Mobile Technology – Historical Evolution, Present Status & Future Directions

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, GhaziabadDr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad

Faculty Development Program onEmerging Trends of ICT in Higher Education

(09th – 15th June, 2016)

Mobile Technology – Historical Evolution, Present Status & Future Directions

Dr. Sunil Kr PandeyProfessor & Director (IT)

Institute of Technology & Science(NAAC Accredited “A” Grade Institute & NBA Accredited PG Programs)

Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad

www.its.edu.in

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad

How the Technology is Impacting! It is evident from the fact that:

in 1930, it used to take about 70 years to double the worldwide information

in 1970 it was reduced to 30 yrs, and it is projected that by 2018, this will take place at every 09 Hrs. In this scenario, amount of data is being posed is enormous and our

conventional methods of storage, manipulation and analysis are being challenged very frequently

Facebook is forced to go for an Application named “MOON” where Facebook expects the Users to transfer their Images, Videos, Information on this Application otherwise after sometime all old Images & Videos shall be deleted from Facebook Database.

This is posing the new challenges of: developing newer algorithms processing tools storage and access methods

To cope up with this increased volume of data without compromising with the quality and performance of the applications.

2

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad3

Shift in Paradigms Past few decades, in the context of Information Technology

(IT), word have witnessed a paradigm shift from:• Mainframes to Tablets• Our interactions with the devices have been changing from

Batch computing (mainframes), time-sharing (minis), personal computing (PCs), to mobile computing (laptops, tablets, smart phones) and now to clouds and Heading towards Pervasive Computing Environment leading to Internet of Things (IoT).

• In each generation, the infrastructure, the way we interact with these computers, and how we use these, have been changing unprecedented.

• The arrival of web have changed the model of building applications by enabling everyone to become a content producer.


Paradigm Shift in Technology From Basic Network (ARPANET) to Mobile Network

◦ Physical Networks – Wireless – Mobile - Virtual◦ It is helping to create a Dynamic Global Network Infrastructure with self-

configuring capabilities based on standard and inter-operable communication Protocols where Physical and Virtual “Things” have identities, physical attributes, and Virtual Personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with users and their environment – creating a new shift in Paradigm called – IoT From Basic Data Files (1950’s) to In-Memory Databases From Tape-based Storage to SAN to Data Centers From Physical Infrastructure/ Services/ Products to

Virtualization From Restricted Infrastructure to Clouds From Internet of People to Internet of Things

……………….... and so onApr. 01, 2008 4


Motivation: Internet Revolution

A boffin is British slang for a scientist, engineer, or other person engaged in technical or scientific work. In computers and the Internet, a geek is a person who is inordinately dedicated to and involved with technology ‘Internet of Masses’ refers to engaging people & masses with the emergence of Social Media applications including Face book, LinkedIn, Twitter etc. Mobile Internet’ era refers to access to the Internet via cellular phone service provider. There was steep rise in the use of internet by the people round the globe due to the mobile internet. ‘Internet of Things’ refers to an era where things can be connected to each other using internet.


Contd…..

• ‘Internet of masses’ era started with the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000.

• In the starting of this era Dot-com bubble burst led to high growth in stock markets due to increasing use of internet in the industrial sector.

• In this era many people across the globe started using internet. • Social networking sites came into existence. • In 2001 Wikipedia came into existence followed by

– Facebook in 2004– Youtube– Twitter and – Wikileaks in the consecutive years.


What is Internet Minute?

2015


Electronic Computing Devices & Technology Trends

• Advances in Technology– more computing power in smaller devices– flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption– user interfaces suitable for small dimensions– higher bandwidths– multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, home RF,

Bluetooth

• New Electronic Computing Devices– small, cheap, portable, replaceable and most important of all USABLE!

• Technology Trends– devices are aware of their environment and adapt - “location awareness”– devices recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call

forwarding, fax forwarding)


Shifting Trends in Technology

• OS Share – On Mobile• Worldwide Devices Shipments by Segment (Thousands of Units)


Connected World


Urban & Rural India: A

Comparison of IT Usage


Contd….




Internet of Things and economy sectors


We are heading to 2050!


What Comprises IoT Networks?

Information Technology

(IT)

Operational Technology(OT)

Smart Objects


Internet of Things: a glimpse into the future

Estimation is that by 2020 there will be 50 billion connected devices!

Anything that will be benefit from being connected will be connected!

There will be 40 times more devices than people on the Internet in 2020.



7.26.8 7.6

IoT Is Here Now – and Growing!

