Mobilephones,Internet,informa3on,andknowledge:Myanmar2016
PresentedbyHelaniGalpayaResearchTeam:HelaniGalpaya,Ayesha
Zainudeen,SuthaharanPerumpalam,GayaniHurulle,HtaikeHtaikeAung,PhyuPhyuThi
ThisworkwascarriedoutwiththeaidofagrantfromtheInternaAonalDevelopmentResearchCentre,CanadaandtheDepartmentforInternaAonalDevelopmentUK..
1
AboutLIRNEasia
• Ourmission:– “Catalyzingpolicychangethroughresearchtoimprovepeople’slivesintheemergingAsiaPacificbyfacilita<ngtheiruseofhardandso>infrastructuresthroughtheuseofknowledge,informa<onandtechnology.“
2
MIDO
• www.myanmarido.org• Myanmar-basednon-governmentalorganizaAon,focusingonInformaAonandCommunicaAonTechnologyforDevelopment(ICT4D)andInternetPolicy.
• Vision:tonarrowthedigitaldividebetweenruralandurbanMyanmar,withtheapplicaAonofICTinsocioeconomicsectorswiththeaimofreducingpovertyandpromoAnginclusiveness.
• Headedbyaboardofdirectors,MIDOhasfull-Ameandpart-Amestaff,aswellasvolunteers.
• ConductsnaAonwidecapacitybuildinginICTsandengagesinresearchwiththeaimofstrengtheningthecoredevelopmentgoalsofMyanmar.
4
ThirdEye–contractedforfieldresearch
• Myanmarbasedmarketresearchfirm(selectedthroughacompeAAveprocurementprocess)– Carriedoutfieldwork(includingpilottesAngofquesAonnaire)
• CreatedinOctober2013asajointventurebetweenDecisionSupportService(DSS)andaninternaAonalinvestorgroupwithextensivemarkeAngandresearchbackground.
• Withitsrootsinsocialresearch,ThirdEyehasnowexpandedintotheconsumerarena.
• Experiencedinawiderangeofservicesincludingmarketresearch,social,economic,andpovertystudies.
• AlsoprovideanalyAcalsupportforthedatathattheycollect.
5
LIRNEasiaandMIDO:Researchanddissemina3onofresearch
• Demand-sideresearchonICTneedsanduses• 2014–Howcanlow-incomeurbanmicro-entrepreneursinMyanmarbenefit
fromICTuse• 2015-WithGSMA,Gender,MobilephonesandInternetinMyanmar• 2015-NaAonallyrepresentaAvesurveyonICTneedsandusageinMyanmar
(baseline)• 2016–NaAonallyrepresentaAvesurveyofICTneedsanduseinMyanmar
(end-line)• 2016–HowdoMyanmarusersrespondtozero-rated/subsidizedmobile
Internetdataoffers(forthcoming)• 2017–ImpactanalysisofmobilephonerolloutinMMusingbaselineand
end-linesurveydata(forthcoming)• TranslaAonandpublicaAonofbooksintoMyanmarlanguage
(2014)• Ling,Donner(2009).MobileCommunica<on• Elder,Samarajiva,Gillwald,Galperin(2013).Informa<onLivesofthePoor6
LIRNEasiaandMIDO:Capacitybuilding&policyinterven3ons
• 2015-SocialmediaandICTsforImprovedgovernance• Coursefor20membersofUpperandLowerHouses• Coursefor70+membersoftheYangonHlufaw
• 2014-ICTsectorpolicymakingandregulaAon• Trainingof18Parliamentariansfrom6poliAcalparAes
• 2014-ICTsectorpolicymaking,regulaAon,monitoringofsectorperformance• Trainingfortelecomoperators,MPT
• 2013–ICTregulaAon,howtobegoodconsumersofresearch• TrainingcivilsocietyorganizaAons,governmentandprivatesector
• DetailedCommentsonthetelecomlegislaAonandregulaAons(2014)
7
Outlineofpresenta3on
• Methodology• RespondentandhouseholdcharacterisAcs• HouseholdICTownership• Telecomuse• Mobileownership• MulApleSIMuseandtoppingup• Internetuse• Digitalskills• Non-owners• Computeruse• InformaAonsources,needsandaccess• PercepAonsaboutmobiletechnologyanditsimpacts
8
Na3onallyrepresenta3vesurveyonICTneedsandusageinMyanmar
• Purpose:– ToassesswhereMyanmarstandsinICTsnow– Tomeasureimpactsofmobileinoverayear
• FocusonmobileandInternet(whereinuse)• DatacollectedinJun-Aug2016bycomputeraided
personalinterviewing(CAPI)– 7,500householdsfrom375‘clusters’(urban=wards;rural=villagetracts)
• HouseholdquesAonnaire(fromhouseholdhead)• IndividualquesAonnaire(oneindividualaged15-69randomlyselected)
– FieldworkconductedbyThirdEyeCo
10
Representa3veof97%ofhouseholdsand96.3%ofpopula3onaged15-65
• At3%marginoferror,representaAveof– 96.3%populaAonaged15-65– 97%oftotalhouseholds– 91.8%oftotalpopulaAon
• InallaccessibleareasofMyanmar;representaAveof298of330townships– 32townshipsexcludedduetosecurity
concerns
SurveylocaAonsSource:SurveySolu<ons
11
Townshipsexcludedfromsamplingframeduetoinaccessibility/securityconcerns(approx.3%ofpopula3on)
12
NorthernHills EasternHills Delta LongCoastChipwi Bawlakhe Cocokyun ButhidaungHpakan Hopang MaungdawInjangyang Hpapun RathedaungKhaunglanhpu KonkyanLahe KunlongLayShi LaukkaingMachanbaw MatmanNanyun MeseNawngmun MongmaoPaletwa MongyawngPuta-O NarphanSumprabum PangsangTanai PangwaunTsawlaw Shadaw
TownshipsSurveyNotCarriedOut
Stra3fiedfourstagePPSclustersamplingdesignused
Stage Numberselected Samplingframe MethodofselecAon
Stage1 74townships(units) Listoftownshipsinorderof#ofHH[asper2014NaAonalCensus] PPSwithreplacement
Stage2 2wards+3VTpertownship
ListofWards/VTsinsampletownshipsinorderof#ofHH[asper2014NaAonalCensus]
PPSwithreplacement
Stage3 2streetsperward+2villagesperVT
Listofsegmentsinsamplewards/VTsinorderof#ofHH[obtainedonthefieldfromlocaladministrator]
PPSSystemaAcsampling
Stage4 10HHperSegment none;HHswithinsamplesegmentlistedonthefield CircularsystemaAcsampling
AserHouseholddatacollectedfromHHhead1individualperHH
ListofHHmembersaged15-69inorderofage
Kishgrid(randomnumberchart)
13HH–Household;VT–Villagetract
Stage1:Selec3onoftownshipsComparisonwith2015data
• 70townshipsweresampledin2015;74townshipsin2016.
• 58townshipssampledacrossthetwosurveyswerethesame12townshipsfromthe2015surveywerenotsampledin2016;16newtownshipsaddedinstead.
Stage3:Listofwardsbeingcollectedfromlocal
administrator
Stage4:Lis3ngofhouseholdsatcluster
leader’shome
Furtherstra3fica3onby...
1) Geographicregion(Delta,Easternhills,Longcoast,etc.)2) PopulaAonsize(bigciAes;othermajorciAes;smallertownships)3) Urban/rural
NorthernHills(8.9%)
EasternHills(14.4%)
MiddleDryZone(26.3%)incl.
