1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
I V VII IX 1-11-1 1-4 1-7 1-10 1-15
2 - 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
2-12-1 2-3 2-7 2-9 2-13 2-15 2-16 2-18 2-19 2-24 2-26
2.10 2.11
- 2.12
& 2-27 2-35 2-36 2-37 2-41 2-43
2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17
3 3.1 3.2
3-23-2 3-5 3-7 3-7 3-10 3-12 3-17 3-19 3-21
3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Okumura-Hata Walfisch
Bertoni
44.1 4.2
GSM GSM GSM
4-14-3 4-6
5
3 UMTS
5-1
5.1 3 UMTS 5-1 5.2 5.3 (UTRAN) UTRA 5-5 5-9 5-10 5-13 5-16 5-20
5-21
5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 RAKE 5.4.3 DS-SS 5.4.4 DS-CDMA
ii
. .
- 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.5 UMTS UMTS
& 5-23 5-24 5-27
CDMA
5.6 WCDMA UMTS 5-31 5.6.1 UMTS 5-31 5.6.2 UMTS 5-33 5.6.3 DL UL
UMTS 5-34 5.6.4 (UL) UMTS 5-36 5.6.5 (DL) UMTS 5-38 5.7 5.8 5.9 FDD
UTRAN DD UTRAN UMTS 5-39 5-42 5-43 5-45
5.10
5-47
iii
. .
-
&
iv
. .
-
&
1-1. 3 ( 2004).
................................................................................................................................
1-3 1-2. . .................................... 1-5 1-3. PSTN .....
1-13 1-4. PSTN. .... 1-14 2-1. .. 220 2-2. . 228 2-3. Erlang-B.
..................................................................
2-31 3-1. .3-14 4-1. GSM.
............................................. 4-8 5-1. 99 UMTS.
............................................................................................................
5-4 5-2. , CDMA .
...................................................................................................................................................
5-29 5-3. UMTS . ..................................... 5-35 5-4.
FDD UTRAN. . 5-41 5-5. WCDMA UMTS. ........................
5-44
v
. .
-
&
vi
. .
-
&
1-1. 2 ( GSM ).
........................................................................
1-9 2-1. .
...........................................................................
2-4 2-2. i=3, j=2 =19.
..........................................................................................................
2-7 2-3. . (a) , (b) .
............................................. 2-10 2-4. .
..............................................................................
2-14 2-5. -. ................................ 2-18 2-6. =7. ( ).
........................................ 2-24 2-7. Erlang-B
Pr[blocked] C A Erlangs. .. 233 2-8. Erlang-C Pr[delay>0] C A
Erlangs. .. 234 2-9. . .........................................
2-36 2-10. (a) (b) . .............................................
2-38 2-11. . . () .
...................................................................................................................................
2-40 2-12.
............................................................. 2-42
2-13. ( ) =7 . .................. 2-43 3-1. .
....................................... 3-2 3-2.
.................... 3-6 3-3. . ...................... 3-9 3-4. .
........................................................................................................................................
3-10 3-5. .
.......................................................... 3-11
3-6. , .
.................................................................
3-13 3-7. Q.
........................................................................
3-16 3-8. Walfisch Bertoni. ... 3-20 4-1. GSM.
....................................................................................
4-3 4-2. GSM.
............................................................ 4-7
5-1. 3 UMTS.
.............................................................................................................................................
5-3 5-2. UTRAN UMTS. .......................................... 5-6
5-3. RNS BSS Iu, Iur-g.
...........................................................................................................................................................
5-7 5-4. UE RNS (SRNS) (DRNS). .............................. 5-7
5-5. . ............................................. 5-10 5-6. .
.......... 5-12
vii
. .
-
&
5-7. . ....... 5-14 5-8. DS-CDMA.
.................................................................................................................
5-15 5-9.
RAKE.........................................................................................
5-17 5-10. . .....................................................
5-25 5-11. CDMA. .................................................
5-28 5-12. OVSF.
..................................................... 5-32 5-13.
(UL) UMTS. .......................................... 5-37 5-14.
UMTS.
...............................................................
5-37 5-15. (DL) UMTS.
..................................................................................................
5-38 5-16. (DL) UMTS.
.................................................... 5-39
viii
. .
-
&
& , . , , . 4 , . , .
. . , , .
ix
. .
-
&
( , ). (modem) . GSM . , 3 , .
x
. .
-
&
1 19 Guglielmo Marconi . , , , , , . 2006 123% , - 13,140,000 -
! , , (VLSI) .
1.1 , - ,
1-1
. .
-
&
. . 60 70 Bell Laboratories . 1970, . 1970. . 3 3 . 1 3 , ,
.
6 3 0 ( 2) 2 ( 3) 4 0 ( 4;) 4 + 2 . 2 ( 4) 6 3 ( 4) 3 1
2000 2001 2003 2001 2001 2002; 2000 2001 2000 2001 2002 2000
Europe, Middle East & AfricaAustria Belgium Croatia Czech
Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Isle
of Man
1-2
. .
-
&
Israel Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands
Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South
Africa Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Arab Emirates United
Kingdom
3 5 3 1 0 ( 4) 1 5 3 ( 4) 3 ( 4) 4 4 4 3 1 ( 3) 4 2 ( 5) 4 4 1 (
4) 3 5 6 4 4 3-5 3-5 3 3 4 3 3 ( 4) 3 5 4 5 0 ( 1) 0 ( 2)
() 2002 2002 2002
2001 2000 2000 2002 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2003 2003 2002 2001
2000 2003-2004 2000 2000 2007 2003-2007 2000 2001 2003; 2001 2002;
2000 2002 2000 2001 2000 2002
Asia PacificAustralia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan
Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan
Thailand
AmericasCanada Chile Honduras Jamaica Uruguay USA Venezuela
2001
1-1. 3 ( 2004).
1-3
. .
