Mobile Data Collection tool for NationalASGMOverview–UserGuide

17November2017

Version1.1

UnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch

ChemicalsandWasteManagementProgramme

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Copyrightandthird-partyinformationasrequired

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TableofContents

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................41.1...ScopeandPurpose..........................................................................................................................................................41.2...MethodologicalAspects................................................................................................................................................41.3...ProcessOverview.............................................................................................................................................................6

2 Sign-upforaFreeServer........................................................................................................................................63 UploadtheFormOntoYourServer...................................................................................................................73.1...Uploadtheform...............................................................................................................................................................73.2...Deployingtheform.........................................................................................................................................................7

4 ConfigureYourAndroidDataCollectionDevice..........................................................................................84.1...Whatdoyouneed?..........................................................................................................................................................84.2...InstalltheODKCollectApplication.........................................................................................................................84.3...Installtheformintoyourmobiledevice.............................................................................................................10

5 CollectData.................................................................................................................................................................105.1...NecessaryDeviceSettings.........................................................................................................................................105.2...Usingthedeviceonthefield.....................................................................................................................................115.3...Navigatingintheform................................................................................................................................................115.4...Uploadthecollecteddata..........................................................................................................................................12

6 ManageDataCollection.........................................................................................................................................126.1...Viewthedata..................................................................................................................................................................126.2...Addadditionaldatapointsusingthebrowser.................................................................................................136.3...Addmissinginformationofgoldproductionandmercuryusage...........................................................146.4...Sharethedata................................................................................................................................................................15

7 MakeaMapandDownloadtheData...............................................................................................................177.1...MakeaMap......................................................................................................................................................................177.2...DownloadtheData.......................................................................................................................................................18

8 FurtherConsiderations:Geospatialanalysis...............................................................................................199 MakingYourOwnForm........................................................................................................................................19

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1 Introduction1.1 ScopeandPurposeCollectingfielddataisoftennecessarytopreparethenationalArtisanalandSmall-scaleGoldMining (ASGM) sector overview. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)hasdevelopedamobiledatacollectiontooltoaccompanythetwomethodologiesdevelopedbytheArtisanalGoldCouncil(baselineestimates)andUNITAR(socio-economicresearchmethodology).ThedevelopmentofthistoolhasbeenfundedbyUNEnvironment.

Thetoolisatailor-madeelectronicformtobeusedwithKoBoToolbox.TheKoboToolboxisafreedatacollectionsolutionavailableforAndroidmobiledevices.IthasbeendevelopedbytheHarvardHumanitarianInitiativewithsupportfromUNOCHA.

Thetoolhasthreemainfunctions:

1. Combinelocationdatawithbasicsite-specificinformationtobuildamap2. Contextualizeandmanagethepicturestakenattheminingsite3. Managedatacollectionfromdistanceandsharetheprogresswithkeystakeholders

Theaimofthismanualistogivethereadertailoredinstructionshowtousethetoolforthenational ASGM overview, and not all aspects of KoBo Toolbox are covered. Readers areencouraged to look at support pages at http://support.kobotoolbox.org/ for furtherinstructions.Allfeedbacktodevelopthetoolfurtheriswelcome1.

1.2 MethodologicalAspectsWhenpreparingthenationalASGMsectoroverview,countriesarerelyingonthreeavailablemethodologies2:

• BaselineEstimatesfortheArtisanalandSmall-scaleGoldMiningSector-AToolkitandGuidebyTheArtisanalGoldCouncil(AGC),Draftversion,2017

• Genericmethodologyforthesocio-economicASGMstudy,UnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch(UNITAR),Draftversion,2017

ThesetwomethodologiescombinedprovideacomprehensiveapproachtogeneratenuancedunderstandingoftheASGMsectorinagivencountry.Bothmethodologies have their own paper forms andways to process the data. The toolprovidesawaytocombinelocationdatawithkeycharacteristicsofthestudiedminingsites,thusenrichingthedataanalysisandreporting.

1PleasesendyourquestionsandfeedbacktoUNITAR(cwm@unitar.org).2Inadditiontothemethodologiesmentioned,thereisadocument‘WHOguidanceonaddressinghealthaspectsinthecontextofdevelopingNationalActionPlansundertheMinamataConventiononMercury,Draftversion,March2017’,butitisnotyetpubliclyavailableatthetimeofthiswriting.