MDY&NPT5.7%
LongCoast(13.7%)
LowerValley(23.8%)
incl.YGN10%Delta(12.9%)
Geographicstra3fica3on
PopulaAon(%)
Northernhills 8.9
Middledryzone(incl.MandalayandNayPyiTaw) 26.3
Easternhills 14.4
Lowervalley(incl.Yangon) 23.8
Delta 12.9
Longcoast 13.7
18
NorthernHillsMiddledryzoneEasternhillsLowervalleyDeltaLongcoast
Popula3onsizestra3fica3on(mainstrata)
19
Excluded
3BigCiAesOtherMajorCiAes/TownshipsSmallerTownships
Criteria Townships
PopulaAon(%)
BigciAes(Yangon,Mandalay,NayPyiTaw)
PopulaAon>1m
46 15.7
OthermajorciAes/townships*
PopulaAon0.25-1m
51 28.4
SmallertownshipsPopulaAon<0.25m
201 52.3
Excludedtownships
Inaccessible 32 3.6
BasedonProvisionalResultsof2014Popula<on&HousingCensusofMyanmar*Townshipconsistsofurbantownsandwardsaswellasruralvillagetractsandvillages
State/Region
Total(millions)
Urban(millions)
Rural(millions)
Urban(%oftotal)
Rural(%oftotal)
Urban-Sample
Rural-Sample Totalsample
Kachin 1.6 0.6 1.1 36% 64% 120 180 300
Kayah 0.3 0.1 0.2 25% 75% 80 120 200
Kayin 1.5 0.3 1.2 22% 78% 80 120 200
Chin 0.5 0.1 0.4 21% 79% 80 120 200
Sagaing 5.3 0.9 4.4 17% 83% 240 360 600
Tanintharyi 1.4 0.3 1.1 24% 76% 120 180 300
Bago 4.9 1.1 3.8 22% 78% 200 300 500
Magway 3.9 0.6 3.3 15% 85% 200 300 500
Mandalay 6.1 2.1 4 35% 65% 560 440 1000
Mon 2.1 0.6 1.5 28% 72% 120 180 300
Rakhine 2.1 0.4 1.7 17% 83% 120 180 300
Yangon 7.4 5.2 2.2 70% 30% 980 320 1300
Shan 5.8 1.4 4.4 24% 76% 240 360 600
Ayeyawady 6.2 0.9 5.3 14% 86% 320 480 800
NayPyiTaw 1.2 0.4 0.8 33% 68% 160 240 400
Total 50.2 14.9 35.3 30% 70% 3620 3880 7500
Myanmarpopula3onandsurveysample
20
Datacollec3onathouseholdlevels
Level Datacollected Method Who/wheredatawascollectedfrom
Representa3on
Household
HouseholdcharacterisAcs-Income&Expenditure,electricity,ICT
Personalinterview
HHheadorsuitablealternaAve
MMhouseholdslivinginaccessibleareas(97%)
Individual
IndividualcharacterisAcs;ICTuse,ICTownership,percepAonsofICT,informaAonneeds
Personalinterview
RandomlyselectedHHmemberaged15-69
PopulaAonaged15-69(96.3%)
21
Note:Forcomparabilitywithlastyear’ssurvey,theupperagelimitwassetto65whenconducAnganalysis,n=7,204
Sampledemographicsconsistentwith2014Census–urban/ruralsplit
31%
69%
UrbanRural
Urban/ruralsplit:2015
32%
68%
Urban
Rural
Urban/ruralsplit:2016
Base:AllHouseholdssurveyed(8,138) Base:AllHouseholdssurveyed(7,204)
23
UnionCensus2014PopulaAon
%
Urban 70Rural 30
Sampledemographicsconsistentwith2014Census-gender
46%
54%MaleFemale
Gendersplit:2015
47%
53%MaleFemale
Gendersplit:2016
Base:Allrespondentsaged15-65 Base:Allrespondentsaged15-65
24
UnionCensus2014PopulaAon
%
Male 47Female 53
SampleProfile:AgeDistribu3oninMyanmar
27 26 25
24 24 22
21 21 20
17 17 19
11 12 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2014UnionCensus 2015Survey 2016Survey
Agedistrib
u3on
ofrespo
nden
ts(%
)
Agedistribu3on(%)
55-65
45-54
35-44
25-34
15-24
25Base:Allrespondentsaged15-65
0
0
1
1
1
2
8
15
15
15
41
-
0
-
-
0
4
0
8
6
32
49
- 10 20 30 40 50 60
Others
UnsafehutlasAng1year
Condominium
Flat/apartmentwithparquet/tongueandgrooveplankflooring
Highlyrenovatedbrickhouse
Safehutbuiltwithrudimentarymaterials
Commonflat/apartment
Semibrickhouse/semibricknogginghouse
Commonbrickhouse/bricknogginghouse
Woodenpillarandbamboo-matwallhouse
Housewithplankfloorandwall/woodenhouse
Typeofhouse(%ofhouseholds)
Rural
Urban
Woodenhouseswidelyprevalentacrossurbanandruralareas
Base:Allhouseholdssurveyed
ProporAonofwoodenhouseshaveincreasedinbothurbanandruralareas,whiletheproporAonofwoodenpillarandbamboomatwallhouseshavefallen.ProporAonofsafehutswithrudimentarymaterialshavehalvedinbothareas.
Woodenhouse
26
Bamboohouse
0
1
1
1
2
4
11
12
15
18
36
- 10 20 30 40 50
Others
UnsafehutlasAng1year
Condominium
Flat/apartmentwithparquet/tongueandgrooveplankflooring
Highlyrenovatedbrickhouse
Safehutbuiltwithrudimentarymaterials
Commonflat/apartment
Semibrickhouse/semibricknogginghouse
Commonbrickhouse/bricknogginghouse
Woodenpillarandbamboo-matwallhouse
Housewithplankfloorandwall/woodenhouse
Urban-2015
0
0
1
1
1
2
8
15
15
15
41
- 10 20 30 40 50
Urban-2016
Base:AllHouseholdsSurveyed(2015–8128,2016-7204)
TypeofHousing:Urban(%ofMyanmarhouseholds)
Housewithplankfloorandwall/woodenhousesincreasedinurban
27
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
8
6
32
49
- 10 20 30 40 50
Others
UnsafehutlasAng1year
Condominium
Flat/apartmentwithparquet/tongueandgrooveplankflooring
Highlyrenovatedbrickhouse
Safehutbuiltwithrudimentarymaterials
Commonflat/apartment
Semibrickhouse/semibricknogginghouse
Commonbrickhouse/bricknogginghouse
Woodenpillarandbamboo-matwallhouse
Housewithplankfloorandwall/woodenhouse
Rural-2016
-
1
-
-
1
9
-
5
6
36
42
- 10 20 30 40 50
Others
UnsafehutlasAng1year
Condominium
Flat/apartmentwithparquet/tongueandgrooveplankflooring
Highlyrenovatedbrickhouse
Safehutbuiltwithrudimentarymaterials
Commonflat/apartment
Semibrickhouse/semibricknogginghouse
Commonbrickhouse/bricknogginghouse
Woodenpillarandbamboo-matwallhouse
Housewithplankfloorandwall/woodenhouse
Rural-2015
Base:AllHouseholdsSurveyed(2015–8128,2016-7204)
TypeofHousing:Rural(%ofMyanmarhouseholds)
RuralMMmovingtowardsbeeerhousing,7%increaseinhouseswithplankfloorandwall/woodedhouse
Motorcycles/threewheeledcarares3lldominantbutcarownershipdoubled.
UnionCensus2014ModeoftransportaAon
%
Car/Truck/Van 3Motorcycle/Moped 39Bicycle 364-Wheeltractor 3Canoe/Boat 4Motorboat 2Cart(bullock) 22
Q:Doesyourhouseownaworking/funcAoning_________?
1
2
2
2
4
12
33
59
1
0
1
2
2
13
38
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pick-up/homepick-upcar/truck/truckfreightcar/lorry/otherheavydutyvehicle
Tractor/anyagriculturevehicle
Motorboat/outboardmotorboat
Boat/sampan
Car(sedan/wagon/van/pick-up/SUV)
Cart(ponycart/bullockcart)
Bicycle/electricbicycle
Motorcycle/threewheeledcar
Ownershipofmodesoftransporta3on(%ofhouseholds)
2015
2016
Base:allhouseholdssurveyed
Q:WhatismainacAvityof[name]duringthelast6months? Base:MyanmarpopulaAon15-65
11111123455
811
1516
26
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
HighrankofficialsFullAmedevoAoninreligionSoughtjobbutdidn'tgetone
Owneroflivestock/fishery/forestryFamilyworkerinnonagriculture
Notabletowork(unhealthy/disabled)Oldagedanddon'twork(pension/supports
Doesnotworkanddidn'tseekjobMiddle/juniorofficers/managers
OtherbusinessownersFullAmelearning(student)
Familyworkersinagriculture/livestock/fishery/Skilled/semiskilled/casualworkerSelfemployedinnonagriculture
FarmersFullAmehousewife
Mainoccupa3onalgroup(%15-65popula3on)
Notinthelaborforce Inthelaborforce
62%inthelaborforce;othersnotworkinginformallaborforceorlookingforemployment
87%
40%
13%
60%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
Notinthelabourforce
Inthelabourforce
58% 64%
42% 36%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban Rural
Laborforcepar3cipa3onovertheprevioussixmonths(%15-65popula3on)
Notinthelabourforce
Inthelabourforce
Laborforcepar3cipa3onsignificantlyhigheramongmen(comparedtowomen)
Base:15-65populaAon31Q:WhatismainacAvityof[name]duringthelast6months?