Rapid Adoption Rate of Digital Infrastructure:5X Faster Than Electricity and Telephony

50 Billion

“Smart Objects”

50

2010 2015 2020

0

40

30

20

10

BILL

ION

S O

F DE

VICE

S

25

12.5

InflectionPoint

TIMELINE

World Population




Internet of Things and economy sectors


We are heading to 2050!


Internet of Things: a glimpse into the future

Estimation is that by 2020 there will be 50 billion connected devices!

Anything that will be benefit from being connected will be connected!

There will be 40 times more devices than people on the Internet in 2020.




The Secure IoT Architecture – IT Plus OT!

Services

Application Interfaces

Infrastructure Interfaces

New Business Models Partner Ecosystem

Applications

Device and Sensor Innovation

Application Enablement Platform

Application Centric Infrastructure

Security

APPLICATION AND BUSINESS INNOVATION

Data Integration Big Data Analytics Control

SystemsApplication Integration

Network and Perimeter Security

Physical Security

Device-level Security /

Anti-tampering

Cloud-based Threat Analysis / Protection

End-to-End Data Encryption

Services


IT and OT are Inherently Different

IT• Connectivity: “Any-to-Any”• Network Posture: Confidentiality,

Integrity, Availability (CIA)• Security Solutions: Cybersecurity;

Data Protection• Response to Attacks:

Quarantine/Shutdown to Mitigate

OT• Connectivity: Hierarchical• Network Posture: Availability,

Integrity, Confidentiality (AIC)• Security Solutions: Physical

Access Control; Safety• Response to Attacks: Non-stop

Operations/Mission Critical – Never Stop, Even if Breached


IT/OT Converged Security Model

IT

DMZ

OT

Enterprise Network

Supervisory

Demilitarized Zone

Automation & Control

Iden

tity

Serv

ices

Clou

d

Net

wor

k Se

curit

y

Secu

re A

cces

s

Appl

icati

on C

ontr

ol

Confi

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gmt


Opportunities


Applications I• Vehicles

– transmission of news, road conditions, weather– personal communication using cellular– position identification via GPS– inter vehicle communications for accident

prevention– vehicle and road inter communications for traffic

control, signaling, data gathering– ambulances, police, etc.: early transmission of

patient data to the hospital, situation reporting– entertainment: music, video

32


7/10/2016Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad

Highway Scenario

ad hocGSM, 3G, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...

PDA, laptop, cellular phones,GPS, sensors


Applications II• Mobile workers

– access to customer files and company documents stored in a central location

– collaborative work environments– access to email and voice messages

• Replacement of fixed networks– remote sensors, e.g., weather, environment, road conditions– flexible work spaces– LANs in legacy buildings

• Entertainment, education, ...– outdoor Internet access – intelligent travel guide with up-to-date

location dependent information– ad-hoc networks for

multi user games

Built

150BC


7/10/2016Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad

Mobile Devices

performance

Pager• receive only• tiny displays• simple text messages

Mobile phones• voice, data• simple text displays

PDA• simple graphical displays• character recognition• simplified WWW

Palmtop• tiny keyboard• simple versions of standard applications

Laptop• fully functional• standard applications

Sensors,embeddedcontrollers


Impact of Portability on Device Design/Functionality

• Power consumption– battery capacity - limited computing power, low quality/smaller displays, smaller disks, fewer

options (I/O, CD/DVD)– CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

• C: internal capacity, reduced by integration• V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit• f: clock frequency, can be reduced dynamically based on usage

• Device vulnerability– more rugged design required to withstand bumps, weather conditions, etc. – theft

• Limited/Simpler User Interfaces– display size– compromise between comfort/usability and portability (keyboard size)– integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

• Limited memory– memory limited by size and power – flash-memory or ? as alternative


Wireless Networks Compared to Fixed Networks

• Higher loss-rates due to interference– other EM signals, objects in path (multi-path, scattering)

• Limited availability of useful spectrum– frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied

• Low transmission rates– local area: 2 – 11 Mbit/s, wide area: 9.6 – 19.2 kbit/s

• Higher delays, higher jitter– connection setup time for cellular in the second range, several hundred

milliseconds for wireless LAN systems• Lower security, simpler active attacking

– radio interface accessible for everyone– base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones

• Always shared medium– secure access mechanisms important


History & Development: Development & Applications

• 1898 - 1901 - Guglielmo Marconi– first demonstration of wireless

telegraphy (Morse code - digital!)– long wave transmission over longer distances (transatlantic) at an operating

frequency of 1MHz• 1906 - 1st World Admin. Radio Conf. (WARC -> WRC)