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Thetoolcontainsthreedifferentsections:

1. Nameandcontactdetails2. GeneralSiteCharacteristics3. Detaileddatacollection

a. Extraction(digging)b. Processing(Crushing,milling,sluicing,amalgamation)c. CyanideLeachingd. HealthandSocio-economicAssessmente. EnvironmentalImpactAssessment

Sections1,2and3(a,b,c) lenddirectlyfromthemethodologydevelopedbytheArtisanalGold Council, whereas the section onHealth and Socio-economic assessment is based onUNITAR’s Generic methodology for the socio-economic ASGM study as well as the draftguidancebyWHO3.

Section3(e)onenvironmental impactassessmenthasbeenaddedtoremindtheresearchteam that key information on overall environmental impact should be included in theNationalASGMOverview4.

ASGM,asminingingeneral,canhavemanifoldenvironmentalimpacts,includingon5,6,7:

• Population(e.g.impactonstandardofliving,impactonlivelihood)• Floraandfauna(e.g.deforestation)• Land,waterandair(e.g.soilcontamination)• Landscape(e.g.landdegradation)• Climate(e.g.CO2emissions)

Athoroughenvironmentalimpactassessmentwouldrequiremorethanobservationandaninterview-basedsurvey.However,asestablishedbyObiriS,MattahPAD,MattahMM,etal.,peoplelivingintheminingareahaveremarkablyaccurateunderstandingofthepollutionoftheir environment.8Therefore, interviewing people on aspects such aswater quality and

3Ibid.4Section4.2,UNEnvironment:Developing a National Action Plan to Reduce, and Where Feasible, Eliminate Mercury Use in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining Working Draft August 17, 2015. Available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11371/National_Action_Plan_draft_guidance_v12.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, accessed 17 November 2017. 5Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW): Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs, 2010. Available at https://www.elaw.org/files/mining-eia-guidebook/Full-Guidebook.pdf, accessed 16 November 2017. 6MinistryofEmploymentandEconomy:Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure for Mining Projects in Finland, 2015. Available at http://en.gtk.fi/export/sites/en/mineral_resources/EIA_guidelines_for_mining_projects_in_Finland_2015.pdf, accessed 16 November 2017. 7MozhgonRajaee,AllisonK.Yee,RachelN.Long,ElishaP.Renne,ThomasG.Robins,NiladriBasu,PulmonaryfunctionandrespiratoryhealthofruralfarmersandartisanalandsmallscalegoldminersinGhana,InEnvironmentalResearch,Volume158,2017,Pages522-530,ISSN0013-9351.Availableathttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935117302463,accessed16November2017.8ObiriS,MattahPAD,MattahMM,etal.AssessingtheEnvironmentalandSocio-EconomicImpactsofArtisanalGoldMiningontheLivelihoodsofCommunitiesintheTarkwaNsuaemMunicipalityinGhana.BasuN, KeaneS,

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deforestationarevaluableleadstobetterunderstandtheenvironmentalimpactofmininginthe focus area. Subsequently, this information can be enriched by othermethods such assatelliteanalysisondeforestation.9,10

1.3 ProcessOverview

Usingthetoolisintendedtobesimple.Thetypicalsequenceforutilizingthetoolcontainssevensteps:

1. Sign-upforafreeserver

2. Uploadthetailoredformintoyourownserver

3. ConfigureyourAndroiddatacollectiondevice

4. Collectthedata

5. Managedatacollection

6. MakeaMapandDownloadthedata

2 Sign-upforaFreeServer

2.1 ChoosingYourServer

Oneofthebestthingsaboutthetoolisthatitisentirelyfree.Thefirstthingyouneedtodoistosignupforafreeserveraccountathttp://www.kobotoolbox.org/.Therearetwosecureandfreeserveroptionsavailable:

Figure1:Sign-upforafreeserver

MoherPB,eds.InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth.2016;13(2):160.Availableathttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772180/,accessed16November2017.9UNITAR-UNOSAT: Satellite Mapping of Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, UN Environment 2017. Available at http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat-maps/ID/OT20151123IDN/UNOSAT_Central_Kalimantan_Report_Feb2016o.pdf, accessed 17 November 2017. 10KennethJDavis:SatelliteImageTimeLapseofArtisanalMininginPeru,Blogpost,12March2014.Availableathttps://geovisualist.com/2014/03/12/satellite-image-time-lapse-of-artisanal-mining-in-peru/,accessed17November2017.

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Thefirstone,providedbyUNOCHA,isadedicatedserverforhumanitarianorganizations.TheserverprovidedbyKoBoToolboxishostedbytheHarvardHumanitarianInitiative11,andthatistheoneyoushoulduse.Thereisanoptionofhostingyourownserver,howeverthisrequiresspecificITskillsonserverconfigurationandmaintenance.