62%
38%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Laborforcepar3cipa3onovertheprevioussixmonths(%15-65popula3on)
Notinthelabourforce
Inthelabourforce
Economicstatus:LIRNEasiasurveys(2015,2016)vs.MyanmarGovt.Census(2014)
• Censusdata2yearsoutdated,butbestpubliclyavailable• Agebandsdifferby1year(65vs.64)• HouseholdsurveysàhigherproporAonofhousewives
Economicstatusintheprevioussixmonths
2015LIRNEasiasurvey:%of15-65popula3on
2016LIRNEasiasurvey:%of15-65popula3on
2014UnionCensus:%of15-64popula3on
Inthelaborforce
Employed 59% 61% 64%Unemployed(Soughtjob,gotnojob) 3% 1% 3%
Notinthelaborforce
FullAmehousewife 25% 26% 21%Full-Amestudent 7% 5% 5%Oldagedanddon’twork 2% 2% 2%Notabletowork(Unhealthy/Disabled) 1% 1% 1%Didnotworkanddidn’tseekjob 3% 3% 0%Notworkingforotherreasons 1% 0.4% 4%Total 100% 100% 100%
Themajorityofthoseworkingearnviaprofit/dividend/interestbasis
Q:Howdoyouearnmainly?Isitbyprofit/dailywages/contractearning/salary?33
Base:ThoseengagedineconomicacAvityintheprevioussixmonths
Profit/dividends/interest46%
Dailywage19%
Inkind/noearningin
cash14%
Monthlysalary12%
Contractearning/piecerate
7%
Other2%
Typeofearning(%ofthoseengagedineconomicac3vityinthepervioussixmonths)
• Profitdividendinterestearnedby– 85%offarmers– 80%ofownersoflivestock/fisheryand
forestry– 58%otherbusinessowners– 55%selfemployedinnon-agriculture
• Dailywageearnedby– 70%ofskilled/semi-skilled&casual
workers• Monthlysalaryearnedby
– 80%ofhighrankofficials(govt/pvtsector),lawmakers,professionals,technicians
– 90%ofmiddle/juniorofficers/managers(govt&private)
• In-kind/noearningcashreportedby– 68%offamilyworkersinagri/
livestock/fishery/forestry– 72%offamilyworkersinnon
agricultures
Householdincomeandexpenditure(MMK)
Income Expenditure
Myanmartotal 265,620 178,669
Urban 352,941 235,002
Rural 228,017 152,511
Income Expenditure
Mean 267,620 178,669
Median 200,000 150,000
Inthepast12months,whatisyourhousehold’sregularmonthlyincome(incash)/expenditurepermonth?
Base:Allhouseholds34
Meanhouseholdincomeandexpenditure(MMK):urbanvs.rural
MedianhouseholdincomeMMK200,000;MedianhouseholdexpenditureMMK150,000
Monthlyhouseholdincomeandexpenditure(%ofallhouseholds)Householdmonthlyincome(MMK) Total
100,000orbelow
100,001-300,000 300,001-500,000
500,001-1,000,000
1,000,001orabove
Householdmonthly
expenditure(MMK)
100,000orbelow 12% 16% 1% 0% 0% 30%100,001-300,000 2% 47% 12% 2% 0% 63%300,001-500,000 0% 4% 2% 0% 6%500,001-1,000,000 0% 1% 0% 1%
1,000,001orabove 0% 0% 0%
Total 13% 63% 17% 6% 1% 100%
Inthepast12months,whatisyourhousehold’sregularmonthlyexpenditure(incash)permonth?Inthepast12months,whatisyourhousehold’sregularmonthlyincome(incash)permonth?Base:Allhouseholds
Note:MonthlyexpenditureexcludespurchaseofhouseholddurablesandseasonaldonaAons
≈SECD-E,or‘bo_omofthepyramid’
IncomeinKyats/month SEC100,000orbelow E100,001-200,000 D200,001-300,000300,001-400,000 C400,001-500,000500,001-600,000
B600,001-700,000700,001-800,000800,001-900,000900,001-100,0000over1,000,000 A
SECGridforMyanmar(basedonhouseholdincome)
NEWSLIDE
About76%ofhouseholdswouldbeclassifiedasbeingattheBoeom/BaseofthePyramid”(BoP)
21%hadafamilymemberslivinginotherpartsofMyanmaroroverseas
14
6 1
80
Householdswithmigrantfamilymembers(%ofMyanmarhouseholds)
MigratedtotootherpartsofMyanmar
Migratedtoothercountries
Both
No
Q:ArethereanyimmediatefamilymemberswhohavemigratedtoeitherotherpartsofMyanmar(outsideofthistownorvillage)ormigratedabroad? Base:Allhouseholds
36
Only3.6%ofrespondentshadpersonalbankaccounts;athirdofthosewithbankaccountshaddebit/creditcards
Q:Doyoupersonallyhaveabankaccount/s?Doyoupersonallyhavedebit/creditcard?
37
Base:15-65populaAon
8.21.3 3.62.0 0.7 1.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Urban Rural Total
Havetheirownbankaccount Havetheirowndebit/creditcard
Popula3onwiththeirownbankaccount/sanddebit/creditcard/s(%15-65popula3on)
%houseswithbankaccount,2015 6.5% 0.9% 2.5%
Bank/moneytransferservicesandhand-carryingofcasharemostpopularmoneytransfermethods
Base:AllhouseholdswithmigrantsQ:Howdotheysendthemoneytothehousehold? 38
Bankormoneytransferservice(e.g.,WesternUnion,etc)
38%
Carriedbyhandincash21%
Throughsomeoneknownfromthisarea
17%
Cheque(cashedat/depositedatabank)
5%
Throughabusdriver3%
Other1%
Wedon’tsendorreceivemoneyto
anyone15%
Howmoneyissentandreceived(%ofhouseholdswithmigrants)
45%
9%
46%
2016
GovernmentelectricpowersupplyOtherelectricpowersupplyGovernmentandotherelectricpowersupplyNone
Q:Doesyourhouseholdhaveaccesstogovernmentelectricpowersupplyorotherelectricpowersupply?
54%ofhouseholdshadsomeformofelectricity
Base:Allhouseholds39
Accesstoelectricpowersupply(%ofhouseholds)
68%
24%
4%
4%
Commercializedprivatelyowned
generators
Solar
Rechargablebaferies
Other
Primarysourceofligh3ngfor‘Other'sourcesofelectric
power’(%ofthosewithaccessto'other'sources)
40%
14%
46%
2015
Yes,hasaccesstogovernmentelectricpowersupplyYes,hasaccesstootherelectricpowersupplyYes,bothNo
1.WBdatafor2012saysthat52.4%ofpopula3onhaveaccesstoelectricity(datasourceisnotspecified)2.MyanmarCensusrefers“MainSourceofLighAng”(whereelectricityisoneoftheopAons)thereforecannotcomparewithourdata.
Governmentownedpower
supply,88
Commercialized
privatelyownedpower
supply,3
Owngenerator
Solarpower,2
Carbafery
Rechargeable
bafery,4
Kerosene,diesel Candle,1
OthersUrban
Gridpowermostlyurban.Solarisbiggestsourceinruralareas
40
Mainsourceofligh3ng(%ofhouseholds)
Q:WhatisthemainsourceoflighAngforyourhouseholdinthelast12months? Base:Allhouseholds
Governmentownedpowersupply,25
Commercializedprivatelyownedpowersupply,12
Owngenerator,1
Solarpower,37
Carbafery,
3
Rechargablebafery,12
Kerosene,diesel,1
Candle,6Others,2
RuralGovernmentownedpowersupply
Commercializedprivatelyownedpowersupply
Owngenerator
Solarpower
Carbafery
Rechargablebafery
Kerosene,diesel
Candle
Others
19%
18%63%
Yes,hasaccesstogovernmentelectricpowersupplyYes,hasaccesstootherelectricpowersupplyYes,bothNo
88%
4%8%
88%
4%8%
25%
12%63%
Yes,hasaccesstogovernmentelectricpowersupplyYes,hasaccesstootherelectricpowersupplyYes,bothNo
Theshimtogovernmentpowersupplyfromothersourcesoccurredinruralareas
20162015
Nochange
Shisfrom“otherelectricitysupply”togovernmentpowersupply
Urban
Rural
41Base:Allhouseholds
Q:Doesyourhouseholdhaveaccesstogovernmentelectricpowersupplyorotherelectricpowersupply?