– increasing popularity of radio systems and their extended use– ability to define BW using filters led to spectrum control– recommendations for the assignment of RF bands

• 1907 - Commercial transatlantic connections– huge base stations

(30 100m high antennas)• 1915 - Wireless voice transmission N.Y. - San Francisco• 1920 - Discovery of short waves by Marconi

– reflection at the ionosphere– smaller sender and receiver -> due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906 - Lee

DeForest and Robert von Lieben)


History & Development: Development & Applications• 1933 - Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)

• 1946 - Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in US – introduced in 1946, it allowed telephone calls between fixed stations and

mobile sers – one single powerful transmitter/receiver (base station) provided coverage of

up to 50km– based on FM technology, each voice channel of 3kHz used 120KHz of

spectrum, and only half duplex service was available – blocking probabilities were as high as 65% (only 12 simultaneous calls could be

handled!)

• 1958 - A-Netz in Germany at 160MHz– analog cellular, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover,

80% coverage, 1971 only 11000 customers• 1972 - B-Netz in Germany at 160MHz

– connection setup from the fixed network (location of the mobile station had to be known)


History & Development: Analog Cellular Services

• Two major technological improvements made the cellular concept a reality: – the microprocessor -> allowed for complex algorithms to be implemented, and– digital control links between base station and mobile unit -> allowed for

increased control of the system so more sophisticated services could be made available:

• hand-overs• digital signaling• automatic location of mobile device

• 1979 - Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in US• 1979 - NMT at 450MHz in Scandinavian countries• 1985 - France’s Radiocom 2000• 1985 - UK’s TACS• 1986 - C-Netz in Germany at 450MHz


History & Development: Digital Cellular

• 1991 - Specification of DECT– Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless

Telecommunications)– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission,

voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 40 countries

• 1992 - Start of GSM– fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels– automatic location, hand-over, cellular– roaming initially in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries– services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

• Early 90’s - IS 54, IS 136, IS 95 in US in same spectrum as AMPS– IS 54 is a TDMA digital standard that uses the old AMPS system for transmission. – IS 136 is the new TDMA standard and – IS 95 is the CDMA based standard. All 4 systems are in operation in the US!

• 1994 - GSM at 1800MHz (called Digital Cellular Service (DCS1800))– smaller cells, supported by 11 countries


History & Development: Digital Wireless Services

• 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)– ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s– recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks

(up to 155Mbit/s)• 1997 - Wireless LANs

– many products with proprietary extensions out there already – IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz, 2Mbit/s

• 1998 - Specification of GSM successors– UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as the European proposal for

IMT-2000• 1998 - Specification for next generation CDMA starts

– Qualcomm starts work on wideband CDMA spec.• 1999 - Specificatipn of IEEE802.11b

– increased BW to 11Mbit/s• 2000 - Bluetooth Specification

– 1Mbit/s specification, single cell– Work on 10Mbit/s spec. with multi cell capability initiated

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad 42

http://www.etsi.fr/

http://standards.ieee.org/

http://www.itu.int/imt


Introduction New dimensions of ongoing Digital Revolution is evolving year-by-year, It is enabling an abundance of information to move faster, cheaper, in more

intelligible forms, in more directions, and across borders of every kind. Over the last decade, the growth of the entire telecom ecosystem has

significantly propelled the growth of digital quotient in the country, and, in turn, positively affected the lives of a vast majority of India’s population.

With more than 960 million subscribers, telecom services have reached some of the remotest areas in the country acting as an enabler for the masses.

The digital revolution now stands at the cusp of a transformation, with the new government laying out its vision of a digitally enabled India.

The multi-faceted “Digital India” program aims to transform the country into a knowledge economy using technology for delivery of various government services and initiatives.


Some Historical Perspectives• 1997, “The Internet of Things” is the Seventh in the series of ITU Internet

Reports originally launched in 1997 under the title “Challenges to the Network”• 1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT• 2003, EPC Global Founded in MIT (An organization set up to achieve worldwide

adoption and standardization of Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology. The Main focus is – To create a standard for RFID– The use of the Internet to share data– via the EPCglobal Network

• 2005, Four important technologies of the “Internet of Things” was proposed in SWIS Conference (World Summit on Information Society)

• 2008, First International Conference of “Internet of Things : The IOT 2008” was held at Zurich.


Moving towards a Smarter Internet• Imagine a world where Billion of objects can sense, communicate

can sense, communicate and share information, all interconnected over public or private Internet Protocol (IP) Networks.

• These Interconnected objects have data regularly Collected, Analyzed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of Intelligence for Planning, Management and decision making.