-
&
1.2 . , , , . (portable) (mobile) . (subscriber) , . ,
(subscriber unit). (mobiles) (users), . (base stations), (backbone
network). 2 .
1-4
. .
-
&
Base Station (BS)
. . . , . . . . . , . . .
Mobile Station (MS) Control Channel
Forward Channel Reverse Channel Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Handoff Subscriber Roaming
1-2. . (simplex), - (semi-duplex) . (duplex) . . - , 1-5 . .
-
&
. . . , , (frequency division duplex - FDD), (time division
duplex - TDD), (coded division duplex CDD). . . , . (duplexer), .
(FDD) , 5% (.. GSM 45MHz, 5% 900MHz ). (TDD) ,
1-6
. .
-
&
. , , (full duplex) , . TDD .
1.3 (public switched telephone network PSTN). . . (). (cell), .
(switching) (handoff) .
1-7
. .
-
&
1-1 , , . . (transceiver), . . . , . . .
1-8
. .
-
&
1-1. 2 ( GSM ). (common air interface CAI) . , (forward voice
channels FVC) (reverse voice channels RVC), . , (forward control
channels FCC) (reverse control channels RCC), . . .
1-9
. .
-
&
1.4 , . . , . , . 5% . , , () .
PSTN , . (mobile identification number MIN), - ,- (FCC) .
(electronic serial number ESN) (station class mark SCM)
1-10
. .
-
&
. (MSC) . , ( ). , ( alert) , . 1-3 . .
, , . (handoff). , . , PSTN, . PSTN, 1-11 . .
-
&
(ESN) (SCM). (MSC). , PSTN . , . 1-4 . , , MSCs .
1-12
. .
-
&
MSC
PSTN. MIN (MIN) .
MIN ESN.
BS . .
PSTN .
FCC
BTS
RCC FVC RVC FCC MIN .
, ESN, Station Class Mark MSC. . . . ESN Station Class Mark. .
.
MS
RCC
FVC RVC , t
1-3. PSTN .
1-13
. .
-
&
MSC
MIN ESN.
BS . .
PSTN.
FCC
RCC BTS FVC RVC
MIN, ESN SCM. . . MIN . , MIN, ESN SCM. . .
FCC MS RCC
FVC RVC
,
t
1-4. PSTN.
1-14
. .
-
&
1.5 1.1) . ; 1.2) 750mAh 4mA 35mA 250mA , . ) ; ) ; ) ; ; ; 1.3)
, (International Telecommunication Union ITU), (European
Telecommunication Standardisation Institute ETSI) (World Radio
Conference WRC). . 1.4) . ;
1-15
. .
-
&
; ;1.5)
(FM) (AM); . ( , , , .)
1-16
. .
-
&
2 . , . . , . , , .
2.1 . .
2-1
. .
-
&
( ) ( ) . , , . , . ( ) . ( ), . , . , () . ,
2-2
. .
-
&
, .
2.2 () . 2-1 , . ( ) . (footprint) . . . , : , .
(omni-directional) . ,
2-3
. .
-
&
, , ( ) .
2-1. . . , ( ) ( ). .
2-4
. .
-
&
, . ,
S ( duplex) . k S N , :
S =kN
(2.1)
(cluster).
, C :
C = M kN
(2.2)
, . (cluster size) 4, 7 12. , .
2-5
. .
-
&
. , D R . , . . , . (frequency reuse factor) 1/, 1/. 1-1, . ( ),
(60) . . , , :
N = i2 + j2 + i j
(2.3)
2-6
. .
-
&
i j . i , (60) j . 2-2 i=3, j=2 =19.
2-2. i=3, j=2 =19.
2.3 , . . (fixed) (dynamic). 2-7 . .
-
&
. . . , (blocked) . . (borrowing strategy) () , . (MSC), . . .
(blocking probability) , , . (trunking capacity) . ,
2-8
. .
-
&
(radio signal strength indication RSSI) . .
2.4 , . . . . . , .
min_usable ( 90dBm 100dBm),
Phandoff . (handoff margin), = Phandoff - min_usable, . , ,
,
2-9
. .
-
&
. . 2-3 .
2-3. . (a) , (b) . 2-3(a) .
2-10
. .
-
&
( ). ( ). 2-3(b) . BS1, BS2. . , . . . (), . , . (dwell
time).
2-11
. .
-
&
, , . , , ! . , ( ) , ( ). , , ( ) . 2 (Time Division Multiple
Access TDMA), (mobile assisted). .
2-12
. .
-
&
. (Mobile Assisted Handoff) . GSM 250ms , 0 6dB.
2.5 . 5() BS1 BS2 BSC MSC. , BSC MSC .
2-13
. .
-
&
2-4. . 2-4(b) BS1 BS2 - - BSC1 BSC2, , MSC. BSC1 MSC . MSC ,
BS2. MSC BSC1 BSC2 , MSC. 2-4(c) MSCs. BS1 BS2 - - , SC1 SC2, . SC1
(Gateway Mobile Switching Centre GMSC) . GMSC , BS2. GMSC MSC1 MSC2
( ), GMSC.
2-14
. .
-
&
, 2-4(d) BS2 - ,- (roaming) . / PSTN1 PSTN2 - . (roamer).
2.6 . . . . , , .
2-15
. .
-
&
, . , . ( 2.3 ). . . , .
2.7 . ,
2-16
. .
-
&
. , . . , . , . - (umbrella cell). 2-5 -. , . -. , .
2-17
. .
-
&
2-5. -.
2.8 . , , , . (noise floor) . . : (co-channel) (adjacent)
2-18
. .
-
&
(interference). , . , , .
2.9 . (co-channel cells) (co-channel interference). , . . , , .
, R
2-19
. .