Accesstoelectricpowersupply(%ofhouseholds)
Amongallhouseholds,only23%ofhouseholdshad24hoursofelectricityonpreviousday
Q:Howmanyhoursdidthishouseholdhaveelectricityinthepast24hours? Base:Householdswithaccesstoelectricity
42%
14%23%
28%
7%
13%
8%
63%46%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Rural Total
Noelectricity
0-2hours
3-5hours
6-8hours
9-11hours
12-14hours
15-17hours
18-20hours
21-23hours
24hours
84
83
61
46
16
6
3
2
1
0
AcAveSIMcard
Mobilephone
TVsets
DVD/EVD/Blueraydiscs
Radiocasefeplayer/radio
Linephone
Notebook,laptopcomputer
Tabletcomputer
Desktopcomputer
InternetconnecAon(excl.viamobilephone)
HouseholdownershipofICTsandservices(%ofMyanmarhouseholds)
2015Survey
2016Survey
83%ofhouseholdshadamobilephonebyJuly2016
Averagenumberownedbyhouseholds
SIMcard 2.9
Phone(device) 2.3
Base:AllhouseholdsQ:HowmanyfuncAoningpiecesdoesthehouseholdown?44
58
57
52
44
18
5
2
1
1
2
84
83
61
46
16
6
3
2
1
0
AcAveSIMcard
Mobilephone
TVsets
DVD/EVD/Blueraydiscs
Radiocasefeplayer/radio
Linephone
Notebook,laptopcomputer
Tabletcomputer
Desktopcomputer
InternetconnecAon(excl.viamobilephone)
HouseholdaccesstoICTsandservices(%ofhouseholds)
2015Survey
2016Survey
Householdownershipofmobilephones,SIMs&TVincreased.Butmobiless3llthedominantformofICT
Base:AllhouseholdsQ:HowmanyfuncAoningpiecesdoesthehouseholdown?45
2014UnionCensusHouseholdICTs(%)
Mobilephone
32%
TV 50%
-
Radio 36%
Linephone 5%
Computer 4%
InternetconnecAo
n6%
%changesince2015
45
46
17
5
-11
20
50
100
0
-100
26%17%
31%29%
43%54%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Householdmobilephoneownership
(2015)
Householdmobilephoneownership
(2016)
HouseholdhandsetownershipbyGeography
Smallertownships
OtherMajorCiAes
BigCiAes
26%17%
31%29%
43%54%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
AcAveSIMcard(2015)
AcAveSIMcard(2015)
Householdac3veSIMownershipbyGeography
Smallertownships
OtherMajorCiAes
BigCiAes
Mobilesreachinghouseholdsinsmallertownships
Base:AllhouseholdsQ:HowmanyfuncAoningpiecesdoesthehouseholdown?
28% 22%
30%31%
42% 47%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
TV(2015) TV(2016)
TelevisionownershipbyGeography
Smallertownships
OtherMajorCiAes
BigCiAes
…..asaretelevisions
Base:AllhouseholdsQ:HowmanyfuncAoningpiecesdoesthehouseholdown?
Dailyuseofthephoneincreasedfrom29%to45%.Popula3onthathadneverusedaphonedecreasedfrom31%to9%
Q:Whendidyoulastuseaphonetotakeorreceiveacall? Base:Allrespondents49
917
20
2916
2310
13
7
5
0
1
7
531
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2015 2016
Lastuseofaphone(%of15-65popula3on)
Never
Can'tremember
Inthelastyear
Inthelastmonth
Inthelastweek
Yesterday
Earliertoday
Inthelasthour
Frequencyofphonecalling/receivingincreasedeverywhere;especiallyinruralareas
50Q:Whendidyoulastuseaphonetotakeorreceiveacall? Base:Allrespondents
• RuralpopulaAonthathadneverusedaphonedroppedfrom37%to9.6%• UrbanpopulaAonaged15-65twiceaslikelyasruraltohaveusedaphonewithinthelasthour,rural
populaAontwiceaslikelytohaveneverusedaphone
1826
512
33
37
14
25
155
37
10
0102030405060708090
100
2015 2016 2015 2016
Urban Rural
Lastuseofaphone(%of15-65popula3on)
Never
Can'tremember
Duringthelastyear
Duringthelastmonth
Duringthelastweek
Yesterday
Earliertoday
Inthelasthour
Higherearning/spendinghouseholdsmorefrequentusersofaphonesforcalling
Whendidyoulastuseaphonetotakeorreceiveacall?Base:15-65populaAon
13%22%
10%23%
25%
34%
24%
34%
23%
22%
24%
22%16%
10%
17%
10%7%
3%
8%
3%5%
4%
5%
4%11% 5%12%
4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Expenditurebelowmedian
Expenditureabovemedian
Incomebelowmedian
Incomeabovemedian
Monthlyhouseholdexpenditureaboveorbelowmedian
(MMK150,000)
Monthlyhouseholdincomeaboveorbelowmedian(MMK200,000)
Lastuseofaphone(%of15-65popula3on)
Never
Can'tRemember
Duringthelastyear
Duringthelastmonth
Duringthelastoneweek
Yesterday
Earliertoday
Inthelasthour
Women’suseofvoicecallsimprovedsince2015;catchingupwithmen,butnotfully
Year Usedphonewithinthelasthour
Usedphonewithintheday
Usedphonewithinthelastweek
2015 30% 24% 12%
2016 22% 18% 7%
Q:Whendidyoulastuseaphonetotakeorreceiveacall? Base:populaAonaged15-65
10 718.9 14.7
2318
31.726.6
1616
23.422.4
28 33
6 10
0102030405060708090
100
Male Female Male Female
2015 2016
Lastuseofaphone(%of15-65popula3on)
Never
Can'tremember
Duringthelastyear
Duringthelastmonth
Duringthelastweek
Yesterday
Earliertoday
Inthelasthour
Gendergapinuse=([Usebymales-Usebyfemales]/Usebymales)x100
52
Shimfromusinghousehold(common)phonestousingpersonalphones.Publicaccessphonesdownfrom8%to1%inayear
Q:Whoownsthephonethatyou(last)used?
53
4863
26
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2015 2016
Ownershipofthelastphoneused(%ofphoneusersaged15-65)
Other
Workplace/officephone/employerNeighbour
AfriendorrelaAve
Publicaccessphones
Anotherhouseholdmember
Thehousehold(commonphone)
Me(personalphone)
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
HouseholdphoneReduced
Urbanusersmorelikelytohaveusedapersonalphone;biggestincreaseinown-phoneinruralareas(sharingisreducing)
Q:Whoownsthephonethatyouused?54
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
71
34
48
80
55
63
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
2015 2016
Ownershipofthelastphoneused(%ofphoneusersaged15-65)
Other
Workplace/officephone/employer
Neighbour
AfriendorrelaAve
Publicaccessphones
Anotherhouseholdmember
Thehousehold(commonphone)
Me(personalphone)
Q:Whoownsthephonethatyouused?
Malesmorelikelytoownthephonetheylastused;womennearlytwiceaslikelytohaveusedacommonphoneorthephoneof
anotherhouseholdmember
55
74
54
11
20
918
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Male Female
Ownershipofthelastphoneused(%ofphoneusersaged15-65)
Publicaccessphones
AfriendorrelaAve
Neighbour
Anotherhouseholdmember
Thehousehold(commonphone)
Me(personalphone)
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
Trendsduetoincreaseinmobilephoneuse-mostomen,lastphoneusedwasamobile
Q:Whoownsthephonethatyou(last)used?Q:Whattypeofphoneisit?
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
1%
21%
4%
54%
6%
8%
80%
13%
99%
79%
96%
46%
94%
92%
20%
87%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Me(personalphone)
Thehousehold(commonphone)
Anotherhouseholdmember
Publicaccessphones
Afriend'sorrelaAve(whoisnotaneighbor)
Aneighbor(canincludefriendorrelaAve)
Myworkplace/Officephone/employer
Other
Whoownsthephonethatyoulastused?(%ofage15-65phoneusers)
Fixed(landline)
Mobile
Lowbases
Shareoffixed/land-linephonesmorethanhalved;womentwiceaslikelytousefixed/landphonesthanmen
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
4 8 6
96 92 94
020406080
100
Male Female Total
Mobile(GSMorCDMA)
Fixed
Q:Whattypeofphonedidyoumakeorreceiveyourlastphonecallfrom?
57
20 6
80 94
0
20
40
60
80
100
2015 2016
Mobile(GSMorCDMA)
Fixed
Typeofphoneusedtolastmake/receiveaphonecall(%ofphoneusersaged15-65)
Q:Forwhatpurposewasthis(last)call?
Morecallsmadeforsocialpurposesin2016
58
74 81
1716
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2015 2016
Purposeoflastphonecall-2015vs.2016(%phoneusersaged15-65)
Other
EmergencycommunicaAon
CoordinaAonofsomeotheracAvity
Livelihoodrelated
Socialpurposes
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
7685 81
2211 16
2 3 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Male Female Total
Purposeoflastphonecall-2015(%phoneusersaged15-65)
Other
EmergencycommunicaAon
CoordinaAonofsomeotheracAvity(excludinglivelihood)Livelihood-related
Socialpurposes/keepingintouch
Moremalesmadethelastcallforlivelihoodpurposethanfemales
Q:Forwhatpurposewasthis(last)call?59
Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
Urbanmenmostlikelytouseaphoneforlivelihoodpurposes;morethantwiceasmuchasurbanwomen
7084 79
86
2813 19 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Male Female Male Female
Urban Rural
Purposeoflastphonecall-urbanvs.rural(%phoneusersaged15-65)
Other
EmergencycommunicaAon
CoordinaAonofsomeotheracAvity
Livelihoodrelated
Socialpurposes
60Base:ThosewhohaveeverusedaphonebeforeQ:Forwhatpurposewasthis(last)call?
