Part - I Answer 1. (a) The flow of the Sipu river is towards SW (southwest). We get to know about this with the help of the arrow pointing in that direction. (b) Black curved lines in grid square 2491 represent ‘Broken Ground’ which is formed because of scanty rainfall. (c) North to south measurement is 20.2 cm. [Scale of the map is 2 cm = 1 km] Therefore, 20.2 cm = 10.1 km Time = Distance/ Speed 10.1/5 = 2.02 hours. (d) North. (e) Forested area is represented by ‘Green Colour’. Approximate area covered by the forest in the grids : = = 1.5 km 2 (approx.) (f) The depicted region experiences scanty rainfall being a semi-arid region. We got to know by observing black dots in Sipu river (exposed river bed). (g) 278924 and 278925 (h) It represents that the relative height of that place is 179 m higher from the surrounding surface. (i) 2486-Scaered because the houses are far apart from each other. 2689-Clustered because the houses are close to each other. (j) Causeway is a raised road which generally remains under water during the monsoon season and becomes motorable in dry months. Model Specimen Paper Geography 3
Transcript
Part - I
Answer 1.
(a) The flow of the Sipu river is towards SW (southwest). We get to know about this with the
help of the arrow pointing in that direction.
(b) Black curved lines in grid square 2491 represent ‘Broken Ground’ which is formed because
of scanty rainfall.
(c) North to south measurement is 20.2 cm.
[Scale of the map is 2 cm = 1 km]
Therefore, 20.2 cm = 10.1 km
Time = Distance/ Speed
10.1/5 = 2.02 hours.
(d) North.
(e) Forested area is represented by ‘Green Colour’.
Approximate area covered by the forest in the grids :
=
= 1.5 km2 (approx.)
(f) The depicted region experiences scanty rainfall being a semi-arid region. We got to know by
observing black dots in Sipu river (exposed river bed).
(g) 278924 and 278925
(h) It represents that the relative height of that place is 179 m higher from the surrounding
surface.
(i) 2486-Scattered because the houses are far apart from each other.
2689-Clustered because the houses are close to each other.
(j) Causeway is a raised road which generally remains under water during the monsoon season
and becomes motorable in dry months.
Model Specimen Paper Geography
3
| 2 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Answer 2.
Part - II
Answer 3. (a) (i) Two basic characteristics of equable climate are : 1. The annual range of temperature is small. 2. Summers are not very hot and winters are not very cold due to the moderating
influence of the sea. (ii) In general, maritime areas experience equable climate. Mumbai and Chennai are two
places experiencing this type of climate. (b) (i) Burst of monsoon refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India (typically
from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the south-west monsoon, characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall.
(ii) North-westerly monsoon are also known as western disturbances. They bring winter and pre-monsoon rains which are important for the development of Rabi crop in the northern subcontinent of India.
(c) (i) Punjab, Haryana, UP, other parts of Indo-Gangetic plains and Tamil Nadu receive monsoonal rain during summer and winter rain due to western disturbances.
(ii) Two areas experiencing very little rainfall due to its location in the rain shadow area are :
Geography | 3 |
1. Deccan Plateau. 2. Rajasthan. (d) (i) Bikaner has a higher annual range of temperature because it is located in the interior
and it has a continental type of climate, i.e., very hot in summers and very cold in winters as it is far away from the oceanic effect, whereas Mumbai is located in a costal area. It is very close to the ocean and due to which it experiences equable type of climate.
(ii) Rain shadow area is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a “shadow” of dryness behind them.
Answer 4. (a) (i) Black soil are formed in situ, i.e., formed where they are found. They are called residual
soils. These soils have originated from the solidification of basic lava spread over large areas of Deccan plateau during volcanic activity. Therefore, they are essentially formed by weathering of the Deccan trap.
(ii) Two cash crops for which black soil is most suited are cotton and sugarcane. (b) (i) Black soil. (ii) Soil fertility is defined as the strength of the soil to support plant life. (c) (i) Laterite soil is readily found on the summits of Eastern Ghats. (ii) Laterite soil is formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with
alternate wet and dry periods. Thus, its formation takes place due to intense leaching under harsh weather conditions there by removing all soluble materials and leaving behind a hard stony layer.
(iii) Laterite soil is acidic in nature and has low water retaining capacity. It is poor in nitrogen and lime thus, it doesn’t support productivity. It is an intensively leached soil which lack in elements of fertility and has low value for crop production.
(d) (i) Soil erosion is a naturally occurring slow process that refers to the loss of top soil by water and wind or through conversion of natural vegetation to agricultural land. When farming activities are carried out, the top soil is exposed and is often blown away by wind or washed away by rain.
(ii) There are five main agents of erosion. Running water, wind, overgrazing, men, plants and animals and faulty methods of agriculture. These wear away or break up rocks, sediments and soil from the land’s surface. They remove the top layer of the soil causing soil erosion.
(iii) Afforestation and encouraging farmers to adopt scientific methods of cultivation and preventing Jhuming agriculture are few steps among many that the government is taking to mitigate soil erosion.
Answer 5. (a)
S. No. Afforestation Deforestation1. Afforestation is planting of trees on
barren lands to maintain favourable temperature and to regulate monsoons etc.
Deforestation is the destruction of trees in the forest area using large areas of land for urbanisation, industrialisation etc.
| 4 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Deforestation has many disadvantages. It leaves a scar on the environment and contributes to the problem of climate change. It causes soil erosion and also affects the water cycle.
(b) Two important reasons for forests being an important natural resources are : 1. Wood is an important source of fuel for rural population. Most of the fuel wood comes
from the forest. We also get timber from forest which has a great value in furniture. Moreover many other products like rubber, coconut etc., have a good export value and are obtained from the forest resources.
2. Many trees have medicinal value, like eucalyptus, cinchona etc., are used as ingredients in medicines.
(c) (i) 1. Ganges river delta in West Bengal. 2. Thar desert in Rajasthan. (ii) In Thar desert there is scarcity of water. There is loss of water from the leaves of the
plants. So, leaves have evolved into thorns to save water loss. That is why only thorns and shurbs are found in this region.
(d) (i) Eucalyptus. (ii) Rosewood. (iii) Sandalwood.Answer 6. (a) In northern India Himalayan rivers are a major perennial source of water. Due to this,
canal irrigation is very suitable in this region. Also, government has put an effort to build numerous dams and dig a web of canals. This has brought canals at the centre stage of irrigation system in northern India.
(b) (i) Tubewells are mainly found in regions with alluvial soil and in absence of canals. Eastern UP and Bihar are two major regions where wells and tubewells are a major source of irrigation.
(ii) One advantage of well irrigation is that it is the simplest and the cheapest independent source of irrigation. One disadvantage of well irrigation is that it uses groundwater and readily reduces its level.
(c) (i) Advantages of rain water harvesting is that it collects rain water there by increasing the availability of water during dry season and moreover helps in restoring ground water level and to improve its quality by diluting salinity.
(ii) Rainwater harvesting is practised in most areas in India like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc.
(d) In tubewells, electricity is required for lifting water, while in wells there is no electricity necessary. Tubewell is used for irrigation of larger areas than well.
Answer 7. (a) Two uses of manganese are : 1. It is used in manufacture of steel. 2. It is used in the manufacture of bleaching powder, insecticides and pesticides. (b) Two factors necessary for installing hydroelectric power projects are : 1. A constant and uniform flow of water is necessary to enable a hydroelectric plant to
work at full capacity. 2. Mountaionus relief of good `head’ or fall of water, are suitable for producing hydro-
electricity. (c) Two disadvantages of solar energy are : 1. It needs well distributed solar heating to produce electricity, so it cannot be used in
regions with low temperatures. It also does not produce electricity at night.
Geography | 5 |
2. Efficiency of solar cells is very low and its installation costs are very high. (d) (i) Manganese. (ii) Copper. (iii) Bauxite (Aluminium Ore).Answer 8. (a) (i) Millets are known as dry crops because they are tough, heat resistant and do not
require much rain. They can grow in drought affected areas as millets require high temperatures ranging from 26°C to 33°C and need very little rainfall, about 50 to 120 cm.
(ii) Bajra, Jowar and Ragi are the varities of millets found in India. (b) (i) Ratooning is a practice of growing the crop from the stubbles of the previous crops
that is the root and the lower shoot is kept intact which grows into a second crop. (ii) Advantages of ratooning are : 1. Crop need not be planted again; it saves labour. 2. The ratoon matures early. (c) Two non-edible oil seeds are : (i) Neem and castor are two non-edible oil seeds. (ii) Stock feed consisting of compressed cubes made from the residue of the crushed oil
seeds such as linseed. (d) (i) It its wild state, tea grows best in regions which enjoy a warm, humid climate with a
rainfall about 150-200 centimeters a year and temperatures ranging from 13°C to 35°C. Ideally it likes deep, light and well-drained soil.