-
&
D . , D/R . Q=D/R (co-channel reuse ratio), , :
Q=
D = 3 N R
(2.4)
Q , Q . , Q . 2-1 Q.
i 1 1 2 1 2
j 1 2 2 3 3
() 3 7 12 13 19
3.00 4.58 6.00 6.24 7.55
2-1. . io. , (signal-tointerference ratio S/I) :
2-20
. .
-
&
S S = io Ii =1
I
(2.5)i
S i- . . Pr d :
d Pr = P0 0 d :
n
(2.6)
d Pr [dBm] = P0 [dBm] + 10 n log10 0 d
(2.7)
1 P0 (close-in reference distance)
d0, n (path loss exponent). 2 ( ) 5 ( ). . i- ( ) Di, 1
. 100 1 , .
2-21
. .
-
&
(Di)-n. , S/I :
S = I
Rn
(D )i =1 i
i0
(2.8)n
D . (2.8) :
S ( D / R) = = I i0n
(
3 N i0
)
n
(2.9)
(2.9) S/I , (2.2). S/I 18dB 4.95,
n 4.4. 7 S/I. (2.9)
.
2-22
. .
-
&
S/I . , =7, . 2-6, D-R, D+R/2, D-R/2, D+R . (2.8) :
S Rn = I 2( D R ) n + ( D R / 2) n + ( D + R / 2) n + ( D + R )
n + D n
(2.10)
(2.10)
Q, :
S 1 = n n (Q + 1/ 2) n + (Q 1/ 2) n 1 I 2(Q + 1) + (Q 1) + + n Q
(Q 2 1) n (Q 2 1/ 4) n
(2.11)
(2.9) =7 ( Q=4.58) n=4, S/I=18.66dB, , (2.11) S/I=17dB. , S/I
18dB, S/I , 12. 7/12, .
2-23
. .
-
&
.
2-6. =7. ( ).
2.10
(adjacent channel interference). . 2-24 . .
-
&
. - (near-far effect). - ( ) . . . , . ,
() . di . dw (dw0]. , Erlang-C: 2-31 . .
-
&
Pr [delay > 0] =
AC A C 1 Ak A + C !1 C k =0 k !C
(2.17)
, Pr[delay>t]
t, t . Erlang-C :
Pr [delay > t ] = Pr [ delay > 0] Pr [ delay > t |
delay > 0] (C A) t = Pr [delay > 0] exp H (2.18)
D :
D = Pr [delay > 0]
H CA
(2.19)
H/(C-A). Erlang-B Erlang-C 2-7 2-8, . .
2-32
. .
-
&
2-7. Erlang-B Pr[blocked] C A Erlangs. (2.16) :
Pr (0, A) = 1 Pr (C , A) = A Pr (C 1, A) C + A Pr (C 1,
A)(2.20)
2-33
. .
-
&
2-8. Erlang-C Pr[delay>0] C A Erlangs.
(trunking efficiency) 2-34 . .
-
&
. ( ). , Erlang-B GoS=0.002, 10.1 Erlangs, 4x0.9=3.6 Erlangs.
280% !
2.13 , . . : () , () () . . . , . , .
2-35
. .
-
&
. , , . .
2.14
. .
2-9. . 2-9 . 2-36 . .
-
&
. , , . 2-9 . , . . , Pr1 Pt1 / R n Pr 2 Pt 2 /( R / 2) n :
Pt 2 =
Pt1 2n
(2.21)
, . . , R D/R .
2.15
D/R
2-37
. .
-
&
R , . . . . . 120 60, . 2-10 .
2-10. (a) (b) . 2-38 . .
-
&
2-11 7. 120. 6 ( ) 2. 2-11 5. , ( 5) 5. , ( ).
2-39
. .
-
&
2-11. . . () . S/I (2.9) n=3 =7 16.8dB, n=3 =12 15.6dB. 120 S/I
15dB 7, 12. , 12/7=1.714 .
2-40
. .
-
&
S/I . , , . , .
2.16 . , 2-12, ( ) . . . , . , . .
2-41
. .
-
&
, .
2-12. . 2-13. , . Rz , Dz . Dz/Rz 3, 2.9 2-42
. .
-
&
=3 (;). 7/3=2.33 .
2-13. ( ) =7 .
2.17
2.1) 15MHz (FDD) 2-43 . .
-
&
(
)
2x25kHz=50kHz.
4, 7 12. 5% , . 2.2) , Q=3N. 2.3) S/I 15dB, 4 3. ( 6 , ). 2.4)
S/I TDMA 15dB. : () , () 120. 84; . n=4
2-44
. .
-
&
2.5) 3, ; 2.6) 60. 4 1.387km. 0.03Erlangs =1/, Erlang-C 5%: ) ;
) 10s ; ) 10s; 2.7) 84, =7 Pr[blocking]=1%, 120. 2.8) EIRP=32Watt
10km. 5% Erlang-B. 2 2 . - 4 , . : () ( ); () ; ()
2-45
. .
-
&
; () , ; () 0.1% ; 2.9) 1mW d0=1m . 100dBm. n=3 , N=7 N=4. 2.10)
=7, 500m 105. 100/km2 3 , 10 , . 2.11) Erlang-B 0.25 ; 2.12) .
.
2-46
. .
-
&
=4 (1,3,6). 2.13) SerCom, 10,000 . 140 . 150,000 1,000,000 .
500,000 . , 4,000,000 4 6,000,000 . ) 6,000,000 ; ) , ; ; ) 50 4
SerCom. . . 6,000,000 4 ; 2.14) . )
2-47
. .
-
&
; ) 1% ; ) . ) ) , 5 ; ; 2.15) 500 m . , 2 km . P0A =1 mW, P0B =
2 mW, d0 = d0B = 1m, A = = 3, S/I ; 2.16) 500 m 210, . .
() 1 2
19 79
Po [mW] 2 2 8
do [m] 1 1 1
n 3 3 3.2
2-48
. .
-
&
3 4 5 6
139 199 259 319
5 8 2 10
1 1 1 1
3.1 3.2 3 3.4
7, . ; , .