Ownershipchangestypeofuse:Morelivelihood-relatedcommunica3onamongmobileowners
10% 19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Non-owner(%) Mobileowner(%)
Purposeoflastphonecall(%ofphoneusersaged15-65)
Other(pleasespecify)
EmergencycommunicaAon
CoordinaAonofsomeotheracAvity(excludinglivelihood)Livelihood-related
Socialpurposes/keepingintouch
Q:Forwhatpurposewasthis(last)call? Base:Thosewhohaveeverusedaphonebefore
Lengthofownership/adop3onchangesuse:longeryouhaveaphone,higherthechancesoflivelihoodcalls
2925 26 25
1713
11
-5101520253035
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
%
YearthatfirstSIMcardwaspurchased
Lastcallmadewasforlivelihoodpurposes(%ofmobileowners)
(FIRSTHALF)
62Base:MobileownersQ:Forwhatpurposewasthis(last)call?
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?
Mobilephoneownershipincreasedfrom39%to61%overayear
64
39
61
0
20
40
60
80
100
2015 2016
Mobileownership(%of15-65popula3on)
Note:MobileownershipreferstohavingbothatleastoneacAveSIMandmobiledevice
Base:15-65populaAon
65%79%
26%
53%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2015 2016 2015 2016
Urban Rural
Mobileownership(%of15-65popula3on)
Non-owner
Mobileowner
Mobileownershipinruralareasdoubled
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?
65Base:15-65populaAon
4258
2016
Urban
Rural
Wheremobilephoneownerslive(%of15-65mobileowners)
Moremobilephonesnowinruralareascomparedtourban
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?
Base:Mobileowners
54%
46%
2015
Urban
Rural
33%19%
31%
30%
36%50%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
MobileOwnership(2015) MobileOwnership(2016)
MobileownershipbyGeography
Smallertownships
OtherMajorCiAes
BigCiAes
Muchofthemarket’sgrowthcamefromsmallersmallertownships
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?
Base:15-65populaAon
Mobileownershipamongmenandwomanincreasedbyequalpropor3on
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?68
46%
72%
33%52%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2015 2016 2015 2016
Male Female
Mobileownership(%of15-65popula3on)
Mobileowner Non-owner
Base:15-65populaAon
Thoughmorewomenownphonesnow,gendergapremains:Womenare28%lesslikelytoownaphonethanmen
2015 2016
Gendergap 28%* 28%
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?69
Gendergapinownership=(Malemobileowners-Femalemobileowners)x100 Malemobileowners
Base:15-65populaAon
46%33%
72%52%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male(%) Female(%) Male(%) Female(%)
2015 2016
Mobileownership(%of15-65popula3on)
Non-owner
Mobileowner
Mobileownershiphigherinhigherincome/spendinghouseholds
55%70%
49%
73%
45%30%
51%
27%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Expenditurebelowmedian
Expenditureabovemedian
Incomebelowmedian
Incomeabovemedian
Monthlyhouseholdexpenditureaboveorbelowmedian
(MMK150,000)
Monthlyhouseholdincomeaboveorbelowmedian(MMK200,000)
Mobileownership(%of15-65popula3on)
Non-owner
Mobileowner
Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?Base:15-65populaAon
Smartphoneonly,76
Smartphoneandkeypadphone,2
Keypadphoneonly,22
2016
Both
78%ofmobileownersownsmartphones.In2015itwas66%
Q:HowmanynumberoffuncAoningsmartphones(‘touchphones’)/keypadhandsetsdoyouown
Base:Mobilephoneowners
Mobilehandsettype(%ofmobileowners)
à48%of15-65
populaAonownsa
smartphone
….withcapabili3esneededforagoodInternetexperience
70
75
76
79
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DualSIMcapability
Internetbrowser
WiFi
ApplicaAons
Touchscreen
Camera
%
Featuresofprimarymobilehandset(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
Q:Whatarethefeaturesyourcurrentprimarymobilehandsethas?
Internetexperiencerelated
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
Smartphonepenetra3onbetweenmenandwomenequal;andincreasedequally
Base:Mobilephonesubscribers73
67%78%
65%77%
67%78%
33%22%
35%23%
33%22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male2015Male2016 / Female2015
Female2016
// Total2015Total2016
TypeofHandset(%ofMobileSubscribers)ByUrban/Rural NotOwningaSmart
phone
Q:What is the type your phone?
+16.4% +18.4% +16.4%
Smartphonepenetra3oninruralhasincreasedsharplyandurban-ruralgapreduced
Base:Mobilephonesubscribers74
75% 82%
57%74% 67%
77%
25% 17%
44%25% 33%
22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban2015
Urban2016
/ Rural2015Rural2016 // Total2015Total2016
TypeofHandset(%ofMobileSubscribers)ByUrban/Rural
NotOwningaSmartphone
OwningaSmartphone
Q:What is the type your phone?
+16.4%+29.8%+9.3%
84%
73%
57%51%
44%
67%
93%84%
76%
62%55%
78%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
15-24years 25-34years 35-44years 45-54years 55-64years OverallMyanmar
SmartPhonePenetra3on(%ofMobileOwners)
2015Survey
Base:AllMobileOwners
Smartphoneownerships3llhighestamongyoungeragegroups;buttheolderarecatchingup
75
+10.7% +15.0% +33.3% +21.5% +24.0% +16.4%
75Q:What is the type your phone?
%increasesince2015
Q:Howmuchdidyouspendtobuyyourprimarymobilehandset(withoutcostofSIMcard)?Base:Allmobilehandsetowners
MMK105,198(USD87)wasspentonaveragetobuyamobilehandset;comparedto94,500(USD90)in2015
Note:ExchangerateattheAmeoffieldworkusedtoconvertMMKtoUSD
MPTistheprimarytelecomoperatorformajorityofSIMcardowners;Telenorfollows
49%
35%
11%
5%
MPT Telenor Ooredoo MEC
Q:WhatisthenameofyourprimarySIMprovider? 78Base:AcAveSIMcardowners
Operatorofrespondent’sprimarySIMcard(%ofac3veSIMcardowners)
79%
15%
6%
2015 2016
%ofac3veSIMownerswithmorethan1SIMdoubledsince2015;mul3-SIMhigheramongyoungerandurban
79Q:HowmanyacAveSIMcardsdoyouhaveintotal?
Urban Rural Total
2015 17 8 13
2016 30 24 27
%ofac3veSIMcardownerswithmorethanoneSIMbyUrban/Rural
1125
8773
0102030405060708090
100
2015 2016
Numberofac3veSIMcardsowned(%ofac3veSIMcardowners)
4 3 2 1
Base:AcAveSIMcardowners
15-24years
25-34years
35-44years
45-54years
55-65years Total
33% 33% 23% 20% 16% 27%
%ofac3veSIMcardownerswithmorethanoneSIMbyAgegroup
56%havemorethanoneSIMtogetcoveragewherevertheygo
Q:TellmetheprimaryreasonthatyouhavemorethanoneSIMcard
80
56
15
14
75 31
PrimaryreasonforhavingmorethanoneSIMcard(%ofmulA-SIMowners)
SothatIcangetcoverageanywhereIgo
TogetcheaperorfreecallsandSMS
IfIrunoutofcreditononeconnecAon,thenIusetheotheroneTogetcheaperorfreedataservices
OneconnecAonisformybusinesscontacts,theotherisformypersonalonesItwasfreesoIjustgotit
Other
Base:Thosewhoownmorethan1acAveSIMcard
Inruralareasandsmalltownshipspeoplegetmul3pleSIMtogetcoverageanywheretheygo
48%63%
42%56% 63%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban Rural // BigCiAes OtherMajorCiAes
Smallertownships
IcangetcoverageanywhereIgo
PrimaryreasonforhavingmorethanoneSIMcard(%ofmul3-SIMowners)-Whostated“SothatIcangetcoverageanywhereIgo”asa
reason
Q:TellmetheprimaryreasonthatyouhavemorethanoneSIMcard Base:Thosewhohavemorethan1acAveSIMcard
Morefemaleshavemul3pleSIMtomakecheapercallsandusedataservices
16%
29%22% 20%
-10%
10%
30%
50%
Male Female // Incomebelow200,000
Incomeabove200,000
CheaperCallsandDataServices
PrimaryreasonforhavingmorethanoneSIMcard(%ofmul3-SIMowners)-Whostated“tomakecheapercallsanddataservices”asareason
Q:TellmetheprimaryreasonthatyouhavemorethanoneSIMcard Base:Thosewhohavemorethan1acAveSIMcard
Q:InrelaAontoyourprimaryandsecondarySIM,whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribeyourbehaviorinrelaAontotheseSIMs? 83
37%ofmul3-SIMusersusetheirsecondarySIMcardjustenoughtokeepthemfromgewngdisconnected
Base:Thosewhoownmorethan1acAveSIMcard
37
32
18
18
14
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
IusemysecondarySIMjustenoughtokeepitfromgetngdisconnected
IkeepbothmyprimaryandsecondarySIMcardsswitchedonmostoftheAme
ImostlyuseoneSIMforcallsandanotherfordata
IswitchonmysecondarySIMcardonlywhenIneedtouseit
Iusuallyspendmoreontop-upsformysecondarySIMthanformyprimarySIM
IhaveakeypadhandsetformysecondarySIM
BehaviorofrespondentswithmorethanoneSIM(%ofmobileownerswithmorethanoneSIM_
2418 15 14
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-65
Q:InrelaAontoyourprimaryandsecondarySIM,whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribeyourbehaviorinrelaAontotheseSIMs?