(ii) Two features of plantation farming with reference to tea are : 1. Area this farming can be done in tropical climatic regions where high temperature
and high rainfall favours the growth of plants. 2. It is commercial type of farming where in plants are grown for sale purposes and
where large capital is invested on pesticides, fertilizers, technology, etc. Answer 9. (a) (i) The major by-products of sugar production are molasses, beet pulp, bagasse fibre and
cane wax. Beet pulp, bagasse fibre, and cane wax are used mainly as livestock feed. Cane molasses is also used for making alcoholic drinks, particularly rum.
(ii) Four sugar milling centres in the northern plains are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar.
(b) Mulberry silk accounts for about 90 percent of total natural silk produced in India. It is found in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Assam.
(c) Some common problems of cotton textile industry in India are : 1. Scarcity of raw material. 2. Obsolete machinery. 3. Inadequate power supply. 4. Low productivity of labour as compared to advanced countries. (d) (i) The challenges faced by jute industry in India are : 1. High cost of production. 2. Storage of raw jute. 3. Shortage of power supply. 4. Growth of jute mills in Bangladesh and loss of foreign market.
| 6 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
5. Emergence of substitute goods against gunny bags and loss of demand for jute goods both at home and abroad.
(ii) Jute is called the “Golden Fibre”. Jute plants yield a fibre which is used for sacking and cordage. It is an important crop of eastern India. India is the largest producer of jute in the world, accounting, for over 60% of the world’s production of jute.
Jute plays an important role in providing raw material to the jute industry. The industry generates large employment opportunities and earns valuable foreign exchange. Jute contributes significantly to the agrarian and industrial economy of some of the eastern Indian states like West Bengal, Bihar, Assam and Odisha. jute and Jute products assume great significance in international trade. Thus, India has become a world leader in jute textiles.
Answer 10. (a) In India, electronics industry is gaining pace as it covers a wide range of products. It has
become an integral part of both space technology sector and defense manufacturing sector of India. Also, with the growing IT sector in India electronic industry is becoming one of the most prominent and significant industries of India.
(b) Two advantages of mini steel plants are : 1. They use cheap iron scraps as raw material thus, helping in the recycling process. 2. They use electric furnance thus, are non-polluting. (c) (i) Steel. (ii) Locomotives. (iii) Aluminium production. (d) (i) Availability of raw materials nearby and availability of advanced transportation
systems like ports and heavy metal roads are two basic needs for the installation of any heavy industry.
(ii) 1. Shipbuilding yard—Mazagon Dockyard, Mumbai. 2. Locomotive Building—Chitranjan.Answer 11. (a) Problems of rail transport are : 1. Railways face a tough competition from road transport as they can deliver the goods
at the door step. 2. Changing policies and delay in implementing the decisions taken by the central
government affect the efficient running of the railways. 3. Obsolete machinery, tracks, equipment and unskilled, untrained labour greatly affect
the working of the railways. (b) Advantage: Inland waterways are the cheapest means of transport and suitable for carrying heavy and bulky materials. Disadvantage: Water transport is limited to the areas where rivers are navigable and oceanic routes exist. (c) (i) Two features of Golden Quadrilateral are : 1. The Golden Quadrilatural is a super highway project linking Delhi—Kolkata—
Chennai—Mumbai by six-lane roads. 2. Its major objective is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of
India. (ii) For Kolkata—Haldia Port For Mumbai—Mankhurd Port.
Geography | 7 |
(d) (i) Composting is a form of waste disposal where organic waste decomposes naturally under oxygen-rich conditions. Although, all waste will eventually decompose, only certain waste items are considered compostable and should be added to compost containers.
(ii) Effects of waste on the environment are : 1. Wastes which are non-biodegradable, destroys the soil fertility and make them
unsuitable for any use. 2. Chemicals disposed into rivers make them toxic and unfit for human use. 3. The gaseous waste from the factories is causing global warming as well as has a
deteriorating effect on the health of human kind.oo
Part - I
Answer 1.
(a) Close to each other – 4288
Far from each other – 4786
(b) Forest vegetation is found in the given region. Some examples from the given toposheet are
dense mixed jungle, open mixed jungle, etc.
(c) Black curved lines represent seasonal streams. White colour represents barren land.
(d) Physical features : Water falls (4590) and seasonal rivers (4685).
dividing the country in two halves– North temperate
zone and south tropical zone.
2. The Great Himalayan Range separating the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia. Thus,preventingbittercoldwindsfromcentralAsiafromenteringIndia.
(b) (i) Break or burst of monsoon refers to the sudden change in the weather conditions in India (typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the south-west monsoon characterised by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall.
(ii) West BengalandAssamarethetwostateswhichareaffectedby‘Kalbaisakhi’. (c) (i) September is the rainiest month and January is the driest month. (ii) Annual range of temperature (27.1 – 18.9) is 8.2 °C. (d) Leh receives very little rainfall throughout the year because it is surrounded by high
mountains on all sides and is deprived of the moderating influence of the sea. So, the rainfall is scanty and not more than 13 mm of rainfall is received in this area.
(ii) Pre-monsoon showers remain localised as during the month of April and May warm areashiftsfromdeccanplateautonorthwestIndia.Itbuildsupalowpressuretrough between Thar dessert and Chhota Nagpur plateau. Winds from the surrounding areas of the low pressure trough are drawn into circulation which gives rise to localised thunderstroms like Kalbaisakhi.
Geography | 3 |
(iii) Kanpur is situated in the interior so, it experiences continental type of climate whereas Mumbaiissituatedonthecostso,itexperiencesthemoderatinginfluenceofthe sea and enjor enjoys equable climate. Thus, Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December.
Answer 4. (a) (i) Alluvial soil formed by the sediments brought by the rivers. The rivers deposit very
finesiltcalledalluviumintheirplainsduringthecourseoftheirjourneystartingfrom its source in the mountains and ending till its mouth.
(ii) Alluvial soil is found in Satlej-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains and in the river deltas of the eastern coast.
(b) Sheet Erosion Gully Erosion
When the surface layer of the soil is removed by heavy rainfall or overland flow,itiscalledsheeterosion.
When steeper slopes are formed by continuous rain or surface water runoffs,it is called gully erosion. It is an enlarged form of soil erosion.
(c) (i) Running water, wind, over grazing, men, plants and animals, faulty methods of agriculture are some of the agents of soil erosion.
(ii) Constructionofdamsandbarrages,afforestation,separategrazinggrounds,contour ploughing, terraced farming are some methods to control soil erosion caused by running water, wind, overgrazing and agriculture practices.
(d) (i) Alluvial soil is the transported soil most widely found in India. (ii) Young Khadar soil and old Bhangar soil are the two sub-categories into which alluvium
soil is divided.Answer 5. (a) Two features of Joint Forest Management : 1. It is initiative of the government which involves both state forest department and the
local communities, and it is based on the National Forest Policy of 1988. 2. Itaimsatsafeguardingofforestresourcesthroughprotectionfromfire,grazingand
illegal harvesting. (b) (i) Agro-forestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown
around or among crops or pastureland. This intentional combination of agriculture andforestryhasvariedbenefits,includingincreasedbiodiversityandreducederosion.
(ii) Objectives of agro-forestry are as follows : 1. Tomanagelandefficientlysothatitsproductivityisincreasedandrestored. 2. Touseavailableresourcesefficientlyandeconomically. 3. To generate employment opportunities for rural people. 4. Agro-forestry program helps in obtaining an ecological balance in rural areas
thus, itmaybe consideredasamatterofgreat significance fora country like India.
(c) (i) Two features of the trees found in tropical deciduous forest are : 1. Trees found in tropical deciduous forests are commercially more valuable than
trees found in other forests. 2. These trees shed their leaves in a particular season for six to eight weeks. (ii) These trees are grown in parts of the peninsular plateau and in the plains of Bihar and
UttarPradesh.
| 4 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(d) Littoral forest are called coastal forests as they are found near the coast on high sandy grounds. These forests grow high above the sea level and hence, provide a home to many endangeredspeciesoffloraandfauna.
1. Sundari and Hintal. 2. Sundari : It has very hard, strong and durable wood which is used in boat building. Hintal : It is used to provide fuel for household activities.Answer 6. (a) Irrigation is important in India because of the following reasons : 1. Monsoon in India is very unpredictable. It may rain heavily one year and scarce the
other. 2. It is required to grow crops throughout the year as rainfall is seasonal. (b) Two conditions necessary for digging well are : 1. Wells are dug where groundwater is available and is present close to the surface. 2.Wellsaredugwheregroundismadeupofsoftrocksasitfacilitatesdigging. (c) (i) Rainwater harvesting is important because of the following reasons : 1. Monsoon in India is very uncertain and as India is an agriculture based country, so rain
water harvesting becomes important for crop production and food security. 2. Aswaterisgettingpollutedandwaterscarcityisincreasingsorainwatercanbethe
best source of water. Thus, rainwater harvesting should be practiced everywhere. (ii) Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan practice rainwater harvesting. (d) (i) Tank irrigation is important in areas of low rainfall. It proves to be a good water storage
option a which has a longer life span. (ii) Tank irrigation is commonly found in peninsular India because in this region, hard
impervious rocks are found which facilitates the storage of water. Thus, these natural depressions of plateaus are used as natural tanks.