• This is the world of the Internet of Things (IOT)


People Connecting to Things

Motion sensorMotion sensor

Motion sensor

ECG sensor

Internet


Things Connecting to Things

- Complex and heterogeneous resources and networks


Future Networks


Technology AheadOver the next few years, we can expect different trends which

will include:Location awarenessContext awarenessAugmented Reality etc.Sensors and little devices start talking to each other and to

mobile devices and to the cloud (IoT).

To leverage these emerging trends, we need to keep close watch on these developments and understand the challenges these developments are posing on us.

49


Contd….

Apr. 01, 2008 50

The future of a country is generally determined by the growth of its economy

The Digital India campaign is one such way that will not only strengthen the economy of India, but will also play a major role in putting India in the league of developed nations.

The transformation of the country into a knowledge economy will ensure the industry gets rock solid support and a fertile ground to flourish in the time to come.

Additionally, the huge investment of Rs.1.13 lakh-crore and 18 lakh direct or indirect jobs in the country will generate trust among major investors across the globe making it the new mecca for emerging technologies.

Consequently, the next Apple or Facebook might just come from India!


Generic Enablers

• Federation of infrastructures (private/public regions)• Automated GE deploymentCloud

• Complete Context Management Platform• Integration of Data and Media ContentData

• Easy plug&play of devices using multiple protocols• Automated Measurements/Action Context updatesIoT

• Visualization of data (operation dashboards)• Publication of data sets/servicesApps• Easy support of UIs with advanced web-based 3D and AR

capabilities• Visual representation of context information.

Web UI• Advanced networking capabilities (SDN) and Middleware

(Internet to Network & Devices)• Interface to robots

I2ND

• Security Monitoring• Built-in Identity/Access/Privacy ManagementSecurity


Challenges of Digital Progress Basic Infrastructure (Power/ Energy/ Computers) There is a strong need of creating a basic foundation to build

upon a solid ground to build-up an ICT enabled Infrastructure flourish the ◦ Computer - Network & Communication◦ Spectrum - Awareness◦ Accessibility - Availability ◦ Affordability - Security -

The increasing Digital Divide◦ Cyber Space Vs Physical Space

Dividing Society between Digitally Empowered & Digitally Isolated Communities from Urban & Rural Communities

Spectrum Crunch


An issue of concern – The Power Consumption

Desktop consumption has reached 100 watts

Total Personal Computer (400 million) energy usage in 2000 = 26 nuclear power plants

2.6 Billion Computers in 2015 = How much energy usage ???

Power is the bottleneck of improving the system performance

Power consumption is causing serious problems because of excessive heat.

Water Cooled Computer(www.water-cooling.com)


Green Computers - Energy efficient Machines are now need of the Hour

CPU Intel i3 Third Generation consumes 35W CPU Intel i3 Fourth Generation consumes 15W CPU Intel i5 Fifth Generation consumes 15W CPU AMD 6402 consumes 15W

54


55

Power Consumption & Data Centers

On an average the world’s Data Centers use 30 billions watts of electricity – equiv. To 30 Nuclear Power Plant

One single room in Datacenter contains 100 Racks

1 Rack = 5 to 20 kW One of the contributors to the

2000/2001 California Energy Crisis This caused an 800% increase in wholesale prices from April 2000 to December 2000 The estimated cost of crisis was $40 to 45 Billion.

Internet

Racks

Gateway

Client

Where are the web pages you browse?

Data Center

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad 56

A Perfect “Green Computing” Example

A super low-power “processor”:◦ 800x faster◦ 1000x more memory◦ 3000x less power◦ The average reaction time for

humans is 0.25 seconds to a visual stimulus, 0.17 for an audio stimulus, and 0.15 seconds for a touch stimulus.


A super low power - “Processor”Modern Processor made by

hundreds of PH.D. researchers (The MOS

transistor was built from Silicon, the pre-dominant atom in rock and sand, after processed in a

high temperature.)

Human Brain( containing 100 billion

neurons, each linked to as many as 10,000 other

neurons.)

Speed 2.0 GHz Equivalent to 1,700 GHz processor

Memory (Source: Oracle Corporation:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C001501/the_saga/compare.htm, computer vs. brain)

100 GB 100,000 GB

Power(Source: UC Berkeley, EE241 class)

45 mW/cm3 15 mW/cm3


Introduction• 2010 view starts with the concept of a pervasive set of

objects that can interact with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to reach common goals. Authors coming from the RFID space.

• IoT is expected to have high impact both positively and negatively (disruptive technologies and potential threats).