2-49
. .
-
&
2-1
. .
-
&
3 . . (line-of-sight), , , . .
3.1 3-1 .
3-1. .
3-2
. .
-
&
i0 dL Px ] = Q x
(3.27)
, Px :
P (d ) Px P[ Pr (d ) < Px ] = Q r
(3.28)
, . R Pmin. Pmin :2 R
1 1 U ( Pmin ) = P[ Pr (r ) > Pmin ] d A = 2 R R2
P[ P (r ) > Pr 0 0
min
] rdr d (3.29)
3.5 Okumura-Hata Okumura-Hata . :
3-17
. .
-
&
L50 (urban)[dB ] = 69.55 + 26.16log( f c ) 13.82log(hte ) a (hre
) + + [44.9 6.55log( hte )]log( d )
(3.30)
fc (MHz) 150MHz 1.5GHz, hte 30m 200m, hre 1m 10m, d km, (hre) .
, (hre) dB :
a (hre ) = [1.1log( f c ) 0.7] hre [1.56log( f c ) 0.8]
(3.31)
dB (3.32) 300MHz:
a (hre ) = 8.29 [log(1.54 hre )]2 1.1
(3.32)
(3.33) dB 300MHz:
a (hre ) = 3.2 [log(11.75 hre )]2 4.97
(3.33)
( dB) :
L50 ( sub urban)[dB ] = L50 (urban)[dB ] 2 [log( f c / 28)]2
5.4
(3.34)
, ( dB) :
3-18
. .
-
&
L50 (rural)[dB ] = L50 (urban)[dB ] 4.78 [log( f c )]2 18.33
log( f c ) 40.98(3.35) Okumura-Hata. (d>1km), . . (European
Co-operative for Scientific and Technical research COST) COST-231
Okumura-Hata 2GHz. :
L50 (urban)[dB ] = 46.3 + 33.9 log( f c ) 13.82 log(hte ) a (hre
) + [44.9 6.55 log(hte )] log(d ) + CM
(3.36)
CM 0dB 3dB . COST-231 , : fc 1.5GHz 2.0GHz, hte 30m 200m, hre 1m
10m d 1km 20km.
3.6 Walfisch Bertoni Walfisch Bertoni, 3-19 . .
-
&
(diffraction) . Walfisch Bertoni 3-8.
3-8. Walfisch Bertoni. , , S, , :
S = P0 Q 2 P 1
(3.37)
P0 :2
P0 = 4 R
(3.38)
Q2 . P1 . dB, :
3-20
. .
-
&
S [dB] = L0 + Lrts + Lms
(3.39)
L0 , Lrts , Lms .
3.7 3.1) GSM, DCS UMTS, . 15dB, 18dB 20dB, , 40W . 300m ; 3.2)
Pt=40W, Gt=10dB, ht=60m, Gr=0dB, hr=15m 900MHz 1500m . 300m 74.5m,
. 450MHz 1800MHz. 3.3) 100m, 200m, 1km 3km . :
3-21
. .
-
&
100m 200m 1000m 3000m 3.4)
0dBm -20dBm -35dBm -70dBm
(3.23) d0=100m. ) n. ) . ) d=2km. ) 2km 60dBm; ) 2km 60dBm;
3.5)
- , Pr(d)d-3.5. 1mW d0=1km , d=10m, 10% 25dBm, , . 3.6) 15W
17dB. 0dB 5Hz. (noise figure) 8dB 2100MHz, 12dB 99% . 3-22 . .
-
&
27 C n=3 =8dB. 3.7) () dn - . , , , , . - . ( .) 3.8) 500 10 - .
, . ( , .)
3-23
. .
-
&
4 GSM GSM (Global Standard for Mobile) 2 ETSI
(http://www.etsi.org) . GSM , . GSM (Integrated Services Digital
Network ISDN) (teleservices) (data services). . . : . 1, 2 3 (Open
System Interconnection OSI). 300bps 9.6kbps. (transparent mode),
(non-transparent mode). ,
4-1
. .
-
&
. ISDN , , , , (short messaging service SMS) . GSM (Subscriber
Identity Module SIM), , , . SIM GSM , . GSM ( ). . GSM (Memorandum
of Understanding MoU) , . . GSM :
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/index.htm http://www.3gpp.org
4-2
. .
-
&
4.1 GSM GSM . (Base Station Subsystem BSS), (Network and
Switching Subsystem NSS), (Operation Support Subsystem OSS).
(mobile station MS) BSS. 4-1 GSM.
4-1. GSM. (BSS) , . BSS
4-3
. .
-
&
GSM. BSS (Base Station Controllers BSCs) MS NSS MSC. NSS MSC
PSTN, ISDN, PSDN PLMN. OSS GSM , . . (Base Transceiver Station BTS)
BSC Abis-. Abis- GSM. BTS BSS . BSCs MSCs . BSC MSC - GSM. - SS7
(Signalling System No. 7) (Signalling Correction Control Part
SCCP), MSC BSS, MSC. - .
4-4
. .
-
&
NSS BSCs . MSC NSS BSCs. NSS Home Location Register (HLR),
Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Centre (AUC), . HLR
MSC. GSM International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) . VLR IMSI
MSC . VLR, MSC HLR -, . AUC HLR VLR. , AUC Equipment Identity
Register (EIR) HLR VLR. OSS Operation Maintenance Centres (OMC),
MS, BTS, BSC MSC GSM. OSS : ) , ) , ) .
4-5
. .
-
&
4.2 GSM GSM 25MHz . 890-915MHz , 935960MHz . GSM FDD TDMA FHMA
(Frequency Hopped Multiple Access) . ( ) 200kHz Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Numbers (ARFCNs). ARFCN 45MHz. . ARFCN
(timeslotTS) (frame).
4-6
. .
-
&
4-2. GSM. 270.833kbps GMSK =0.3. , ( bit ) 3.692s 33.854kbps.