Answer 7. (a) (i) Gondwanacoalfield—JhariacoalfieldinJharkhand. Tertiarycoalfield—MakulcoalfieldinAssam. (ii) Anthracite is the best quality of coal because it has the highest carbon content. (b) (i) MumbaiHigh is anoilfield runby India’sOil andGasCooperation. It is situated
176kmoffthecoastofMumbai. (ii) JamnagaroilrefineryisaprivateoilrefineryownedbyReliance. (c) Two important characteristics of the Bhakhra Nangal project are : 1. It is the largest multipurpose dam project of India and it is built on Sutlej river. 2. It is a joint project by the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan to harness Sutlej
waterfortheirbenefits. (d) (i) Tikarpara is associated with Hirakud dam project. (ii) Pong dam associated with Bhakhra-Nangal Project.Answer 8. (a) (i)
S. No. Mixed Farming Plantation Farming1. Mixed farming involves cultivation
of two or more than two crops on the same land.
Plantation farming is a type of farming in which a single crop is grown on a large farm.
Geography | 5 |
2. It is practiced to increase the production and decrease the risk of crop failure.
It is basically cultivated for export purposes.
(ii) Two geographical requirements for the growth of wheat in India are : 1. Wheat is a crop of mid-latitudes and requires a cool climate and moderate rainfall. 2. Wheat requires well-drained fertile, friable loamy, alluvial soil of clayey composition. (b) (i) Neem and Castor are two non-edible seeds grown in India. (ii) Problems faced in tea cultivation in India are : 1. Decline in the production of tea due to power problems, labour problems and
financialcrises. 2. Increasing number of sick gardens due to lack of infrastructure, modernization
andefficientmanagement. (c) (i) Cereals : It refers to all kinds of grass-like plants, which have starchy, edible seeds. (ii) Transplantation :Itisamethodinwhichseedsarefirstsowninthenurseriesandafter
(iii) Ginning :Itisassociatedwithcotton.Basically,itistheprocessinwhichtheseedsare separated from the raw material.
(d) (i) The main problem faced by sugarcane cultivators is that the yield of sugarcane is decreasing because of high temperatures.
(ii) Jute rapidly exhausts the fertility of the soil, so it is necessary that the soil is replenished annuallybythesiltladenfloodwatersoftheriversforthebenefitofthejute.Thus,juteisbenefittedbyfloodwater.
Answer 9. (a) (i) In India electronics is mainly used in space technology, communication and for
entertainment purposes. (ii) 1. Bengaluru is known as the Silicon Valley of India thus, it is a hub for Information
Technology companies. 2. Varanasi is known for muslin silk fabrics, perfumes, ivory works and sculptures. (b) (i) Thesoftwareindustryprovidesemploymenttoamajorchunkofyouthpopulationin
India and it also contributes in the growth of economy. (ii) 1. Vishakhapattnam,Mumbai. 2. Karnataka. (c) (i) Petrochemicalisusedintheproductionofsyntheticfibres. (ii) TwodrawbacksfacedbythecottontextileindustryinMumbaiare: 1. TheseindustriesfacestiffcompetitionfromJapaneseandBritishindustries. 2. Duetoinefficiencyoflabour,innovativeproductiontechnologycannotbeused. (d) TworeasonsthatledtothegrowthofcottontextilesindustryinMumbaiare: (i) 1. Availability of basic raw materials in the hinterland of Mumbai. 2. Humid climate of shore-based Mumbai is ideal for this industry as the thread does
not breaks so easily.
| 6 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(ii) Thebasicreasonbehindtheshiftingofsugarindustryisthatthesugarcanegrowninthese areas have higher sucrose content and have a longer crushing season.
0.762 metre). (ii) A natural harbour is a region of land where a part of a water body is protected. It
isnaturally conductive to the storageof ships and seacraft.Things likebays, rivermouths, peninsulas, or areas behind coral reefs all are good choices. They generally provide some sort of shelter for the boats, either from the currents or the weather.
ExampleisMumbai:ItisamagnificentnaturalharbouronthewestcoastofIndia. (b) (i) Kandla Port and Tuticorin are names of the ports on the west and the east the coast
respectively. (ii) Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system from Allahabad to Haldia is known as the
National Waterways. (c) Roadtransportdifficultinnorthernmountainareasbecause: 1. Onlynarrowandcliffsideroadcanbeconstructedinhillyregions. 2. Transportationbecomesdifficultbecauseofunpredictableweather. 3. It is very costly to construct and maintain roads in mountatin areas. (d) Water transport operates on natural tracks i.e., water and hence don’t require a high
investments for track development. Apart from that, it has the capacity to carry heavy goods over very (long) distances.
Answer 11. (a) Spoilage of Landscape is a process of degradation of landscape that occurs due to natural
and man-made causes. Earthquake and Volcanic eruption are natural causes whereas overpopulation is a man-made cause.
(b) ThethreeR’sreferstoreducereuseandrecyclewhichplaysanimportantroleinmodernwaste management. These aim at reducing the use of harmful articles, reusing and recycling wastebyintroducingeffectivemeasures.
(c) Burning of fossil fuels and industrial emissions release sulphuric acids and nitrogen oxides in the air and when these pollutants combine with water droplets they produce acid rain. Twoadverseeffectsofacidrainare:
1. It increases acidic contents in the soil and destroys forests and crops. 2. Contaminates air and water causing harm to human and aquatic life. (d) (i)
S. No. Biodegradable Non-biodegradable1. Biodegradable wastes are those
wastes which can be decomposed easily.
Non-biodegradable wastes are those wastes that cannot be decomposed or takes a longer time to decompose.
2. Biodegradable wastes do not cause pollution.
Non-biodegradable wastes cause pollution.
(ii) Metals and glasses are recyclable materials. It makes them reusable that reduces wastes in the environment which ultimately reduces the level of pollutants.
oo
Part - I
Answer 1. (a) The direction of Sipu river is SW (southwest), we get to know this by the arrow shown in
grid square 3300 and the reducing spot heights such as 217, 192, 183, etc., in that direction.
(b) The main occupation of the people living in this region is agriculture because of the dominant
“yellow” colour which represents agricultural land.
(c) (a) 292948 (b) 338956
(d) The region is semi-arid (semi desert) region, we get to know this due to the presence of sand
in river (represented by black dots) and seasonal streams represented by black lines.
(e) This region receives scanty or seasonal kind of rainfall due to the presence of broken ground
dry river bed seasonal stream.
Causeway is a raised road which generally remains under water during the monsoon season
and becomes motorable in the dry months, it also represents that the area is semi-arid and
receives scanty rainfall.
(f) The direction of Rampura from Odhava is NW (northwest) and Jegol from Odhava is SW
(southwest).
(g) This is known as an island. It is formed due to the deposition of sediments brought down
by the river.
(h) The means of communication between these two settlements is metalled road represented
by parallel red lines.
(i) It is the relative height of the Sand Dune (represented by brown dots), which is 6 meter high
from the surrounding area.
(j) Length between eastings 29 and 33 (in cm) is 8 cm
Length between northings 94 and 98 (in cm) is 8 cm
Scale of the map is 2 cm = 1 km
Therefore, 8 cm on the map is equal to 8/2 = 4 km
Thus, Area 4 × 4 = 16 km2
Model Specimen Paper Geography
9
| 2 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Answer 2.
Part - IIAnswer 3. (a) The two main features of Indian monsoon are : 1. Rain is unevenly distributed as one place experiences flood while other experiences
drought at the same time. 2. It is erractic and unpredictable. (b) (i) The Arabian sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds blow parallel to the Aravalli
range.(ii) Moisture-laden winds passing over Rajasthan do not saturate as the heat in desert
increases its capacity to hold moisture.(iii) Kanyakumari is located at the tip of the subcontinent. It is present at a place where the
Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea meets which makes its climate equable. (c) During winter, dry offshore, northeast monsoon winds blows from high pressure region
to low pressure region centered at the head of the Bay of Bengal after crossing the Bay of Bengal they gather enough moisture and as they strike the coromandel coast on eastern India, Tamil Nadu and southern tip of India receives heavy rainfall, accompanied by stormy winds.
(d) (i) Annual range of temperature at station A is (32.5 – 24.6) = 7.9 cm. (ii) 168.9 cm of rainfall is experienced by station A and 125.1 cm rainfall of is experienced
by station B.
Geography | 3 |
(iii) Station A is located on the eastern coast of India. The winds that bring rainfall to the region are retreating monsoon winds and northeast monsoon winds.
Answer 4. (a) Two characteristics of laterite soil are : 1. Leterite soil has high content of iron oxide which gives it red colour. 2. Leterite soil has low moisture retaining capacity. (b) (i) Black soil is formed out of disintegration of lava spread across the Deccan plateau
region during volcanic activity. So, they are essentially formed by the weathering of the Deccan trap.