• Central issues are full interoperability of interconnected devices and more smartness while guaranteeing trust, privacy and security.

• Efforts are to describe different visions (Next Slide).


Three Visions of IoT


Definition “Internet of Things semantically means a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols.”

Challenges include object unique addressing and the representation and storing of exchanged information.

Smart items can relate to concept of a spime.• Spime: An object that can be tracked through space and time

throughout its lifetime and will be sustainable, enhanceable and uniquely identified.

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad 7/10/2016Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad

The Internet of Things• The term Internet of Things

was first used by Kevin Ashton in 1999.

• Refers to uniquely identifiable objects (things) and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure


Relationship to the Internet of Everything (IoE)

PeopleConnecting People in More

Relevant, Valuable Ways

ProcessDelivering the Right Informationto the Right Person (or Machine) at the Right Time

DataLeveraging Data into

More Useful Information for Decision Making

ThingsPhysical Devices and Objects Connected to the Internet andEach Other for IntelligentDecision Making

IoE


The Concept of IOT• The concept of IOT was coined by a Member of the Radio

Frequency Identification (RFID) development community in 1999 by Mr. Kevin Ashton in 2009.

• It has become more relevant to the Practical world largely because of growth of:– Mobile Devices– Embedded and Ubiquitous Communication– Cloud Computing and – Data Analytics.


The Internet of Things“Internet of Objects” “Machine-to-Machine Era”

(2) Internet of Things refers to the concept that the Internet is no longer just a global network for people to communicate with one another using computers, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world around them.”

--Center for Data and Innovation

(1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances.

------Wikipedia

“Internet of Everything”


The Internet of Things

(4) “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”.

-------IoT in 2020

(3) The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects.

------IoT 2008


Characteristics

Event Driven

Ambient Intelligence Flexible

Structure

Semantic Sharing

Complex Access Technologies

Internet of Things


Applications of IoT

Education

Food

Management

IoT Applications

Retail

Logistics

Pharmaceuticals


Some more Applications

• Applications for Connected/ Smart Homes• Applications for Wearable's• Applications in Retails• Applications for Smart Cities• Applications for HealthCare• Applications I Agriculture• Application in Automotives/ Transportations• Application in Industrial Automations• Applications in Energy Management



Network Infrastruture


• Univocally identifiable and addressable objects• Artificial Intelligence• Architecture• Geo-Localization• Size Considerations

Features




Market Trends• In today’s IT Industry, companies are staying competitive by

adopting new Technologies, streamlining business processes and Innovating new services to increase productivity and save cost. Some of them are:– Logistics and Supply Chain– Healthcare– Smart Grid & Monitoring – Automotive Transportation – Retail Businesses


Technology Trends

• Several Technology Trends are helping to shape IoT. Here are 07 identified Macro trends:1. The Miniaturization of Devices2. Advances in RFID Technologies3. Internet Protocol (IPv6)4. Improvements in Communication throughput and Latency5. Real Time Analytics6. Adoption of Cloud Technologies7. Security


The Miniaturization of Devices

• IoT uses technologies to connect physical objects to the Internet

• The size and cost of electronic components that are needed to support capabilities such as:– Sensing– tracking and – control mechanisms

Above play a critical role in the widespread adoption of IoT for various Industry Applications.


Smart Things Timeline


Challenges and Issues• Issues

– Society: People, security, privacy• A policy for people in the Internet of Things: • Legislation

– Environmental aspects• Resource efficiency • Pollution and disaster avoidance

– Technological • Architecture (edge devices, servers, discovery services, security, etc.)• Governance, naming, identity, interfaces• Service openness, interoperability• Connections of real and virtual world• Standards


IoT will inherit the drawbacks of the current internet on an infinitely larger, but more invisible scale

– Privacy – will be a huge issue when implementing IoT– Identity - Online Fragmentation of Identity– Efficiency – speed - person loses identity and is an IP address– Decisions – do not delegate too much of our decision making

and freedom of choice to things and machines– Balancing

Challenges and Issues


• Transition to IPv6 – Internet protocol v6• Establishing a common set of standards between

companies, educational systems, and nations.– The same type of cabling, – The same applications or programming – The same protocol or set of rules that will apply to all

• Developing energy sources for millions -even billions - of sensors.– Wind– Solar,– Hydro-electric

Challenges and Issues


Hype Cycle of IoT

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad 82

Living Labs

ACCESS TO:

What’s next-short term? Supporting the teams


Future of IoT


Thank you!

[email protected]

Institute of Technology & ScienceMohan Nagar, Ghaziabad

UP, India

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