24.7kbps. 156.25 bits, 8.25 bits (guard time) 6 bits (start and
stop bits). TS 576.92s TDMA 4.615ms, 4-2. 25MHz 125. GSM 1,000. 4-7
. .
-
&
, 100kHz GSM . GSM 4-1. Reverse Channel Frequency Band Forward
Channel Frequency Band ARFCN ARFCN Number Tx/Rx Frequency Spacing
(TS) Tx/Rx Time Slot Spacing Modulation Data Rate Frame Period
Users per Frame (full rate) Time slot Period bit Bit Period
Modulation ARFCN ARFCN Channel Spacing ( ) Interleaving (maximum
delay) Voice Coder Bit Rate 880-890MHz, 890 915MHz, 1710-1785MHz
925-935MHz, 935 960MHz, 1805-1880MHz 0 124 975 1023 45MHz (GSM)
95MHz (DCS) 3 3 Time Slots 270.833kbps 4.615ms 8 576.9s 3.692s
GMSK, BT=0.3 200kHz 40ms 13.4kbps
4-1. GSM.
4-8
. .
-
&
TS ARFCN (physical channel) . (logical channels) . , (,
teletext), ( GSM) ( , , MSC). GSM , (physical layer) (data link
layer) GSM. , ARFCN. GSM . : ) (traffic channels TCH) ) (control
channels CCH). . . . GSM . , , (.. MAC layer) ., ETSI
4-9
. .
-
&
http://www.etsi.org 3rd Generation Project Partnership (3GPP)
http://www.3gpp.org, 2 3 .
4-10
. .
-
&
5 3 UMTS 3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 3GPP
(3rd Generation Project Partnership, http://www.3gpp.org) ETSI. ,
.
5.1 3 UMTS 99 (release 99) 3 UMTS GSM. GSM 99 UMTS. 99 5-1. UMTS
3 : Core Network (CN) UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN), User Equipment (UE).
5-1
. .
-
&
Core Network , . Core etwork . UMTS GSM GPRS. , UMTS. UTRAN UE .
Node-B Node-Bs Radio Network Controller (RNC). UE, . : UMTS systems
(including satellite) Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) MSC/VLR
SGSN Location Area Routing Area (PS domain) UTRAN Registration Area
(PS domain) Cell Sub cell
, 3 : http://www.umtsworld.org http://www.umts-forum.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Sys
tem http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/umts/
5-2
. .
-
&
5-1. 3 UMTS. 5-1 .
5-3
. .
-
&
USIM Node B UE SRNC DRNC SGSN GGSN PDN SIM ME BTS BSC MSC PSTN
HLR VLR GMSC
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module UMTS Base Station User Equipment
Serving Radio Network Controller Drift Radio Network Controller
Serving GPRS Support Node Gateway GPRS Support Node Public Data
Network Subscriber Identity Module Mobile Equipment Base
Transceiver Station Base Station Controller Mobile Switching Centre
Public Switched Telephone Network Home Location Register Visitor
Location Register Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
5-1. 99 UMTS. UMTS UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
RNC Node B. UTRAN . SRNC UE CN. DRNC UE (soft-handover). O Node B,
DRNC, UE SRNC. UTRAN User Equipment (UE).
5-4
. .
-
&
GSM/UMTS , FM, stereo MP3 WMA players, internet browsing, ,
email clients, java, GPS , . (Circuit Switched Domain CS-D)
. (Core Network CN) CS UMTS 3 3G-MSC. (Packet Switched Domain
PS-Domain) IP SGSN.
5.2 (UTRAN) UTRAN (Radio Network Subsystem RNS) Core Network Iu.
RNS (Radio Network Controller RNC), (Node Bs) (Stand Alone Serving
Mobile Location Centre SAS). Node B RNC Iub, Uu Node-B (UE). UTRAN
5-2.
5-5
. .
-
&
5-2. UTRAN UMTS. Node B FDD, TDD . (chip rate) TDD: 7.68 Mcps
TDD, 3.84 Mcps TDD and 1.28 Mcps TDD. TDD . Node B TDD . RNC TDD .
RNC UE. RNC / / . UTRAN, RNCs RNSs Iur. Iu Iur . Iur RNCs . To RNC
BSS GSM Edge Radio Access Network (GERAN) Iu Iur-g. 5-3 5-6 . .
-
&
, UTRAN GERAN Iu Iur-g.
5-3. RNS BSS Iu, Iur-g. UE UTRAN, RNS RNS . , RNSs (Drift RNSs)
RNS 5-4.
5-4. UE RNS (SRNS) (DRNS).
5-7
. .
-
&
RNS ( ) UE UTRAN. UTRAN , (Radio Network Layer) (Transport
Network Layer). UTRAN architecture, UTRAN , Radio Network Layer.
UTRAN (Iu, Iur, Iub, Iupc) . , O&M.
(Radio Network Layer) . , , . 3GPP . 3GPP , / . & Node B,
UTRAN.
5-8
. .
-
&
UTRAN, , TS125.401 3GPP.
5.3 UTRA (Coded Division Multiple Access CDMA) 3 . TDD 7.68Mcps,
3.84Mcps 1.28Mcps, FDD 3.84Mcps. . , FDD, 3.84MHz , 5MHz. TDD
10MHz, 5MHz 1.66MHz 7.68Mcps, 3.84Mcps 1.28Mcps, . FDD TDD , 5.7
5.8 . : FDD WCDMA: 1920MHz 1980MHz , 2110MHz 2170MHz , 2x60MHz. ()
TDD WCDMA: 1900MHz 1920MHz 2020MHz 2025 MHz. () TDD WCDMA: 2010MHz
2020MHz. ()
5-9
. .
-
&
(CDMA), 3 .
5.4 W R , , . ( ) , (spread spectrum technique), 5-5.
5-5. . .
5-10
. .