(ii) In Ganga-Yamuna plain alluvial soil is found whereas in Central Maharashtra region black soil is found. The alluvial soil found in the Ganga-Yamuna plain is formed out of deposition of sediments from rivers whereas, black soil found in the Central Maharashtra region is formed out of weathering of the lava spread over the Deccan plateau region.
(c) (i) Alluvial soil is formed by the sediments brought by the rivers. The rivers deposit very fine silt called `alluvium’ in their plains during the course of their journey starting from its source in the mountains and ending till its mouth.
(ii) Red soil is red in colour due to the presence of high iron content. (d) (i) Wind and running water are two natural agents of soil erosion. (ii) Afforestation which means increasing the area under forest cover is one of the methods
adopted by the government to conserve soil. Answer 5. (a) (i) Tropical deciduous forest/deciduous monsoon forest is commercially the most
important natural vegetation belt of India. (ii) These forest are found in areas where average rainfall is between 150 to 200 cm. (b) Tropical dry forests are found in Rajasthan and Gujarat. (c) (i) Forest conservation is a programme to protect, conserve and develop the forest area
for future generations. (ii) Two main objectives of forest conservation are : 1. Protection of environment in order to promote sustainable development. 2. Protection of flora and fauna as forests provide a habitat to them. (d) (i) Tropical deciduous trees of Deccan plateau shed their leaves due to the following
reasons : 1. They shed their leaves in dry season to protect themselves against extreme
moisture evaporation during spring and early summer i.e., during March/April when sufficient moisture for leaves is not available.
2. The subsoil water is not enough for trees to retain their leaves. (ii) Two uses of pine trees are : 1. Pine woods are used as timber in carpentry of wooden items. 2. Pine is useful in making boxes for packing.Answer 6. (a) Canal irrigation is popular in Northern India because of the following reasons : 1. Northern India has many perennial rivers. 2. Northern India has soft, even, flat land making it easy to dig cannals. (b) (i) Tube wells are extensively found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
| 4 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(ii) Major advantage of well irrigation is that—it is cheaper to construct wells as compared to other sources. Whereas, the major disadvantage of well irrigation is that they are not very deep and hence, they may dry up during summer.
(c) (i) It can be constructed in low cost. It helps the small and poor farmers. (ii) Punjab, Goa. (d)
S. No. Perennial Canals Inundation Canals1. Perennial canals draw water from
perennial rivers or from artificial lakes which maintain a high level of water on the upstream side.
Inundation canals are directly taken out of rivers without building any barrage or dams.
2. These canals have water all year round. These canals have water only when the rivers are flooded as the excess water flows into them.
3. They are operational all year round due to their perennial source of water.
They are only operational in the rainy seasons. Thus, they are not useful during the dry months.
Answer 7. (a) Copper is considered to be a valuable mineral because : 1. It has high ductivity, high thermal and electrical conductivity. 2. Copper is widely used in producing electrical equipment, automobile industry, stainless
steel and telephones. (b) (i) Iron ore is used in making steel, constructing roads, railway tracks etc. (ii) Bauxite is used in making aluminium, used in aircraft etc. (c) (i) Indian Oil’s Panipat Refinery is the largest refinery in the public sector. (ii) Burla Power house is the power house of Hiradud Hydel Power Project. (iii) Experimental project to develop geothermal power in Himachal Pradesh is located in
the Parvati valley near Manikaran. (d) 1. Large scale hydroelectric projects have disadvantages like the cost of setting up large
scale hydroelectric projects is very high. Also it disrupts aquatic life. 2. Production of biofuel serves double purpose as it’s production is cost effective and
eco-friendly. Thus, it increases profits and do not harm the environment. (ii) There are various sources of renewable energy like hydel power, wind power etc.Answer 8. (a) The major problems of Indian agriculture are : Unpredictable monsoon, small land holdings,
lack of mechanization, lack of proper irrigation facilities, faulty agricultural marketing etc. (b) (i) Rice is cultivated in West Bengal in India. (ii) It is suitable to cultivate rice in West Bengal because of the favourable climatic
conditions and the alluvial soil found in the region brought by the rivers. (c) (i) Arabica is one variety of coffee grown in India. (ii) Tea is grown on the hilly slopes, as stagnant water is harmful to the plant. Hills help
in draining of excess water thus, tea is grown on hills. (iii) Ratooning is popular in sugarcane production because ratoons mature early than the
plant itself. The other advantage is that the cost of cultivation is lower since, there is very little expenditure on cultivation.
(d) (i) Dibbling : It is the method of dropping of the seeds at regular intervals in the furrows made by the plough.
(ii) Drilling : In this method, the seeds are dropped through bamboo shafts attached to the plough.
(iii) Broadcasting : In this method, the seeds are thrown or scattered over the soil.
Geography | 5 |
Answer 9. (a) Petrochemicals are the chemicals obtained from pyrolysis or chemical processing of
petroleum and natural gas. (b) The electronic industry important because it has unlimited capacity to increase the
efficiency of other industries. It makes life safer, on the earth. It plays an important role in the modernisation and growth of Indian economy.
(c) Bengaluru has pleasant and comfortable weather and is also a center for workshops and international conferences.
(d) (i) Karnataka is famous for its silk industry because : 1. It has favourable climate for the rearing of silkworms. 2. Availability of the mulberry plant which is raised as a plantation bush. (ii) Two special features of the cotton textile industry in India are : 1. It provides employment to around 40% of the labour force. 2. India is one of the largest exporter of cotton textile and it brings valuable exchange
in the country. (iii) Cotton, silk, jute and sugar are four agro-based industries.Answer 10. (a) Road transportation system is a pre-requisite for sustainable economic development of
India. It is a key infrastructural requirement and a tool for national integration. (b)
S. No. Railways Airways1. Railways are a cheaper mode of
transport.Air transport is an expensive mode of transport.
2. It can carry large number of passen-gers.
It has limited carrying capacity.
3. It is slower than airways. It is the fastest mode of transport. (c) The objectives of Golden Quadrilateral are : 1. The purpose of this project is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities
of India. 2. Better movement of products, reduced wastage for the agriculture sector, and decrease
in vehicle operating cost and time because of better quality roads. (d) The importance of border roads can be stated as : 1. Border roads accelerate the task of economic development. 2. It strengthenes the defence system of the country. 3. Border roads constructed in the north and north-eastern regions have strategic
importance.Answer 11. (a) Domestic wastes is not handled properly affects the society at large and ultimately
deteriorates the environment. Municipal workers mostly suffer from irritation in eyes, skin and gastro problems etc. It also leads to death of animals due to toxic gases produced by these wastes and pollute the environment badly.
(b) (i) Food waste and paper waste are two biodegradable waste. (ii) The waste generated in nuclear power generation is called radioactive waste. (c) It is important to segregate waste because it becomes easier to recycle it then. The most
popular method of segregation is segregating the waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
(d) Nuclear wastes is a by-product of nuclear reaction. Solid nuclear waste and low level waste are its two types. These are harmful to human beings as the wastes remain radioactive for thousands of years and breaks down the human DNA and ultimately cause cancer.
oo
Part - I
Answer 1.
(a) The type of vegetation found in this given region is scrub vegetation. For example, open
mixed jungle and fairly dense scrub.
(b) The region shown here is semi-arid as we can see the exposed river bed (5331) and seasonal
streams (5126). Most of the land is yellow washed which indicates that the people are doing
knownascontinentalclimate. (ii) OctoberandearlyNovembermarksthetransitionfromthemonsoonseasontothedry
winter season in India. During this time the atmosphere is humid due to the recent rainfall. The southwestmonsoonweakens, high pressurewinds take place of low pressure winds and cause clear and hot days. The high humidity prevents early evaporationofthesweat,makingitmoreirritatingandoppressive.Thus,thissultary weatherisoftenreferredtoas`OctoberHeat.’
(b) S. No. Northeast Monsoon Southwest Monsoon
1. Thesewindsblow fromNovember toFebruary.
These winds blow from June to September.
2. These winds are dry and bring rainfall to the coromandel coast.
These winds are erratic in nature and brings rainfall to most part of the countryexceptTamilNadu.
(c) (i) TheArabian sea branchpasses over the sea for a very longduration of time than the Bay of Bengal branch. It receives more moisture and thus, it sheds more rain in India than its Bay of Bengal counterpart.
Geography | 3 |
(ii) CherrapunjireceivesagreateramountofrainfallthanShillongbecauseitliesonthe windwardsideoftheGaro-Khasi-JaintiahillsofnortheasternIndia.Shillongonthe other hand, lies on the leeward side of these ranges. Cherrapunji also receives rainfall fromboth theArabian sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon.Thus,CherrapunjireceiveshigherrainfallthanShillong.