2.2 DataProtection

Asinalldatacollection,ensuringdataprotectionisofparamountimportance,andneedstobeguaranteedateverystepofthedataprocess,includingdatacollection,storageandsharing.Therefore,doensureadequateanonymization,useasecureserverandclearlydefinedatasharingprotocols.

3 UploadtheFormOntoYourServer

3.1 UploadtheformThe tool is essentially a tailor-made form, which can bedistributedinMicrosoftExcel(xls)formatIfyoudon’thavetheforminxlsformatyet,youmustdownloadandsaveittoyourown computer. 12 Once logged in to the server, just click thebutton ‘new’ in the left-hand corner of the screen, choose‘upload’andselectthexlslfilefromthelocationyouhavesavedit.Donoteditthexlsfiledirectly.

3.2 DeployingtheformYou should now see a view as below and the only thing to do is to ‘deploy’ the form.Bydeployingtheform,youmakeitavailablefordatacollectionusingmobiledevices.Youcanviewtheformbyclickingthe‘eye’iconasseenbelow.

Figure3:Deploytheform

11Findoutmoreathttps://hhi.harvard.edu/about.12Theformisavailablefordownloadathttps://www.dropbox.com/s/wftpipgrdpezo82/MobileDataCollectionToolForASGMOverview16112017_form.xls?dl=0

Figure2:Uploadtheform

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4 ConfigureYourAndroidDataCollectionDevice

4.1 Whatdoyouneed?YouonlyneedarelativelynewsmartphoneoratabletusingtheAndroidoperatingsystem2.1ormorerecent13.Itisadvisabletosteerawayfromthecheapestdevices,whichmayposeproblemsinthefieldduetoshortbatterylifeandlimitedmemory,aswellasfromthemostexpensiveones,whichconstituteanunnecessarybudgetincreaseforyourdatacollectionandmayposearisktodatacollectorscarryingthemincontextswhereexpensivemobiledevicesare attracting attention. You only need a mid-range device with GPS, Wi-Fi and camerafunctionalitieswithapowerbank14.Youdonotwanttorunoutofbatteryinthemiddleofyour fieldvisit,so it isalso importantto invest inapowerbanktoaccompanythemobiledevice.Havingadevicewithamobileinternetconnectionisanadvantage,asyoucanthensendyourdataforvalidationonadailybasis.

Figure4:Mid-rangemobiledevicewithapowerbank

4.2 InstalltheDataCollectionApplicationThecompatibleapplicationtobeusedfordatacollectionistheODKCollectapplicationwhichcanbefreelydownloadedfromtheAndroidMarket15.

13Androidversion2.1‘Éclair’wasreleasedinJanuary2010.14E.g.aPowerbankwithcapacityof6000mAh15Asitcurrentlystands(November2017)theKoboCollectapplicationlacksonekeyfunctionalityandthuscannotberecommended.ODKCollectprovidesanoptiontochoosetheimagequalitytobeuploaded,whichisnecessaryinareaslackinggoodinternetcoverage.

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Figure5:InstallODKCollect

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4.3 InstalltheformontoyourmobiledeviceOnce you have installed the ODK Collect application,downloadingthetoolontoyourmobiledeviceiseasy:

1. OpentheODKCollectApplication2. Clickandchoose‘GeneralSettings’3. Click‘Server’4. EntertheserverURL

https://kc.kobotoolbox.org andyourusername

andpassword5. Return to home screen and open ‘Get Blank

Form’, then download‘MobileDataCollectionFormForASGMOverview’

6. Returnhomescreenandopen‘FillBlankForm’7. Choosetheformandstartcollectingdata

5 CollectData

5.1 NecessaryDeviceSettingsBefore starting data collection, you should ensure thatthedevice isusingtherightsettings.Forthis,opentheGeneralsettingsinKoBobyclickingthesymbolofthreedots in the right-hand corner and selecting ‘GeneralSettings’asdoneinpreviousStepalready.Select ‘Formmanagement’andyoushouldseetheviewasinFigure7.

Therearetwo16importantsettingsyoushouldcheck:

1. Keepthe‘Autosend’option‘Off’asyoumightliketo go back to some of your forms beforeuploadingthemtotheserver17.

2. ChoosethemostsuitablephotofilesizeforyourpurposesfromXX.Youhavethreeoptions

a. Medium(2048px)b. Small(1024px)c. Verysmall(640px).

Make your choice depending on your networkconditions. By default, photos are uploaded in their

16Ifshortinspace,selectoption‘Deleteaftersend’aswell.17Youcaneditsavedformsbyclicking‘EditSavedForms’atthehomescreen.

Figure6:HomeScreenofODKCollect

Figure7:Formmanagement

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nativeresolution,howeverthismaycauseproblemsin contexts with weak network connection. Option‘Small(1024px)’shouldworkfineinmostcasesevenintheruralareas.