-
&
, : ( ) . , . ( ) (spreading code), . , . . . , . , , .
(pseudo-noise PN). 5-6. : . .
5-11
. .
-
&
5-6. . : . . . 5-12 . .
-
&
. .
(spreading factor) :
SF =
W R
(5.1)
, (BER). , (processing gain). UMTS: ) (direct sequence DS) )
(frequency hopping FH).
5.4.1 s(t) sc(t), . 5-7. (chips) 1 Tc (chip interval) Ts , Ts
>> Tc. chip, 1/Tc, (chip rate) . s/Tc.
5-13
. .
-
&
5-7. . sc(t), s(t) sc(t) , Fourier:
F{s (t ) sc (t )} = S DS ( f ) = S ( f ) Sc ( f )
(5.2)
Fourier, Fourier , Fourier . , , DS c. . 5-8, .
5-14
. .
-
&
5-8. DS-CDMA. . (AWGN) n(t), :
y (t ) = r (t ) sc (t ) = [ sDS (t ) + n(t ) ] sc (t ) = [ s(t )
sc (t ) + n(t )] sc (t ) = = s (t ) sc2 (t ) + n(t ) sc (t ) = s (t
) + nc (t )
(5.3)
2 (t ) = 1 . , sc (t ) = 1 sc
, nc(t) , :
z (t ) = s (t ) + nc (t ) dt = s (t ) dt + nc (t ) dt = s (t )
dt0 0 0 0
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
(5.4)
,
5-15 . .
-
&
. , sI(t) sI(t)sc(t)=nI(t) nI(t)dt=0. , , . , ( )
nc(t)dt=nI(t)dt=0. . , chip interval .
5.4.2 RAKE . RAKE . - (fingers), (correlators) . ( ) , . . Eb/N0
. RAKE 5-9. 5-16 . .
-
&
5-9. RAKE. 5-9 RAKE , r(t) . r(t) , r(t-i) , g(t,i). WCDMA ( ):
(descrambling): . . , RAKE. (despreading): . (integration and
dump): , QPSK .
5-17
. .
-
&
RAKE. , , , (maximum ratio combing - MRC). , bits . g(t,i) . ,
.
, :
u (t ) = ak pk (n) f (t nT kNT )k =0 n=0
K 1
N 1
(5.5)
u(t) , ak , pk , N , f(t) ( 0.22) Tc chip.
(5.6) y(t) . cj dj, {j=0..J-1} J , n(t) AWGN (p.s.d) N0.
5-18
. .
-
&
y (t ) = c j u (t d j ) + n(t )j =0
J 1
(5.6)
, , . :
r (t ) = f * ( t ) y ( ) d
(5.7)
(i) r(t). . , (5.8). , , (5.8).
xk (t ) =
1 N
m =0
p (n)r (t + mT kNT )* k
N 1
(5.8)
(5.8) RAKE , (5.9):
J 1 * ) = det c j xk (d a j j =0
(5.9)
5-19
. .
-
&
cj dj , J , det( ) a bit RAKE.
5.4.3 DS-SS, BPSK AWGN, , BER, :
Eb 2 Pb = Q N0
(5.10)
AWGN , :
Eb 2 Pb = Q N0 + J 0
(5.11)
J0 . , 0+J0J0, Eb=PS/R J0=PJ/W, (5.11) :
W PS Pb = Q 2R P J
(5.12)
W/R (gain processing)
5-20
. .
-
&
. PJ/PS , (jamming margin). FEC Gp (coding gain), H H G p = Rc d
min , Rc d min
Hamming . :
PJ Eb W H = + ( Rc d max )dB . PS dB R dB J 0 dB
(5.13)
5.4.4 DS-CDMA u PS. , . , :
PS PS 1 = = PJ ( N u 1) PS N u 1, :
(5.14)
W 1 Pb = Q 2 R N 1 u
(5.15)
FEC Rc H Hamming d min ,
, :
5-21
. .
-
&
W Gp Pb ( 2k 1) Q 2 1 R N u
(5.16)
Gp , () . , , (power control). , (UE Node-B), / , / . , , .
near-far problem. , . , , , . , , .
5-22
. .
-
&
5.4.5 UMTS UMTS: (open loop power control) (inner loop power
control) (outer loop power control)
UE . , UE . 9dB ( ) 12dB ( ). UE Transmit Power Command (TPC) ,
(signal-to-interference ratio - SIR) . UE 1, 2 3 dB, TPC. 1500 Hz.
SIR DPCH, TPC : SIRest > SIRtarget TPC 0, SIRest < SIRtarget
TPC 1. TPC , UE TPC , TPC . UE TPC, UE. 5-23 . .
-
&
1, UE TPC. 2, TPC 0, 1 dB, 1, 1 dB. , . . : 0.5, 1, 1.5 2 dB.
UTRAN 1 dB, . UE TPC TPC DPCCH. TPC UTRAN DPCCH/DPDCH . , . SIR
Node-B . SIR UE (block error ratio BLER, bit error ratio) RNC . UE
(BLER) (RNC) .
5.4.6 UMTS , . (hard handover) GSM,
5-24
. .
-
&
, . brake-before-make handover. UMTS CDMA, , . make-beforemake
handover (soft handover). 5-10 ,
5-10. . , . , . UMTS (softer handover), .
5-25
. .
-
&
UMTS : (Hard Handover): UE . hard handover . . (Soft handover):
UE UTRAN. , . , . (Softer Handover): , Node-B ( ). , Node-B
(Maximal Ratio Combining - MRC), (Selection Combining SC). , . UMTS
: 3G -3G (.. UMTS 3G) FDD / FDD - FDD/TDD ( )
5-26
. .
-
&
TDD/FDD ( ) TDD/TDD 3G - 2G (.. GSM) 2G - 3G (.. GSM)
( , ) . , , .
5.5 CDMA CDMA () . , . () , . , , . UMTS 5-11.
5-27
. .