%ofthosewhouseoneSIMforcallsandanotherfordata
YoungercohortsmorelikelytouseoneSIMforcallsandanotherfordata
Base:Thosewhoownmorethan1acAveSIMcard
99%usetop-upcardstotop-uptheirphones
Q:HowdoyoutopuporreloadyourprepaidbalanceonyourprimaryconnecAon?
85
98%
1%1%
Methodoftop-upforprimarySIMcard(%ofac3veSIMcardowners)
Top-upcards
SMStop-upfromshop/agent/dealer
SMStop-upfromothers
Base:AcAveSIMcardowners
86
Q:Onaveragewhatwasthetotalamountoftop-ups/reloadsthatyoupurchasedinthelast1monthforyourprimarymobileconnecAons? Base:AcAveSIMcardowners
Totalaveragespendontop-upswasMMK7,494.AveragespendingontheprimarySIMwasMMK6,592andonthe
secondarySIMwasMMK3,857
9331
6182
79966890
7494
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Urban Rural / Male Female // Myanmaraverage
Averagetop-upmadeinthelastmonth(MMK)
Thoseinurbansewngsspendmostontop-ups.Menspendalielemorethanwomen
Q:Onaveragewhatwasthetotalamountoftop-ups/reloadsthatyoupurchasedinthelast1monthforyourprimaryandsecondarymobileconnecAons? Base:AcAveSIMcardowners
Q:Onaveragewhatwasthetotalamountoftop-ups/reloadsthatyoupurchasedinthelast1monthforyourprimaryandsecondarymobileconnecAons? Base:AcAveSIMcardowners
88
Femalesspendmoreontop-upsforsecondarySIMsthanmales
7,956
5,619
7,0016,098
6,592
4,735
3,0773,643
4,182 3,857
-1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000
Urban Rural / Male Female // Myanmaraverage
Averagetop-upmadeinthelastmonth(MMK):Primaryvs.secondarySIM
PrimarySIM
SecondarySIM
Only2%ownANDuseacomputer;only3%useone;17%don’tknowwhatacomputeris
2% 1%
80%
17%
Ownershipanduseofacomputer(%of15-65popula3on)
Ownanduse
Haveusedone,butdon'townone
Don'townoruseone
Don'tknowwhatacomputeris
Q:Doyouownorhaveyouusedacomputerinthelast12months?Thiscanincludeadesktop,laptoportablet(tab)computer.
Base:Allrespondents
Nearlyallthosewhoown/usecomputersliveinurbanareas
2
5
83
10
Urban
80
20
Rural Ownanduse
Haveusedone,butdon'townone
Don'townoruseone
Don'tknowwhatacomputeris
Ownershipanduseofacomputer(%of15-65popula3on)
Q:Doyouownorhaveyouusedacomputerinthelast12months?Thiscanincludeadesktop,laptoportablet(tab)computer.
Base:Allrespondents
Remember,computeruseislow:Only3%hadeverusedacomputer
2% 1%
80%
17%
Ownershipanduseofacomputer(%of15-65popula3on)
Ownanduse
Haveusedone,butdon'townone
Don'townoruseone
Don'tknowwhatacomputeris
Q:Doyouownorhaveyouusedacomputerinthelast12months?Thiscanincludeadesktop,laptoportablet(tab)computer Base:15-65populaAon
Amongthatsmallgroupofcomputerusers,16%weredailyInternetuserfromcomputers
Q:CanyoupleasetellmewhenthelastAmeyouusedtheInternetfromacomputeris?Base:Allthosewhohadusedacomputer(=227)
7
9
15
14
11
8
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Internetusefromacomputer(%ofthosethathaveusedacomputerbefore)
I'veneverheardoftheInternet
Never
Can'tremember
Duringthelastyear
Duringthelastmonth
Duringthelastweek
Yesterday
Earliertoday
Usedinternetfromacomputerwithinthelastday
NeverusedtheInternetfromacomputer
74%usedinternetfromacomputer
MalesmorethantwiceaslikelytohaveusedtheInternetfromacomputerwithinthelastday
111 7
10
79
1221
15
0102030405060708090
100
Male Female Total
MostrecentInternetusethroughacomputer-malesvs.females(%)
I'veneverheardoftheInternet
Never
Can'tremember
Duringthelastyear
Duringthelastmonth
Duringthelastweek
Yesterday
Earliertoday
Inthelasthour
Q:CanyoupleasetellmewhenthelastAmeyouusedtheInternetfromacomputeris?Base:Allthosewhohadusedacomputer(=227)
(129) (98) (227)
Q:Whichofthefollowingdescribesyourstatusofmobilephoneownership?
Mobilephoneownershiphigher&growingfast;Mostphonesaresmartphones.About50%ofthepopula3onownasmartphone
96
39
61
0
20
40
60
80
100
2015 2016
Mobileownership(%of15-65popula3on)
Note:MobileownershipreferstohavingbothatleastoneacAveSIMandmobiledevice
Base:15-65populaAon
Smartphoneonly,76
Smartphoneand
keypadphone,
2
Keypadphoneonly,22
2016
Mobilehandsettype(%ofmobileowners)
à48%of15-65
populaAonownsasmartphone
Result:49%ofhandsetownersusedataservices
Q:Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes?Base:Mobilehandsetowners
57%44%
51% 47% 49%
43%56%
49% 53% 51%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Rural / Male Female // Myanmartotal
Useofdataservicesonmobile(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
Doesnotusemobiledata
Usesmobiledata
Note:Referstothosewhosaidtheyusevariousdataservicesdaily/weekly/occasionally
72%
62%
48%
36%
35%
29%
29%
25%
23%
15%
15%
11%
10%
9%
6%
4%
2%
2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
NetworkcallsFormissedcallsTextmessages
Chat/instantmessagingAccessFacebook
Internetcalls(e.g.callsusingViber,Skype,Share/sendpicturesPlaygamesoffline
SearchforinformaAonDownloadpictures,musicandvideocontent
ListentomusicandwatchvideoonlineDownloadapplicaAons
Receiveupdates(e.g.,breakingnewsPlaygamesonlineordownloadinggames
EmailAccessonlinegovernmentservices
WikipediaMobilemoneyorbankingservices
Usesofmobilephone(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
Q:Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes?Base:Mobilehandsetowners
Thoughnetworkcallsandtextmessagess3lldominate,thereishighdatausebymobilehandsetowners
Note:Referstothosewhoanswereddaily/weekly/occasionally
21%
15%
8%
6%
3%
3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
4%
4%
4%
2%
2%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
10%
17%
18%
15%
25%
6%
12%
13%
10%
3%
5%
2%
2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
AccessFacebook
Chat/instantmessaging
Internetcalls(e.g.callsusingViber,Skype,Whatsapp
SearchforinformaAon
Share/sendpictures
Playgamesonline=ordownloadinggames
Downloadpictures,musicandvideocontent
Listentomusicandwatchvideoonline(streaming)
DownloadapplicaAons
Accessonlinegovernmentservices
Wikipedia
Mobilemoneyorbankingservices
Daily Weekly OccaAonally
Usesofmobilephone(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
MostFacebookusersaccessitdaily.Chatmessagesandinternetcallsalsohavefrequentuse.