5.2 UsingthedeviceonthefieldYou are now all set for the data collection. Werecommend you to fill-out the form at eachminingsite you are visiting. By ‘mining site’, we mean anextraction site or processing site as it has beendefined in Baseline Estimates for the Artisanal andSmall-scale Gold Mining Sector -A Toolkit andGuidebyTheArtisanalGoldCouncil(AGC).

5.3 NavigatingintheformUsingtheformissimple:Youcanmoveforwardandbackwardintheformbyswipingthescreentoleftorright with your finger. A few questions aremandatory,suchasyourname,preventingyoufromproceedinguntilyouhaveansweredthosequestions.You can also move rapidly around the form byclickingthe‘arrow’button,asshownintheFigure8. Figure8:Givingyournameismandatory

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Thetoolcontainsthreedifferentsections:

1. Nameandcontactdetails2. GeneralSiteCharacteristics3. Detaileddatacollection

a. Extraction(digging)b. Processing (Crushing, milling,

sluicing,amalgamation,etc.)c. CyanideLeachingd. EnvironmentalImpactAssessmente. Health and Socio-economic

Assessment

Note that locating yourself using GPS might takesomeminutes, as your device is trying to capturesignalsfromsatellites.Duringthattimetheaccuracybegins to approach 6m, but you may stop theprocessany timebyclicking ‘SaveGeoPoint’whenthe desired accuracy has been acquired. In idealconditions,theaccuracycanbeupto6metres

AlsonotethatGPSdoesn’tworkindoors,sofindanopenspotatthecenteroftheminingsitewhereyourecordyourlocation.

5.4 UploadthecollecteddataTouploadyourdata,youonlyneedtoopen‘SendFinalizedForm’,selecttheformorformsyouhavebeenworkingonandclick‘SendSelected’.PleasenotethatthisrequiresanInternetconnection.

Youcanedityoursavedformsusingtheoption‘EditSavedForms’,beforeuploadingthem,incase you want to change something. To enable others (e.g. project manager) to see thecollecteddataandtominimizetheriskofdatalossifsomethingshouldhappentoyourmobiledevice,youshouldtrytosendyourcollecteddataattheendofeachday.

6 ManageDataCollection

6.1 ViewthedataWhenloggedintotheserver,theusermustselecttheformtheyareinterestedin.Incaseyouare using KoBoToolbox for the first time, you should now have only one deployed formavailable, namely ‘MobileDataCollectionFormForASGMOverview’.When you select ‘DATA’youwillbegivendifferentoptionstoviewyourdata:

• Reports(Quickglanceanalysisofthedata)• Table

Figure9:UsingGPS

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• Gallery(Photos)• Map(Locationsoftheminingsitesonamap)• Downloads (You can download your data in various formats, including Excel.We

speakmoreaboutthisinStep7.)

Figure10:Use'DATA'viewtomanagedatacollection

6.2 AddadditionaldatausingthebrowserYoumayalsowanttoaddminingsitestothedatabasewithoutactuallyvisitingthesitesbasedonliteraturereviewsordataavailablebythegovernmentofficials.ThiscanbealsodoneattheKoBoserverasyoucanseebelow.

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Figure11:Adddatausingbrowser

6.3 AddmissinginformationofgoldproductionandmercuryusageAsgoldproductionandmercuryusearecalculatedusingthedetailedfieldformsprovidedasapartofthemethodologyforbaselineestimates,youcanaddthatinformationlatertothedatabaseusingeitherthe‘Table’or‘Map’view18:Justopenthedata(Table)orclickthedatapoint(Map),andtheformwillbeopenedasillustratedinFigure13.Click‘EditSubmissionData’andyouarefreetoeditallsubmitteddataoraddnewinformation.Justremembertosubmittheformonceyouaredonetomakethesechangespermanent.

18Forexample,youcanaddthedataongoldproductionandmercuryuseonceyouarebackinyouroffice.

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Figure13:Click'EditSubmissionData'toaddmissinginformationortoeditsubmitteddata.

6.4 SharethedataThe data collected is available only for authorized person. The server uses a securitycertificate to ensure all the data sent to the server are private. Sharing the datawith theprojectsteeringcommitteeorwithkeystakeholderscanbedoneeasilyattheformsettingsbyturningonthe‘Sharingbylink’option,asshownbelow.

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Figure14:Turnon'Sharingbylink"toshareyourdata

Byenablingsharingbylink,youcansimplysharethebluelinktoanyonetogivethemaccesstoyourdata.Pleasenotethatusersreceivingthelinkcanonlyviewandcommentonthedata.Theydonothavepermissiontoalterthedataortheprojectsettings,norcantheysubmitnewdata.