-
&
5-11. CDMA. UTRA 4 512. , . CDMA . d1t[10110] d2t[11001]. ()
sc1[1100] sc2[1001], , 4 ( Tb/Tsc=4 , 4 bit 1 bit ). 1 +1V, 0 -1V,
d1t[1-
5-28
. .
-
&
111-1], d2t[11-1-11], sc1[11-1-1] sc2[1-1-11]. d1
S1[-1-11111-1-1-1-111-1-11111-1-1] d2
S2[-111-1-111-11-1-111-1-11-111-1]. S1+S2.
d1t sc1 S1 d2t sc2 S2 S1+S2 sc1 DS1 d1r sc2 DS2 d2r
1-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
-11 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
11 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
11 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
-11 -1
1-1 -1 -2 -1 2 1 1 0 -1 0 1 1 2 1 2 -1 -1 0 1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 1 1
2 -1 -2 1 1 0 1 0
1-1 -1 -2 1 -2 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 -2 -1 2 1 -1 0 1 0
-1-1 1 2 1 2 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 -2 -1 2 1 -1 0 1 0
-1-1 1 2 1 2 -1 -1 0 -1 0 1 1 2 -1 -2 1 1 0 1 0
1-1 -1 -2 1 -2
4-1 2 1 0 1 2 -1 0 -1 0 1 2 1 0
-4-1 2 -1 0 1 -2 1 0
4-1 -2 -1 0 1 -2 1 0
4-1 -2 -1 0 1 2 1 0
-4-1 2
4
4
-4
-4
4
5-2. , CDMA . S1+S2, S1+S2 . S1+S2 sc1 1
DS1[20200-20-2020202020-20-2], S1+S2 sc2 2
DS2[202002020-20-20-20-
5-29
. .
-
&
20202]. 3 DS1 DS2 b , d1r[4-444-4] d2r[44-4-44], . CDMA : . ( -1
) AWGN. BER b/0 .
, :
N
Gp Eb N 0
(5.17)
, :
N
1 1 Eb N 0 1 + Gp
(5.18)
0.4 0.55, 0.5 0.9. 0.45 1, b 4 . 5-30 . . 3
-
&
, 1.5 3.5. UMTS : =0.5, =0.85, =0.6 =2.55. 2.4 .
5.6 WCDMA UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) , . GSM , FDD WCDMA
(channelization codes).
5.6.1 UMTS . . chips. , , .
5-31
. .
-
&
FDD 512 (downlink DL) 256 (uplink UL), TDD 16 DL UL. , , SF=2k,
k=0,,8, . . , (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes - OVSF).
OVSF , 5-12.
5-12. OVSF. Cch,SF,k, SF k , 0 k SF-1. 5-12. :
5-32
. .
-
&
cch ,1,0 = 1 cch ,2,0 cch ,0,1 cch ,0,1 1 1 = = c c c ,1 ch ,2,1
ch ,0,1 ch ,0 1 1
(5.19)
OVSF . UL DL SF :
C[bps ] = Symbol _ Rate[baud ]
bits Chip _ Rate[cps] = symbol SF
(5.20)
UMTS chip rate=3.84Mcps SF=128, 30kbps 60kbps UL DL, ,
1bit/symbol, 2bits/symbol.
5.6.2 UMTS Node-B DL UE UL, (scrambling code), . , . . . FDD ,
5-33 . .
-
&
, UE NodeB . TDD UL, UL. OVSF, . , Node-B OVSF , UE Node-B
Node-B OVSF . . 218-1=262,143 DL 224-1=16,777,215 UL . 10ms. 38,400
chips . UL 5-13. UL , DL 5-16 (UE).
5.6.3 DL UL UMTS
UMTS.
5-34
. .
-
&
16QAM 64QAM AICH BCH CCPCH CPICH DCH DPCH DPCCH DPDCH E-AGCH
E-DCH E-DPCCH E-DCH E-DPDCH E-DCH E-HICH E-DCH E-RGCH E-DCH FDD
F-DPCH HS-DPCCH HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH MBSFN Mcps MICH OVSF PICH
PRACH PSC RACH SCH SSC SF UE
16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 64 Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation Acquisition Indicator Channel Broadcast Control Channel
Common Control Physical Channel Common Pilot Channel Dedicated
Channel Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated Physical Control
Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel Absolute Grant Channel
Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel Relative Grant Channel Frequency
Division Duplex Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated
Physical Control Channel (uplink) for HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink
Shared Channel High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel Shared
Control Physical Channel for HS-DSCH MBMS over a Single Frequency
Network Mega Chip Per Second MBMS Indication Channel Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (codes) Page Indication Channel Physical
Random Access Channel Primary Synchronisation Code Random Access
Channel Synchronisation Channel Secondary Synchronisation Code
Spreading Factor User Equipment
5-3. UMTS .
5-35
. .
-
&
5.6.4 (UL) UMTS , . chips, . chips SF. . I Q OVSF . I Q , I Q ,
. 5-13 . , I Q . , DPCCH, DPDCHs, HS-DPCCH, E-DPDCHs, E-DPCCHs,
ETSI TS 125.213.
5-36
. .
-
&
5-13. (UL) UMTS. , chips I Q , chips . 5-13, Sdpch, Shs-dpcch
Se-dpch , Sdpch,n. , chip . chip 5-14. chip 3.84Mcps.
5-14. UMTS. 5-37 . .
-
&
5.6.5 (DL) UMTS 5-15 , SCH. , , IQ . . , SCH, AICH, E-HICH
ERGCH, 0, 1 "DTX" DTX.
5-15. (DL) UMTS. , ETSI TS 125.213.
5-38
. .
-
&
chip 5-16. chip 3.84Mcps.
5-16. (DL) UMTS.