Q:Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes? Base:Mobilehandsetowners
57%
80%
66%
20%
21%
24%
18%
9%
13%
6%
0
0
2%
72%
62%
48%
36%
35%
29%
29%
25%
23%
15%
15%
11%
10%
9%
6%
4%
2%
2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
NetworkcallsFormissedcallsTextmessages
Chat/instantmessagingAccessFacebook
Internetcalls(e.g.callsusingViber,Skype,Share/sendpicturesPlaygamesoffline
SearchforinformaAonDownloadpictures,musicandvideocontent
ListentomusicandwatchvideoonlineDownloadapplicaAons
Receiveupdates,suchasbreakingnewsPlaygamesonline=ordownloadinggames
EmailAccessonlinegovernmentservices
WikipediaMobilemoneyorbankingservices
2015
2016
Useofmobilephone(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
Q:Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes? Base:Mobilehandsetowners
TherehasbeengrowthintheuseofFacebookandchatapplica3ons
%changesince2015
é26%
ê23%
ê27%
é80%
é67%
é21%
é61%
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
Note:Referstothosewhoansweredbothdaily,weeklyandoccasionally
Usesofmobilephone(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
45%
42%
37%
36%
31%
29%
23%
20%
17%
13%
9%
6%
4%
3%
28%
31%
24%
25%
17%
23%
9%
12%
6%
6%
4%
2%
1%
1%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
AccessFacebook
Chat/IM
Sharingpictures
Internetcalls
SearchingforinfoontheInternet
Offlinegames
Downloadingpictures/music/videocontent
Streamingmusic/video
Downloadingapps
Onlinegaming/downloadinggames
Accessinggovernmentservicesonline
Mobilemoney/banking
Wikipedia
Urban
Rural
Q:Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes?Note:allthosewhosaytheusedaily,weekly,occasionallyarecountedintotaluse
Ruralmobileownersusedata;butlagbehindinthoseinurbanareas
Largegapinusagebetweenmobileownersfromhighvs.lowspendingHHs
Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes?Base:Mobileowners
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
26%
28%
28%
22%
20%
15%
11%
10%
6%
6%
4%
3%
2%
2%
44%
44%
44%
36%
31%
30%
19%
20%
15%
12%
8%
4%
2%
2%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
AccessFacebook
Internetcalls
Chat/IM
Sharingpictures
Offlinegames
SearchingforinfoontheInternet
Downloadingpictures/music/videocontent
Streamingmusic/video
Downloadingapps
Onlinegaming/downloadinggames
Accessinggovernmentservicesonline
Wikipedia
Mobilemoney/banking
Expenditurebelowmedian
Expenditureabovemedian
Note:Referstothosewhoansweredbothdaily,weeklyandoccasionally
Usesofmobilephone(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
2%
2%
4%
6%
11%
12%
16%
16%
24%
28%
32%
29%
37%
38%
2%
2%
4%
6%
6%
9%
14%
14%
21%
22%
27%
30%
35%
32%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Mobilemoneyorbankingservices
Wikipedia
Accessonlinegovernmentservices
Playgamesonlineordownloadinggames
DownloadapplicaAons
Downloadpictures,musicandvideocontent
Streamingmusicandvideo
SearchforinformaAon
Playgamesoffline
Share/sendpictures
Internetcalls(e.g.callsusingViber,Skype,
Chat/instantmessaging
AccessFacebook
Female
Male
Note:Referstothosewhoansweredbothdaily,weeklyandoccasionally
Usesofmobilephone(%ofmobilehandsetowners)
Womennottoofarbehindinsomedatausecategories
Q:Pleasetellmehowosenyouuseyourmobilephoneforanyofthefollowingpurposes? Base:Mobilehandsetowners
Lowdigitalskills.Manymanagewithsomeone’shelp
Q:Canyoupleasetellme,whichofthefollowingacAviAesyouhaveeverdoneonyourmobileorontheInternet/online,andforeachone,whetheryouhavedoneitbyyourself,orwithsomeoneelse’shelp.
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
22 21 18 19 21
1125
2125
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
SearchforinformaAonorothercontentontheInternet/online
InstallanapplicaAon(‘app’)
Createlog-indetails(user)and
apassword
LocateandadjustsetngsonanapplicaAonor
service
PostanyinformaAonon
online
Digitalskills(%ofmobilehandsetownerswhocanperformthetasksbythemselvesorwithhelp)
Can,withhelpfromsomeoneelse
Can,bymyself
Digitalliteracyisloweramongstfemales
24 19 2516 20 15
2413
23 18
1011
2327 20
23
22
28 67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
SearchforinformaAon/contentonline
Installanapp Setupanaccount(e.g.Facebook/
Viber,etc)
Locateandadjustapp/accountsetngs
PostinformaAononline
Digitalskills(%ofmobilehandsetownerswhocanperformthetasksbythemselvesorwiththehelpofothers)
Can,withhelpfromsomeoneelse
Canbymyself
Q:Canyoupleasetellme,whichofthefollowingacAviAesyouhaveeverdoneonyourmobileorontheInternet/online,andforeachone,whetheryouhavedoneitbyyourself,orwithsomeoneelse’shelp.
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
Digitalliteracyisloweramongrural
Q:Canyoupleasetellme,whichofthefollowingacAviAesyouhaveeverdoneonyourmobileorontheInternet/online,andforeachone,whetheryouhavedoneitbyyourself,orwithsomeoneelse’shelp.
Base:Mobilehandsetowners
31%
15%27%
16%23%
14%24%
15%28%
15%
10%
11%
26%
24%24%
19%
25%
24%7%
6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
SearchforinformaAononline
InstallanapplicaAon Setupandaccountin(Facebook,Viber,...)
Locate&adjustapporaccountsetng
PostanyinformaAonOnline
Yes,withhelpfromsomeoneelse
Yes,bymyself
Digitalskills(%ofmobilehandsetownerswhocanperformthetasksbythemselvesorwiththehelpofothers)
S3ll,affordabilitykeybarrier;followedbytheno3onthattheydon’tneedone
43
41
11
1 0
4Icannotaffordahandset
Ihavenouseforit/don’tneedone
Idon'tknowhowtouseamobile/toocomplicated
NomobilecoveragewhereIlive
NoelectricitywhereIlivetochargethemobilephone
Other
Primaryreasonfornotowningamobilephone(%ofnon-owners)
Q:Whydon'tyouhaveamobilephoneconnecAon?Base:ThosewhohaveneverownedaphoneoranacAveSIMcard
Higher%oftheremainingnon-ownersclaimtheyhavenouseforaphone/don’tneedone
110
Primaryreasonfornotowningamobilephone(%non-owningphoneusers)
2015 2016
Ican'taffordahandset 40 43
Ihavenouseforit/don'tneedone 30 41
Idon'tknowhowtouseamobile/toocomplicated 7 11
NomobilecoveragewhereIlive 8 1
NoelectricitywhereIlivetochargethephone 1 0
Other 14 4
Q:Whydon'tyouhaveamobilephoneconnecAon?Base:ThosewhohaveneverownedaphoneoranacAveSIMcard
Thoseinruralareasmorelikelytosaytheycan’taffordit;urbantosaytheyhavenouseforit
111
Primaryreasonfornotowningamobilephone(%non-owningphoneusers)
Urban Rural
Icannotaffordahandset 38 44
Ihavenouseforit/don’tneedone 47 39
Idon'tknowhowtouseamobile/toocomplicated 11 12
NomobilecoveragewhereIlive 0 2
NoelectricitywhereIlivetochargethemobilephone 0 1
Other 5 4
Q:Whydon'tyouhaveamobilephoneconnecAon?Base:ThosewhohaveneverownedaphoneoranacAveSIMcard
Phonecallsarethepreferredmethodofcommunica3onforkeepingintouchwiththoseoutoftown
31
68
10102030405060708090100
Inpersonvisits Phonecalls Other
Preferredmethodofcommunica3onwithpeopleoutsidetownorvillage(%of15-65popula3on)
Q:Howdoyoumostosencommunicatewiththesepeoplethatoutsideofyourtownorvillage?Base:15-65populaAon
…Evenbymobilenon-owners
17
82
1
43
57
00102030405060708090
100
Inpersonvisits Phonecalls Other
Preferredmethodofcommunica3onwithpeopleoutsidetownorvillage-mobileownersvs.nonowners(%of15-65popula3on)
Mobileowners
Mobilenonowners
Q:Howdoyoumostosencommunicatewiththesepeoplethatoutsideofyourtownorvillage?Base:15-65populaAon
Amongthosewhowereabletoanswer,78%ofpeoples’networksareconnected;57%ofpeoples’networksuseonline
socialnetworks
Meanscore
%whowereabletoanswer
Ofallyourfamily,friendsandbusinessacquaintances,onascaleof0to10,howmanywouldyousaycurrently…
haveamobilephone? 7.8 94%
useanonlinesocialnetworklikeFacebook,Twifer,LinkedIn,Orkut,MySpace,Google+,etc.?
5.7 71%
Meanscoresarecalculatedforthosewhoscoredfrom0-10.