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7 MakeaMapandDownloadtheData

7.1 MakeaMapEventhoughKoBoToolboxserverdoesnotoffersophisticatedtoolsforanalysis,asimplemapcan easily be generated. In addition to only showing themap points, you can generate asimplelegendbyopening‘ViewBy’andselectingacharacteristictobeillustratedasseenintable1.Suitablebackgroundmapcanalsobechosen.Thepreparedmapcanbesavedsimplybytakingascreenshot,ashasbeendowninFigure15.

Figure15:Exampledata:LicensedGoldminesinGeneva,SwitzerlandandFrankfurt,Germany

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Worstpracticehighlighted19 ‘ViewBy’optionselected

Wholeoreamalgamation ‘Selecttheapplicablestatementfortheprocessingsystem:’

Openburningofamalgamorprocessedamalgam

‘Areretortsused?’

Burningofamalgaminresidentialarea ‘Dotheyburnamalgaminresidentialarea?’

Cyanideleachinginsediment,oreortailingstowhichmercuryhasbeenaddedwithoutfirstremovingthemercury

‘Dotheyfirstremovethemercurybeforeapplyingcyanideinsediment,oreortailings?’

Table1:Howtohighlightselected'worstpractices'

7.2 DownloadtheDataToanalyzethegatheredinformationwithothertools,suchasMSExcel,SPSS,orQGIS,youcandownloadthedataandpicturesbyselecting‘Data’, ‘Downloads’andthenselectingtheneeded data format. Data can be downloaded in typical xls format and pictures can bedownloadedcompressedinazipformat.

Figure16:Availableformatstodownloadthedata

TodownloadthedatainaformatsuitablefortoolssuchasMSExcel,youshouldselectexporttype‘xls’andthenselectValueandheaderformatas‘XMLvaluesandheaders’.Thismakesthedownloadeddatamuchcleanertouse.

Downloadingpicturesisastraightforward,astypicaloperatingsystems being used automatically know how to opencompressed ZIP folders. Please note that the excel filemakes

19SocalledworstpracticesareoutlinedintheMinamataConvention(Article7:AnnexC).

Figure17:Choosethecorrectheaderformat

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referencestothepicturesusingtheuniquefilenamesofthepictures.20

8 FurtherConsiderations:GeospatialanalysisTherearemultiplereasonswhyitisimportanttoconductfurtherspatialanalysisonwheregoldminingtakesplaceinacountry.Initssimplestform,youmightliketoknowwhetherminingactivitiesaretakingplaceinprotectedareas,oriftherearelakesorriversnearby.Additionally,itisillustrativetoseewhereisthenearestschoolorahealthcarecenter,asittellsusaboutthegenerallivingconditionsofminersandtheirfamilies.Theextenttowhichthiskindofdataisavailableandaccessibletothepublicdependsonthecountryandcontext.

Thereareplentyofwaystoconductgeospatialanalysis,andtwodifferentapproachesarebrieflyintroducedhere:MapXisaservicedevelopedjointlybyUNEnvironment,theWorldBankandGRID-Geneva,whosemissionisto‘supportthesustainableuseofnaturalresourcesbyincreasingaccesstothebestavailablegeospatialinformation,technologyandmonitoringtools.’ You can accessMapX at https://www.mapx.org/.Whether the analysis is done byyourselforbyhiringaGISanalyst,thereareplentyoftoolsavailablesuchasArcGIS(paid)andQGIS(free),tonameafew.

9 MakingYourOwnFormFinally,itishighlypossiblethatdependingonyourcontextyoumightconsidercustomizingthe standard form provided.21Therefore, the form has been licensed under the CreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense.Forthis,followinstructionsoutlinedintheKoBoToolboxuserportal.22Thislicenseletsyouremix,tweak,andbuildupontheprovidedformevenforcommercialpurposes,aslongasyoucreditUNITARandUNEnvironmentandlicenseyournew formunder the identical terms.Wewouldalsohighlyappreciate, if youwouldsendusacopyofthenewformyoucreatedforourreferenceandlearning.

20TolinkthepicturesattheKoBoToolboxservertoyourExcelfile,youcantofollowinstructionsavailableattheKoBoToolboxsupportforum:http://support.kobotoolbox.org/customer/portal/questions/16294267-photo-collection,accessed17November2017.

21Detailedinstructionsonhowtobuildoreditaformcanbefoundathttp://support.kobotoolbox.org/customer/en/portal/topics/690866-creating-forms/articles,accessed17November201722Toviewacopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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