(iii) Mumbaiissituatedatthecoastthus, itexperiencesequableormaritimeoroceanic type of climate that is neither too hot nor too cold throughout the year. This is due to themoderatinginfluenceoftheseacausedbythelandandseabreezeswhichkeepsthe annual range of temperature in Mumbai, low. Therefore, Mumbai is neither hot in summer nor cold in winter.
(ii) StationBhaslowrangeoftemperaturebecauseitliesinthecoastalregion. (iii) AnnualrainfallofstationBis127cm.Answer 4. (a) (i) Laterite soil. (ii) Alluvialsoil. (b) (i) Twocharacteristicsofblacksoilare: 1. Itisformedbythesolidificationoflava. 2. It can hold water for long as it is very less perforated. (ii) Sugarcaneandcottonaregrownintheblacksoil. (c) (i) Soilerosionisanaturallyoccurringprocessthataffectsalllandforms.Itreferstothe
wearingawayofthetopmostlayerofthesoilbynaturalphysicalforceslikewater and wind or through actions associated with farming activities such as tillage.
(ii) Twoeffectsofsoilerosionare: 1. It removes the fertile top layer of the soil which reduces its fertility. 2. It damages the present ecosystem. (d) (i) DifferentiatebetweenKhadarand Bhangar.
S. No. Khadar Soil Bhangar Soil1. It is light in texture. It is coarse in texture.2. It is siliceous. It is calacareous or clayey.3. Itisreplenishedbyfloodstherefore,it
is more fertile.It is not replenished hence, it is less fertile.
(ii) It is the process in which the nutrients get percolated down the soil due to heavy rainfall. Thus, it leaves the top soil infertile.
Answer 5. (a) Littoral forests correlate with the environment with the help of breathing roots or
phenmatophoreswhichactasrespiratoryorgans.Treesofmangroveforestshavestiltlikeroots which remain submerged under water but can be seen during low tides. This tangled massofrootshelptheplanttosurviveintheshiftingmudofthecoastalregion.
(b) Twoindirectusesofforestsare: 1. They convert CO2 into O2. 2. It plays a very important part in maintaining the water cycle of the earth.
| 4 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(c) (i) Two characteristics of deciduousforestsare: 1. Tropical deciduous forests shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during the
springandearlysummer(March/April)whensufficientmoistureforleavesis not available.
2. These are the most economically important forests as they yield valuable timber and several other forests products.
(ii) Twotreesassociatedwithdeciduousforestsare:Teakandsal. (d) StepsadoptedbythegovernmenttoprotectforestsinIndiaare: 1. Indiaisoneofthefewcountrieswhereforestpolicyisinoperationsince1894.Various
amendments have been made in the policy by the government periodically to protect conserve and develop the forest resources.
2. Undertheschemeofforestconservationprogrammefollowingstepshavebeentaken: Afforestation : Theschemeofplantatingnewtreesiscalled‘Afforestation’.Underthe‘Van Mahotsava’movement, thousands of trees have been planted along the roadsides, railway lines and hill slopes.
Reafforestation : The restoration of forests wherever they have been indiscriminately cutiscalledreafforestation.Inthisscheme,twosaplingsareplantedintheplaceof one that is cut.
Answer 6. (a) ReasonswhytankirrigationispreferredinpeninsularIndiaare: 1. Most of the area of peninsular India is uneven with many natural depressions where
porous.Theserocksdonotallowthewatertoseepthrough. 3. Peninsular India has amonsoon type of climate. Hence, these tanks collect water
during rainy season and help in raising the water table. (b) Twoconditionsrequiredfortheintroductionofcanalirrigationare: 1. Low level relief with deep fertile soil. 2. Perennial source of water i.e., snow-fed rivers which have water throughout the year. (c) ThreewaterharvestingsystemspracticedinIndiaare: 1. Irrigation system. 2. Rainwater harvesting system. 3. Dams. 4. Reservoirs. (d) (i) Well-irrigationismostlyconfinedtothenorthernplainsofIndiaas: 1. Itiseasytodigwellsinthesoftalluvialsoilofthenorth. 2. The level of the water table is relatively high. 3. It is considered most suitable to dig wells along the river beds and there are
numerous rivers in the northen plains due to the Indo-Gangetic plains. (ii) Many modern irrigation methods have developed in the country which conserve
waterlikefurrow,spray,drip,sprinkle.
Geography | 5 |
Answer 7. (a)
S. No. Non-renewable Power Resources Renewable Power Resources1. Thesesourcestakemillionsofyearsto
replenish.These sources replenish themselves naturally in a very short period of time.
2. These sources cause pollution. These are environment friendly.3. These are costly to install. These are cheap to install.
(b) (i) ThermalpowerthoughexhaustibleisstillpopularinIndiabecauseinIndia70percentof the electrical need is fulfilled by thermal power.Moreover, rapid industrialisation requiressteadypowersupplywhichcanonlybeprovidedthroughthermalpoweras it is cheap as compared to the other non-conventional sources.
(ii) Large-scalehydroelectricprojectshavemanydisadvantagessuchas: 1. Theycauseharmtotheaquaticlife,bylossormodificationoffishhabitatandmay
workersandmaintenancecostishigh. (c) (i) BhakhraNangaldamisconstructedonSatlujriver. (ii) The length of thedam (measured from the road above it) is 518.25meters and its
height is 226 meters. (iii) The states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are served by this project. (d) (i) Iron ore is found at Bailadila. (ii) CoalisfoundatNeyveli. (iii) Crude oil is extracted at Mumbai High. Answer 8. (a)
S. No. Mixed Farming Commercial Farming1. Cultivation of crops and raising of
animals simultaneously is called mixed farming.
Commercial farming refers to cultivation ofcropsforsaleinthemarket.
2. Lessmechanizedfarming, Mechanizedfarmingispractised. (b) GroundnutandSoyabean. (c) (i) TwomaincropseasonsofIndiaare: 1. Kharif season :Majorcropsgrown in this seasonare rice,maize, jowar,bajra,
cotton,groundnut,pulsesandjute. 2. Rabi season : Major crops grown in this season are wheat, barely, jowar, gram,
oilseeds and tobacco. (ii) Methodofcultivationofwheat: 1. Wheatisarabicrop.Thus,thefieldispreparedbytheendofNovemberandcrops
areharvestedinMarch.Since,thesowingisdonefollowingtherainyseason,there is enough moisture in the soil to help it to grow in the early stages.
2. Seedsaresownbybroadcasting,dibblinganddrillingmethods. 3. Thewheatcropisharvestedbycuttingtheplantswithasickleclosetotheground. 4. Thrashing is the next process and involves the separation of the grain from the
(d) (i) KarnatakaisthelargestproducerofcoffeeinIndia. (ii) Coffee cultivation requires temperatures between 15°C to 28°C all year round and
rainfall incidence in the range of about 125 cm to 200 cm which should be welldistributed throughout year.
(iii) The most important problem faced by sugarcane cultivators in India is the unavailability of proper transport facilities as freshly cut sugarcane needs immediate transportation.
industry contributes about 11 percent to the industrial sector, 14 percent to the manufacturing sector,4percent to theGDPand12percent to thecountry’s totalexportearnings.Thus,cottonindustrycontributesimmensely,totheeconomyofthecountry.
(b) (i) UttarPradeshisthelargestsugarcaneproducingstateinthecountry. (ii) Textile and sugar industries are two agro-based industries. (c) (i) Non-availability of latest technology and skilled labour are two most prominent
problems of small scale industries. (ii) Silkisafine,strong,soft,lustrousfibrewhichisproducedbysilkwormswhilemaking
cocoons.Thesearecollectedtomakesilkthreadandfabric. (iii) Both Maharashtra and Gujarat have commercial ports, thereby, reducing the cost
of transportation. This is the biggest reason for them having the most numbers of Petrochemical units.
(d) (i) VishakhapattnamisacityontheEastCoastofIndiawhichhasanironandsteelplant. (ii) RourkelasteelplantistheironandsteelplantinIndiawhichissetupwithGerman
collaboration. (iii) Gurgaon in Haryana has a manufacturing plant of Maruti cars.Answer 10. (a) (i) Industries generally need to transport heavier items from one place to another.
(ii) The Golden Quadrilateral project has connected the four major commercial cities of India these are–Delhi,Mumbai,Chennai,Kolkata, thus,defininganew lifelinefor the country.New industrial corridors arenowcomingupon the linesof theseexpressways. This project will give a tremendous boost to the Indian economy.
(ii) TheMumbai-Puneexpresswaywasthefirstexpresswayconstructedinthecountry. (c) (i) Therearetwomainreasonsforthis: 1. Thenorthernriversareperennialthus,havesufficientwaterthroughouttheyear
for navigation while Deccan rivers are seasonal. 2. The northern rivers flow through plains, thus, there is not much change in
elevationwhileDeccanriverscreategorgesandfalls.Itmakesthemlesssuitable for navigation.
(ii) InIndia,thestretchofGrandTrunkRoadisfromAmritsarinPunjabinthewesttoHowrahinKolkataintheeast.