Base:15-65populaAon
Amongthosewhowereabletoanswer,mobileowners’networksaremoreconnectedthannon-owners
Meanscore%whowereableto
answer
Mobileowners Non-owners Mobileowners
Non-owners
Ofallyourfamily,friendsandbusinessacquaintances,onascaleof0to10,howmanywouldyousaycurrently…
haveamobilephone? 8.3 6.9 2% 12%
useanonlinesocialnetworklikeFacebook,Twifer,LinkedIn,Orkut,MySpace,Google+,etc.?
6.3 4.4 18% 46%
Meanscoresarecalculatedforthosewhoscoredfrom0-10.
Base:15-65populaAon
Communitynews,weatherinforma3onandna3onalnewsmostdesiredinforma3on
0 5 10 15 20 25
InformaAononsourcesoffinanceInformaAononGovernmentservicesand
OthermarketinformaAonSectorrelatednews
Leisure/entertainmentinformaAonWorkrelatedpriceinformaAonEducaAonrelatedinformaAon
NewskillstoenhanceearningcapabiliAesInformaAononhowtodoormakethings
InternaAonalnewsInformaAononjobopportuniAes
InformaAononeverydayhouseholdgoodsandLocalnews(state/region)
HealthrelatedinformaAonNaAonalnews
WeatherinformaAonCommunitynews(ward/village)
Singlemostimportanttypeofinforma3oninrela3ontoday-to-day-ac3vi3es(%of15-65popula3on)
Topthreeconsistentacross2015and2016surveys2015rankings1. Communitynews2. NaAonalnews3. WeatherinformaAon
(WeatherinformaAonnowovertakennaAonalnews)
Q:I’dliketoaskyounowaboutyourtypicalday-to-dayinformaAonneedsnow.SomepeoplerequiredifferenttypesofinformaAonfortheirday-to-dayacAviAes,forexample,howtodosomething,wheretobuysomething,wheretogetthebestprices,news,health-relatedinformaAon,etc.Pleasetellme,ofthefollowingtypesofinformaAonwhichdoyouconsidertobethesinglemostimportanttoyouinrelaAontoyourday-to-dayacAviAes.
Base:15-65populaAon
Friendsandfamilythemainsourceofinforma3on
FromwhodoyouusuallyobtainthatkindofinformaAon?Base:15-65populaAon
53
21
19
4
12
Friends/family
Massmedia
Neighbour
Work/businesscontacts/collegues
Teachers/school
Others
Sourceofinforma3on(%of15-65respondents)
Face-to-faceismostcommonmodeforgewnginforma3on.Internetandcallscomenext)
ThroughwhichmodedoyoumostosenobtainthatkindofinformaAon?Base:15-65populaAon
6115
9
94 2 Face-to-face
conversaAons
Callviamobilephone
Internet
TV
Radio
Others
Modeofinforma3on(%of15-65respondents)
ShimfrommobilecallsàInternetsince2015
6123
1 44
8 3
2015
Face-to-faceconversaAonsCallviamobilephoneInternet
TV
Radio
Other
6115
9
94
2 02016
Face-to-faceconversaAonsCallviamobilephoneInternet
TV
Radio
Other
ThroughwhichmodedoyoumostosenobtainthatkindofinformaAon?Base:15-65populaAon
Modeofinforma3on(%of15-65respondents)
12%usephoneforbusinessrelatedpurposeseveryday;overhalfdon’tatall
Howosendoyouuseyourhouseholdphoneoryourownmobilephoneforfinancial,businessorworkrelatedcommunicaAons?
Base:15-65populaAon
12
13
7
51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
Useofphoneforbusinessrelatedpurposes(%of15-65popula3on)
Idonotuseforthesepurpose
Lessthanonceamonth
Onceamonth
TwotothreeAmesamonth
Onceaweek
TwoAmesaweek
Everyday
Q:Towhatextenthasyourusageandaccessofamobileimprovedthefollowing,ifatall?Thiscanincludemobileusethroughvoiceordata,andneednothavebeenyourownmobile.
Base:Allthosewhohadusedaphonebefore
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.3
2.9
2.8
2.8
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Youreconomic/financialstatusorwellbeing
Yourlevelofknowledgeandskills
Theefficiencyofyourdaytodaywork
Yourabilitytoactorcontactothersinanemergency
YoursocialandfamilialrelaAonsandrelaAonships
YouremoAonalwell-beingandhappiness
Yoursocialstatus/recogniAoninthecommunity
Perceivedbenefitsofmobileuseandaccess:meanresponse(meanresponse)1=Nochange5=Improvedgreatly
123
Duetousingaphone,biggestperceivedimprovementisabilitytocontactothersinanemergency.
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.8
2.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Youreconomic/financialstatusorwellbeing
Yourlevelofknowledgeandskills
YoursocialandfamilialrelaAonsandrelaAonships
YouremoAonalwell-beingandhappiness
Perceivedbenefitsofmobileuseandaccess:meanresponse(meanresponse)1=Nochange5=Improvedgreatly
2015
2016
124
Percep3onsofbenefitsofphoneuseseemtohaveimprovedsince2015survey
Q:Towhatextenthasyourusageandaccessofamobileimprovedthefollowing,ifatall?Thiscanincludemobileusethroughvoiceordata,andneednothavebeenyourownmobile.
Base:Allthosewhohadusedaphonebefore
Concernsregardingmobileuseandaccessremain
Q:HerearesomeoftheconcernsthatpeoplesomeAmeshaveaboutaccesstoanduseofmobilesandonline/Internetservices.Pleasetellmetowhatextentyouthinktheseareproblems,withthehelpofthisscale.
Base:15-65populaAon
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.6
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
TheycausepeopletowasteAmeandbecome
Peoplegetaddictedtousingthem
Peoplecan’tgetabreakfromworkwhencallsand
Kidsareexposedtoinappropriatecontent
PrivateinformaAoncanbeseenbyotherthroughthe
Theyaretoocomplicatedtouse
Theycosttoomuchtouse
Concernsofmobileuseandaccess:meanresponse1=Notatallagree5=Stronglyagree
125
Q:HerearesomeoftheconcernsthatpeoplesomeAmeshaveaboutaccesstoanduseofmobilesandonline/Internetservices.Pleasetellmetowhatextentyouthinktheseareproblems,withthehelpofthisscale.
Base:15-65populaAon126
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Theycosttoomuchtouse
Theyaretoocomplicatedtouse
PrivateinformaAoncanbeseenbyotherthroughthemobileandInternet
Kidsareexposedtoinappropriatecontent
Peoplecan'tgetabreakfromworkwhencallsandmessagescomeoutsideworkinghours
Peoplegetaddictedtousingthem
TheycausepeopletowasteAmeandbecomeunproducAve
Mobilephoneowner
Mobilephonenonowner
Perceivednega3vesofmobileuseandaccessishigheramongnonownersthanownersConcernsofmobileuseandaccess:meanresponse
1=Notatallagree5=Stronglyagree
Mostdon’tfeeltheneedtokeepupwithtrends
9 8 9 8 9
63 6065 61
66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total Urban Rural Male Female
5
4
3
2
1 1:Iliketokeepaheadofwhat’shappening.Ilikebuyingnewthings.IosentellothersaboutthenewthingsthatIbuy
5:Idon’tgenerallyhaveAmetokeepupwithnewthings.IamhappywithwhatIhave.Idon’thavetokeepbuying
Awtudestowardstrends(%of15-65popula3on)
Q:Herearesomestatementsthatpeopleusetodescribethemselves.Pleasetellmetowhatextentthesestatementsapplytoyou.
Base:15-65populaAon
Asexpected,theyoungeragegroupsfeelmoreofaneedneedtokeepupwithtrends,andannouncetoothers
12.00% 8.70% 7.80% 7.00% 5.00%
56.10%61.50% 64.80% 67.10% 71.80%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
15-24years 25-34years 35-44years 45-54years 55-65years
Awtudestowardstrends(15-65popula3on)
Idon'tgenerallyspendAmetryingtokeepupwithnewthings.IamhappywithwhatIhave.Idon'thavetokeepbuyin
4
3
2
Iliketokeepaheadofwhat'shappening.Ilikebuyingnewthings.IosentellothersaboutthenewthingsthatIbuy
Q:Herearesomestatementsthatpeopleusetodescribethemselves.Pleasetellmetowhatextentthesestatementsapplytoyou.
Base:15-65populaAon
Mobileownersmoreinclinedtokeepuptodatewithtrends
Q:Herearesomestatementsthatpeopleusetodescribethemselves.Pleasetellmetowhatextentthesestatementsapplytoyou.
Base:15-65populaAon
7% 10%4%
7%8%12%10%
13%
71%59%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Non-owner Owner
Awtudestowardstrends(%of15-65popula3on)
Idon'tgenerallyspendAmetryingtokeepupwithnewthings.IamhappywithwhatIhave.Idon'thavetokeepbuyin
4
3
2
Iliketokeepaheadofwhat'shappening.Ilikebuyingnewthings.IosentellothersaboutthenewthingsthatIbuy