5.7 FDD UTRANT FDD UTRAN, : : 1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz -
2170 MHz ( ) UL DL : ~ 2x5MHz : 1 : 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz 2x5MHz: ~196 (
256 UL, AMR 7.95kbps) / ~98 ( 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps) : AMR codecs
(4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz)
5-39
. .
-
&
: , Turbo , ( 190MHz), . Tx/Rx : MS: 55dB, BS: 80dB : RAKE :
Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm BER of 10-3 : : QPSK : 0.22 chip:
3.84 Mcps Channel raster: 200 kHz ( ): ~ 2.3Mbps ( 4, (3 DL / 6
UL), 1/2 ), . : 5.76Mbps : 10ms (38400 chips) / : 15 chips / : 2560
chips : , , : = 1500 Hz : 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB () : UL 80dB, DL
30dB : Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W; class 2 +27 dBm,
class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm : 512 /
5-40
. .
-
&
: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL UMTS FDD 5-4. Gold Codes , UL ,
DL
Complex-Valued Orthogonal Complex-Valued Gold Code Variable
Spreading Segments (long) or Gold Code Primary Synchronization
Factor (OVSF) Segments Complex-Valued Codes (PSC) and codes S(2)
Codes (short) Secondary sometimes called Pseudo Noise (PN)
Synchronization Codes Walsh Codes codes Pseudo Noise (PN) (SSC)
codes 256 chips 66.67 s 4-512 chips 1.04 s 133.34 s = 4 ... 256 UL,
4 ... 512 DL , UL: DL: 38400 chips / 256 chips 10 ms / 66.67 s
38400 chips 10 ms 512 / 15 ,
1 / 16
16,777,216
,
,
5-4. FDD UTRAN.
5-41
. .
-
&
5.8 DD UTRAN DD UTRAN, : Frequency band:1900 MHz -1920 MHz and
2010 MHz - 2025 MHz (Time Division Duplex) Unpaired, channel
spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated
in frequency, but by guard period. Minimum frequency band required:
~ 5MHz with 3.84Mcps, ~ 1.6MHz with 1.28 Mcps Frequency re-use: 1
Voice coding: AMR (and GSM EFR) codec Channel coding: Convolutional
coding, Turbo code for high rate data TDMA frame consist of 15
timeslots. Each time slot can be transmit of receive Duplexer not
needed Asymmetric connection supported Data by packet and circuit
switch QPSK modulation. Receiver: Joint Detection, (mobile: RAKE)
Chip rate: 7.68Mcps, 3.84 Mcps or 1.28 Mcps Channel raster: 200 kHz
Maximum RF ch bit rate (kbps): ~ 3.3Mbps (1/2 rate coding,
spreading factor 1, 15 timeslots, ex overheads), but interference
limited Frame length: 10ms Number of slots / frame: 15 Handovers:
Hard Power control period: 100 Hz or 200 Hz UL, ~ 800 Hz DL Power
control step size: 1, 2, 3 dB (Variable) Power control range: UL
65dB, DL 30dB
5-42
. .
-
&
Mobile peak power: Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W;
class 2 +27 dBm, class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm Number of unique
base station identification codes: 512/frequency Physical layer
spreading factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
5.9 UMTS , . (macro cells) UMTS WCDMA , ( 125 mW). , ( 20 40 W)
. 3 . , , . , : ( ) ( , ) (, ) ( BTS, , ) ( , )
5-43
. .
-
&
, .
UMTSTX
= 0.125W (dBm) (dB) EIRP (dBm)RX
21,00 2,00 19,00
BTS (dBm/Hz) =Thermal noise density + BTS noise figure RX (dBm)
=-168+10*log(3840000) (dB) RX (dBm)
=10*LOG(10^((-102.2+3)/10)-10^(-102.2/10)) & (dBm)
=10*LOG(10^((-102.2)/10)+10^(-102.2/10)) (dB), 12.2k codec
=10*log(3840/12.2) Eb/N0 (dB) BTS (dBi) (dB) (dB) =slow moving
mobile RX (dBm) (dB)
-168,00 -102,16 3,00 -102,18 -99,16 24,98 5,00 17,00 3,00 4,00
-129,14148,14
Log normal (dB) / (dB) (dB) (dB) Okamura-Hata (km)
L=137.4+35.2LOG(R)
7,00 0,00 3,00144,14 1,55
5-5. WCDMA UMTS.
, , 5-44
. .
-
&
(Erlang/km2) . 150 350 m, 25 dB. , . , . WCDMA . , .
5.10
20 dB, .
5.1) BPSK-CDMA Eb/N0=10.
5.2) BPSK-CDMA 1000 -20dB, ; 5.3) DS-CDMA 100, 6dB Eb/N0=10.
;
5-45
. .
-
&
5.4) DS-CDMA 1000 60 . 5.5) FEC (7,4) Hamming 3, ; 5.6) 3 WCDMA
50 30kbaud. AWGN, Eb/N0 ; 5.7) 3 WCDMA 30. video Eb/N0=10dB, AWGN,
OSVF . 5.8) DS-CDMA, 128 chips, 10-7. ;
5-46
. .
-
&
[1] Jakes, C W (editor), Microwave Mobile Communications,
Wiley-IEEE Press, 1994, ISBN 0780310691. [2] Carg, V K, Carg, V,
and Wilkes, J, Wireless and personal Communication Systems (PCS):
Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall PTR, 1995, ISBN
0132346265. [3] Mehrotra, A, GSM System Engineering, Artech House
Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0890068607. [4] Schiller, J, H, Schiller, J,
Schiller J, Mobile Communications, AddisonWesley Pub. Co., 2000,
ISBN 0201398362. [5] Rappaport, S, Theodore, Wireless
Communications Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall
PTR, 2002, ISBN 0130422320. [6] http://www.3gpp.org [7]
http://www.etsi.org, European Telecommunications Standards
Institute. [8] http://www.umtsworld.com [9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Syste
m [10] http://www.umts-forum.org
5-47
. .