Geography | 7 |
(d) (i) Accidentsanddelaysaretwomajorhazardsofrailtravel.Totackleaccidents,railwaysare using automation to detect danger and further removing all unmanned railway crossingsandtotackledelays,theavailabilityoftracksarebeingincreased.
(ii) India’sinlandwaterwaysystem: 1. WaterwaysisthecheapestmodeoftransportinIndia.Indiahasalongcoastline
3. Despite of favourable conditions, water transport in India is less popular because of its slow speed and dependence on weather conditions.
Answer 11. (a) Someoftheproblemswhichdevelopingcountriesfaceinmanagingwasteare: 1. Lackoflegislationandpoliciesforrealistic,long-termplanning. 2. Inadequatestorageandlimitedcollection. 3. Lackofproperdisposal. 4. Inappropriatetechnologyandequipmentsusedforwastemanagement. (b) In our country, neither there is a culture upholding waste management as a necessity
1. Tocontroldifferenttypesofpollutions,i.e., air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution etc.
2. To control the spread of infectious diseases. 3. To conserve environmental resources including forest, minerals, water etc. (c) (i) Composting : Composting of waste is an aerobic method of decomposting solid waste. (ii) Incineration : It is the method of burning the waste is reduce in weight and volume so
thatitcanbedisposedeasily.Burningsolidwasterequireshightemperature. (iii) Segregation : It refers to the separation of waste into different categories. The
most popular segregation is biodegradable and non-biodegradable. (d) (i) Wastebinsreleasemanyharmfulgases;someofthemareevenfatalwhichnotonly
harm the environment but can also cause numerous diseases if inhaled by humans. Thisisthemostimportantreasonwhythebinsshouldbekeptcovered.
(ii) Leachateisformedwhenrainwaterleaksintothelandfill.Asthewaterpercolatesthroughthelandfill,chemicalprocessesturnitintoacidic.Thisacidicwaterthendissolvestoxicchemicals from the waste, there by turning the soil acidic and infertile. Furthermore, this toxicatedwatermayleakfromthelandfillandenterawaterbody,whichcaninterncontaminate it.
oo
Part - I
Answer 1.
(a) An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution
point far away. It is located in grid square 6642.
(b) The residents of the given region meet at least once a year in annual fair (March) in the
settlement Pamera (6544).
(c) ‘Brackish’ written beside a well means the water of the well has become saline and unfit for
drinking. We can find a brackish well in grid square 6543.
(d) These black lines represent longitude of 72° 37’30” and longitude of 72° 40’.
(e) It represents a surveyed tree of the number 285. These trees are numbered by the forest
department of India and are not allowed to cut down. Generally, these trees are of medicinal
value like Neem, Babool, etc.
(f) Distance along the metalled road = 3.9 cm
The Scale of the map is - 2 cm = 1 km
Therefore, 3.9/2 = 1.95 km.
(g) The interval between two consecutive contours is called contour interval, which is 20 metres
in the given toposheet.
Index contours are the contour lines which are thickened at regular intervals to make it
easier to read contours. For example, at every 100 meters the contour line is made darker.
(h) It represents a large area usually in semi-arid regions where the finer sand/soil has blown
away leaving a surface covered with bouldres, stones and pebbles.
(i) (i) Perennial lined well. (ii) Permanent hut.
(j) The direction of the flow of Sukli Nadi is towards southwest indicated by an arrow (6745).
Sanwara is located on the left bank of the Sukli Nadi.
Model Specimen Paper Geography
15
| 2 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Answer 2.
Part - II
Answer 3. (a) On the basis of monsoon variation, India experiences four different seasons.
1. The hot dry season (March to May). 2. The rainy season or the season of southwest monsoon (June to September). 3. The season of the retreating southwest monsoon (October to November). 4. The cold season or the season of the northeast monsoon (December to February). (b) (i) Agra is situated on the interior and experiences continental type of climate whereas
Mumbai has the moderating influence of the sea and enjoy equable climate. Thus, Mumbai is warmer than Agra in December.
(ii) Regions in India which receive fainfall both in summer and winter are Punjab, western UP and the Gangetic plain up to Bihar. Rains in summer are due to monsoon while in winter, western disturbances cause the rain.
(c) (i)
S. No. Retreating Monsoon Northeast Monsoon
1. It begins by the first week of september and ends by the mid of November.
It begins by the last week of Novem-ber and ends by the last week of February.
Geography | 3 |
2. High pressure builds up over the main land of India as the south-west monsoon withdraws from the Indian sub-continent creat-ing a transcation period between the hot rainy season and cold dry season which leads to clear skies, high temperatures and high humidity.
High pressure builds up in northern India giving rise to off-share winds along the Ganga as well as in the Deccan plateau region leading to low humidity and fair weather. North India experi- ences very low temperatures during this season.
(ii) Arabian sea branch of southwest monsoon does not shed any moisture in western Rajasthan due to the following reasons :
1. The Aravalli’s alignment is parallel to the rain-bearing southwest monsoon winds and thus, they do not offer any obstruction. Furthermore, these hills are very low.
2. The moisture laden winds passing over Rajasthan do not saturate as the heat in the desert region increases their capacity to hold moisture.
(d) (i) Annual range of temperature of station A is 32.5°C – 24.5°C = 8.0°C. (ii) Total rainfall experienced by station B is 183.2 cm. (iii) Southwest monsoon winds.Answer 4. (a) Soil erosion is defined as the wearing away of topsoil by natural agents of weathering like
water, wind, overgrazing, men, plants and animals and faulty method of agriculture. Two steps that could be taken to prevent soil erosion are : 1. Best way is to plant trees and grass in the barren land. As roots of plants hold the
top soil and prevent erosion. 2. Another way is to change the irrigation method to sprinkle irrigation which further
reduces erosion by running water. (b) Two similarities between red soil and laterite soil are : 1. Both soils are red in colour because of the presence of very high iron content. 2. Both are porous and friable. (c) 1. Black soil does not get leached due to it’s moisture retaining property and it becomes
sticky when wet. 2. Khadar is new alluvium soil which receives new soil deposits every year by the
river. So, it is more fertile. On the other hand, bhangar is old alluvium soil and its fertility reduces with time as it is not renewed.
(ii) Alluvial soil is found along the river basin that is why it is called riverine soil. (d) (i) Pedogenesis can be defined as the process of soil development and is regulated by the
effects of place, environment and history (ii) Humus is a dark-brown or black organic substance made up of decayed plant
or animal matter. Humus provides nutrients to the plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water.
(iii) Bhangar soil is a type of alluvial soil, deposited by rivers. These are older alluvium, of clayey composition and dark in colour and contain Kankar, (line Nodules) pebbles and gravels. They are found 30 m above floor level of the river.
| 4 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Answer 5. (a) Tropical rain forests do not shed their leaves annually because of the following reasons : 1. Trees shed leaves to minimize water loss. In tropical regions it rains throughout the
year and there is no dry and harsh period. So, the trees do not require to shed their leaves.
2. Due to heavy rain, trees pull up extra water from the soil to radiate it through leaves to save the roots from rotting thus, instead of shedding leaves they grow more leaves hence, they are known as evergreen forests.
(b) Three trees found in monsoon deciduous forests and their one use is : 1. Teak—Its timber is used in the manufacture of furniture and in construction of houses. 2. Sal—Its timber is long and hard. It is used in railways and construction of houses. 3. Sandalwood—It is very useful economically. It is used in making handicrafts, carvings,
perfumery and cosmetics. (c) (i) Roots of the trees hold the soil intact. It also helps in retaining the rain water in the soil.
This checks soil erosion and thus, spread of deserts. (ii) Tropical evergreen forests are very dense with damp and shallow soil. Trees are so tall
and dense that not even light can reach the bottom. Transport in these forests is also not possible. Hence, exploiting these forests is very difficult.
(iii) The conservation of forests is very important because : 1. Forest helps to reduce pollution. 2. It is the natural habital for wildlife and conserves soil and water. 3. Provides wood for furniture, firewood and other products. 4. Regulates regional climate. 5. Source of jobs and livelihoods. (d) Characteristics of tidal forests : 1. The forest is dense and rich in biodiversity. 2. The trees found in these forests have breathing roots or phenmatophorus which act as
respiratory organs. 3. They can survive in fresh as well as brackish water. 4. Stilt like roots remain submerged under water but can be seen at low tide. This tangled
mass of root helps the plant to survive in the shifting mud of the coastal region.Answer 6. (a) Following are the drawbacks of tank irrigation : 1. Tanks use up large areas of land which could be used for agriculture. 2. Since tanks are shallow, large amount of water is wasted through evaporation. 3. Tanks are non-perennial and dry up in summer thus, are not of much use. (b) (i) Perennial canals draw their water from perennial rivers, artificial lakes, dams and
barrages and thus provide water throughout the year, and they irrigate a vast area of land. Indira Gandhi canal in western Rajasthan is an example of perennial canal.
