questionnaires
Same document as specifications but issued per batch number
Other quality , safety certificates and special uses certificates are available upon request…
Organic use statementOrganic use statement
Organic use
Validation
Organic use ECOCERT Validation
HACCP statementHACCP statement
Kosher
(US)
Kosher CertificationBy OK labs(US)
Qual i ty Control
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› All strains sold by Chr. Hansen go through an extensive Quality Control system
› Starting with checking strains for anti‐biotic resistance and bio‐genic amine production – This happens at before selection of new strains
› The most relevant bio‐genic amine is Histamine, which is produced from Histidine (amino acid) via an enzymatic pathway
› The bacteria in the VINIFLORA® range do not have this pathway
Histidine
Decarboxylase
Qual i ty Control – of each batch
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› Cell viability (Flowcytometry and cell count on plates)
› MACC activity test (unique for Chr. Hansen)
› Accelerated malic acid conversion test, so we ensure that cells are not only viable but also active when it comes to conversion of malic acid
› Contaminant analysis (clean products)
• Non Lactic Acid Bacteria (NLAB) (< 5000 cfu/g)• Lactobacilli (< 5000 cfu/g) • Yeasts and Molds (< 10 cfu/g)• Acetobacter (< 100 cfu/g)• Enterobacteriaceae (< 100 cfu/g)• Enterococci (< 1000 cfu/g)• Total Bacillus (< 100 cfu/g)• Listeria monocytogenes (absent in 25 g)• Salmonella spp. (absent in 25 g)
Is the pH too low?
Is the SO2 too high?
Is the FAN/YAN too low?
Is the malic acid too low?
Is the population too low?
Is the alcohol too high?
Y E S
N O N O N O N ON O N O
Change tempera‐ture to 63‐77°F
Re‐inoculate with CH11 and BACTIV‐AID
Re‐inoculate with CH35 and BACTIV‐AID
Add BACTIV‐AID
Add L‐malic acid
Re‐inoculate with preferred strain
Re‐inoculate with CH16
Y E S Y E S Y E SY E S Y E S Y E S
De‐acidify by potassium bi‐carbonate when permitted by legislation
If below pH 3.0, use an adaptation protocol
Reduce SO2 by adding H2O2when permitted by legislation and re‐inoculate
If possible blend with another VAT to get a higher level of malic acid
In the future, consider co‐inoculation
Trouble ‐shoot ing: What to check in case of a stuck MLF
Is the temperature too low or to high?
Considerations
Possible other inhibitors?
Treat with PVPP and re‐inoculate
N O
Y E S
Management of MLF can solve severa l wine qual i ty i ssues
QUAL I T Y I S SUES ( RANK ING OF QUOTE FREQUENCY BY PRODUCERS , TRADERS & BOT T L ERS )
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› Defects that can be linked to MLF deviation or can be solved with a suitable management of MLF
Most of the defects recorded in the market are linked to a deviation in MLF, or else could be solved by a suitable management of MLF
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5
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There are six main approaches to get the necessary bacteria into a wine to be put through MLF:
Spontaneous flora
Cross‐seeding
Build‐up cultures
Pre‐activation cultures
Quick reactivation
Direct inoculation
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risksperceived
costs
Involve inoculating with a commercial product
MLF ‐ gett ing a populat ion of MLB into a wine
Reduce time to market/respect deadlines
Improve tank management
Consider if you can get benefits from co‐inoculation
Save time
Save costs
Control better
Enhance fruitiness
Impact on wineries Impact on wines
Save heating energy
Reduce carbon footprint
Avoid sluggish or stuck ferment
Adapt O. oeni to high ethanol concentrationKeep the initial quality potential
Avoid spoilage microorganisms and BA
Diacetyl produced by bacteria is partly
degraded by yeast fruitiness enhanced
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Co‐inoculation is a technique which is growing in popularity Involves running both AF and MLF concurrently, but needs to be properly managed
Keep i t great! With Direct Inoculat ion VINIFLORA®‐ High CFU and act iv i ty in every pack
© 2019 Chr. Hansen. All rights reserved.
Thank you!
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› For more information on Chr. Hansen products; contact our exclusive distributor:
Gusmer Enterpriseswww.gusmerwine.com866‐213‐1131
Thank you Questions ?
© 2019 Chr. Hansen. All rights reserved.