(ii) Punjab and Haryana are two states benefiting heavily by canal irrigation. (c) The advantages of rain water harvesting are : 1. It helps to meet the increasing demand of water during dry season. 2. It improves the quality of groundwater by diluting salinity. 3. It does not cause pollution and is environment friendly.
Geography | 5 |
(d) Well irrigation predominant in India due to the following reasons : 1. Well is the simplest and the cheapest source of irrigation and the poor Indian farmer
can easily afford it. 2. Well is an independent source of irrigation and can be used as and when the necessity
arises. 3. There is limit to the extent of canal irrigation while a well can be dug at any convenient
place. 4. Several chemicals such as nitrate, chloride, sulphate etc., are mixed in well water. They
add to the fertility of the soil when they reach the agricutural field along with well water.
5. The farmer has to pay regularly for canal irrigation which is not the case with well irrigation.
Answer 7. (a) Advantage of coal is that it has a high calorific value, thus we get more energy by burning
a small quantity of coal as compared to other sources. Disadvantage of coal is that it emits harmful waste which pollutes the environment.
(b) Hydel power is preferred over thermal power because of the following reasons : 1. Hydel power is an inexhaustible and renewable source of power whereas coal–the
major factor in thermal power is exhaustible and non-renewable. 2. It is cheaper to build the dams than building thermal power stations. 3. Hydel power projects do not cause any pollution whereas thermal power plants find
it difficult to get rid of the wastage produced. (c) Hirakud dam is built across the Mahanadi river, about 15 kilometers from Sambalpur in
the state of Odisha in India. Thermal power plants in Jharsuguda and Sambalpur districts benefit from it.
(d) Uranium is the main raw material required for atomic power. Two stations where photovoltaic power plants are located are : 1. Bhadla Solar Park near Jodhpur district of Rajasthan is the largest solar park in India
by capacity. 2. Kamuthi solar power project is the largest single location solar power plant in the
world, located at Kamuthi in Tamil Nadu.Answer 8. (a) (i) Nilgiri and Munnar are major tea plantation areas of South India. (ii) Geographical conditions required for growth or tea are : 1. For tea ideal temperature for growth is 13°C to 35°C. 2. It requires annual rainfall of about 150-250 cm which should be well distributed
throughout the year. (b) (i) Ratoon cropping is a process of growing a fresh crop from the stubbles or suckers of the
plant crop without replanting. It is also referred to as stubble cropping, reharvesting, second crop, etc. Ratoon cropping is used extensively in sugarcane and bananas.
(ii) Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and surrounding bast-fibre bundles, so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks.
| 6 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(c) (i) Two differences are : Intensive Commercial Farming Extensive Commercial Farming
It is practiced in the regions where thepopulation pressure reduces the size of the land holdings.
It is generally practiced in regions withlarge land holdings.
Most of the Work is done manually. Mostly mechanised.West Bengal. Punjab, Haryana
(ii) Cash crops is a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. Cotton, jute, tea, cofee and sugarcane are some of the examples of cash crops.
(d) Wheat is cultivation in Indo-Gangetic plains in the states of Punjab Haryana and UP as a Rabi crop. Two reasons for the growth of wheat in this region rre :
1. Availability of fine alluvial soil deposited by the mighty Ganga and its several tributaries in these region.
2. Availability of cool climate with moderate rainfall along with flat and well drained land.
Answer 9. (a) The by-products of sugar industry are molasses, bagasse, press mud and their industrial
uses are as follows : 1. Molasses : It can be used in the manufacture of rum, fertilizers, chemicals, cattle feed. 2. Bagasse : It can be used for making paper, cardboard. 3. Press Mud : It can be used for making wax. (b) Problems faced by the cotton textile industry are : 1. Inadequate supply of raw materials. 2. Power shortage. 3. Frequent strikes by the workers. 4. Low productivity of the workers. (c) (i) Features that favours the localisation of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra are : Maharashtra enjoys a humid climate which is essential for cotton textile industry as the
thread do not break so frequently in such climate. It is well gifted with ports as well as road transportation facilities. Easy availability of cheap hydroelectricity is also another reason for the concentration
of this industry in Maharashtra. (ii) The factors responsible for the concentration of silk industry in Karnataka are : 1. Avaliability of favourable climate for rearing of silk worms. 2. Avaliability of the mulberry plant and Bombyxmori silkworm. 3. Avaliability of abundant soft water, free from alkaline salts and iron. (d) Problems faced by sugarcane farming in North India are : 1. Low and irregular supply of raw material : Although India has the largest area under
sugarcane cultivation, the yield per hectare is very low as compared to other sugarcane producing areas of the world. This results in low productivity and shortage of supply of sugarcane to sugar mills.
2. Fluctuations in the output of sugarcane : This industry is primarily agro-based and hence seasonal. Fluctuations in the production of sugarcane occur because of the erratic nature of monsoon.
Geography | 7 |
3. Short crushing season : Being a seasonal crop the crushing season varies from 4 to 7 months. Since, the sugarcane cannot be stored the mills work only during its growing season.
Answer 10. (a)
S. No. Heavy Industry Light Industry
1. It needs more capital, sophisticated equip-ments, skilled and unskilled labour and large quantity of raw material.
It needs less capital, less number of workers.
2. Finished product is heavy. Finished product is light.
3. Example : Iron and steel industry, Auto-mobile, etc.
Example : Electric goods, T.V. sets, etc.
(b) Dalli-Rajhara range south of Bhilai.
(c) Features of the mini steel plant are :
1. Mini steel plants are decentralized secondary units.
2. They use electric are and induction furnaces for processing.
3. They use scrap iron and sponge iron which are easily available.
4. Mostly mini steel plants are located in the areas away from integrated plants to meet the local demand.
(d) (i) West German firm Krupps and Demag is its foreign collaborator.
(ii) It gets its iron-ore from Sundargarh and Keonjhar District.
(iii) It gets its coal from Sharia, Talcher and Korba coalfields.
Answer 11.
(a) Problems of Indian roadways are as follows :
Unmetalled roads and their poor maintenance :
1. Most of the roads in the villages are unmetalled and badly maintained. Waterlogging is a common problem during rainy season.
2. Lack road amenities : Along the roads, e.g., repair shops, first-aid, telephone booths, rest houses, etc., are lacking which are essential for long distance routes.
3. Shortage of funds : The shortage of funds result in poor maintenance of the roads. Damaged roads cause a lot of inconvenience to the public.
(b) (i) The metro cities which have been connected by the Golden Quadrilateral are Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai.
(ii) There are 111 national waterways in India. Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga- Bhagirathi-Hooghly rivers is the oldest and the longest one.
(c) (i) Aquatic life : Toxins present in water can kill aquatic organisms directly by changing the pH level of the water, covering the water surface and causing a reduction in the amount of dissolved oxygen.
| 8 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(ii) Terrestrial life : When solid waste starts decomposing, it produces methane and carbon- dioxide which are harmful for human settlements.
(iii) Landscape : It ruins the natural beauty of the land and provides a home to rats and other disease carrying organisms.
(d) (i) Segregation : Separating the waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
(ii) Composting : It is an aerobic (in the presence or air) method of decomposing solid wastes. The process involves decomposition of organic waste into humus known as compost which is a good fertilizer for plants.
(iii) Dumping : In this method, waste materials are dumped in open low lands away from the city.
oo
Part - I
Answer 1.
(a) In grid square 5937 the drainage pattern is Trellise whereas in grid 5737 the drainage pattern
is Dendritic.
(b) An open excavation usually for obtaining building stone, like limestone is called limestone
quarry.
Brick kiln is like an oven that produces high temperature for hardening process of Brick
manufacturing.
(c) Two geographical features formed by the pattern of contour lines are conical hill, ridge and
escarpment.
(d) Exposed river bed of Sipu Nadi represents that the region is receiving scanty rainfall. It also
tells us that the region is semi-arid.
(e) White patches represent barren land and black curved lines represent broken ground.
(f) Two types of roads used by the residents of the given region are metalled road (6034) and
cart track (5740).
(g) These are the kilometer stones (distance stones) telling about the kilometers covered by
an individual. Metalled road is represented by parallel red lines whereas cart track is
represented by single curved line; both are in red colour.
(h) It is indicating the relative height of the limestone quarry which is 10 meters from the
surrounding surface.
(i) The direction of Dabani to Selwara is north-west and the direction of Dabani to Karaunti is
southwest.
(j) Eastings : 62 – 58 = 8 cm or 4 km
Northings : 38 – 34 = 8 cm or 4 km
Area : 4 × 4 = 16 km2.
Model Specimen Paper Geography
18
| 2 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Answer 2.
Part - II
Answer 3. (a) Two weather conditions associated with the break and burst of monsoons are : 1. Break in monsoon indicates a short period of dry spell due to decrease in cloudiness
and lack of moisture in the air. As the low pressure troughs shifts closer to the Himalayas, more rain is shed in the mountains causing dry spells and rainless days in the plains. These dry spells are known as monsoon breaks. Dry spells occur periodically during a long wet spell.
2. Burst of monsoon occurs when there is low pressure caused by the heat generated over the land during periods of monsoon breaks that extend anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. The low pressure causes the hot air to rise, cool and condense to fall as rain. These sudden downfalls are known as monsoon bursts and usually occur towards the need of August or the beginning of September. By this time, the flow of the normal South west monsoon winds have eased a bit. However, rainfall still continues till the end of September or till the beginning of October.
(b) Chennai gets more rainfall in winter than summer because : 1. Chennai gets most of the rainfall during winter from the northeast monsoon as the
northeast winds blow over the Bay of Bengal picking up moisture along the way and depositing them in the southern regions of the country including the southern coast of Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.
2. Chennai also gets some rainfall after the monsoon are over due to depressions formed in the Bay of Bengal towards the end of September till late October.
Geography | 3 |
(c) Three characteristics of the retreating southwest monsoon are : 1. Humidity : The hot rainy season causes high humidity during summer in most parts
of the country. 2. Temperature : At the outset of the monsoon season, temperatures in most parts of the
country decrease by about 4°C to 5°C. Generally places near deserts (Thar) have very high temperatures while places in high altitudes have low temperatures.
3. Erratic Nature : Southwest monsoon rains are erratic. They are not the same throughout the coutry. While some parts receive high to very high rainfall, other parts receive medium to scanty rainfall.
(d) S. No. Equitable Climate Extreme Climate
1. This climate is neither too hot in sum-mer nor too cold in winter.
In this climate, summers are very hot and winters are very cold.
2. The annual and daily range of tempera-ture is low.
The annual and daily range of temper-ature is very high.
3. This climate is generally found in coastal areas and is called maritime climate.
This climate is generally found in in-land areas and called continental or extreme climate.
4. The rainfall is moderate and well dis-tributed throughout the year.
The rainfall is low and is limited to the summer season.
Eg. Mumbai. Eg. Delhi.Answer 4. (a) (i) Red soil is red in colour as it contains high iron content. The colour is not
uniformly red but from red to brown or chocolate or sometimes even yellow. Red soil is porous and friable in nature and rich in potash.
(ii) Western coastal regions have laterite soil because this region receive heavy seasonal rainfall. High seasonal rainfall encourages the leaching of soil where lime and sillica are leached away and a soil rich in oxides of aluminium predominant and abundant laterite is formed. Due to the presence of iron oxides the colour of laterite soil is red.
(iii) Deccan plateau has black soil because it is made up of solidification of lava errupted during volcanic activity. Soil in this region has weathered from lava rocks and thus, it is in black colour.
(b) The Northern plains, which stretches from the west to the east of the Indian subcontinent and lie between the peninsular plateau and the Himalayan mountains, were formed by the rivers that crossed through these plains. The sediment brought down by the fast-flowing rivers was deposited in the plains as soon as the rivers lost their speed and gradient. The northern plains stretch from Assam in the east to the Indus river system in the west and is punctuated by the Aravalli hills and the Malwa plateau that act as a water divide between the eastern flowing rivers such as Ganga, Yamuna and Brahmaputra and the western flowing rivers such as the Narmada, Tapi and the Indus in Pakistan.
(c) Three features of alluvial soil are : 1. Alluvial soils, also known as riverine soils, are mainly found in river basins. 2. They are the most fertile of all soils and yield the maximum agricultural output in the
country. 3. Alluvial soils are of two types : The younger Khadar which is of sandy, light brown
complexion and the old Bhangar which is clayey and darker in complexion. Bhangar soil is coarse and contains plenty of gravel, pebbles and lime nodules, whereas the young khadar is dry, leached and less calcareous and carbonaceous (less kankary).
| 4 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(d) Crops associated with the following soil : (i) Red soil—Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Millets, Sugarcane etc. (ii) Laterite soil—Rubber, Tea, Coffee, Cashew, Coconut etc.Answer 5. (a) (i) Mangrove forests are found on the coastal strip of the Ganga delta. (ii) Two typical trees found in the Mangrove forests are : 1. Sundari. 2. Golpata. (b)
Agro forestry Social ForestryAgroforestry is a part of social forestry. Agroforestry encourages the growing of trees by farmers as part of an agricultural activity before the land is left to become a forest in the true sense.
Social forestry, on the other hand, is the management and protection of forests on barren lands to help in improving the environment and the development of social and rural areas.
(c) (i) The characteristic feature of tropical evergreen forests are : 1. They are found in areas of heavy rainfall and are also known as ‘rain forests’. 2. These forests are characterized by the abundance of climbers, shrubs, epiphytes,
bamboo and ferns. (ii) They are known as evergreen as the trees of this forest shed leaves at different intervals
of time hence seems to be evergreen all year round. (d) Three methods for the conservation and development of forests in India are : 1. Implementing afforestation programs which involve plantation of trees and saplings
on a massive scale. 2. Protection of sacred groves which may be placed under the responsibility of the village
panchayats and the local administrations. 3. Demarcation of green belts should be undertaken in urban and industrial areas. This
should be mandatory for city administrations to mark out certain areas at or near these areas. The ‘city lungs’ must be preserved as green spaces with plenty of trees, shrubs, bushes and grass.
Answer 6. (a) Irrigation refers to the process of providing water by artificial means to an area of land for
the cultivation of crops. But because of several factors like the uncertainty of the monsoon or the unequal distribution of rainfall in the country or the vagaries of climate change that is becoming evident year by year and the use of High Yielding Seeds and multi cropping, or torrential outbursts of rain, it becomes necessary for the country to depend more and more on irrigation. It also becomes necessary to extend irrigation to the arid and semi-arid regions of the country so that more land can be brought under cultivation to meet the demand of a growing population.
(b)Perennial Canal Inundation Canal
Perennial canals are those canals that have water flowing through them throughout the year.
Inundation canals receive water after heavy rains when the river overflows. These canals, whose beds are higher than the river beds, remain dry for most part of the year.
Geography | 5 |
(c) (i) There are several advantages of well irrigation. Some of them are : 1. They are the cheapest source of irrigation and require little money to build. 2. Well can be bug at any convenient place by the farmer. 3. The water from the well can be used by the farmer as and when he wants. 4. Wells do not cause salt imbalance in the water. (ii) As fresh water resources such as rivers, lakes and ponds are drying up due to excessive
use and climate change. Industrial development is leading to the degradation of fresh water bodies like lakes, river and ponds due to the increased usage of heavy metals, fertilisers and pesticides by industries, plantations and farmers. Ground water levels in urban areas are failing due to bore wells and tube wells being dug deeper into the earth with water in the aquifer depleting faster than it is being replenished. Thus, with rising water scarcity and growing population there is an urgent need to conserve water for the future generations.
(d) State two measures that the government should adopt to handle the present water crisis. 1. Encourage rainwater harvesting that is storing rainwater on rooftops, underground
trenches and build check dams or bunds close by small streams for later use. 2. Encourage the reuse and recycling of water.Answer 7. (a) (i) Lignite is a poor quality brown coal with a carbon content of 60% and high moisture
content. (ii) Two areas where lignite is found in India are Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. (b) (i) Two uses of manganese are : 1. Manganese is used to increase the strength of steel. 2. It is also used for manufacturing paints, glassware, insecticides, bleaching
powder and dry cell batteries. (ii) Bauxite is mainly found in Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. (c) Three disadvantages of Hydel Power projects are : 1. Large hydel power projects could cause extensive damage in case of accidents or leakages
leading to massive and extensive floods downstream wiping out entire villages. 2. Large hydel projects involve the flooding of thousands of acres of lands which otherwise
could be used to produce more food crops. They also involve the displacement of thousands of people as well as inundating large tracts of forests and wildlife habitats.
3. Fish populations are impacted severely if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the oceans.
(d) Two advantages that biogas has over the solar energy are : 1. Biogas is the by-product of burning wood, coal, dung, cakes. Solid wastes and other
residues, is cheaper to produce than solar energy. Solar energy, while being abundant and renewable, is more costly as the initial investment for a solar plant will be higher than a biogas plant.
2. Biogas can be produced round the clock while solar energy can be produced only in places with uninterrupted sunshine.
| 6 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
Answer 8. (a)
S. No. Extensive Farming Intensive Farming1. The size of the holdings is large. The size of the holding is small.2. This type of farming is used for
growing cash crops such as tea, coffee, rubber and sugarcane.
This type of farming is used for growing food crops such as rice, wheat, pulses predominantly.
3. Small amounts of capital or labour investment are applied to relatively large areas of land.
Maximum labour, capital and skill are involved for making a small area productive.
(b) Kharif seasons and rabi season are two main cropping seasons of India. Rice is grown in the kharif season and wheat is grown in the rabi season.
(c) (i) Millets, also known as coarse cereals, are grown in drier areas where the soil is less fertile. Thus, millets are known as dry crops.
(ii) Pulses, also known as leguminous crops. These are pod-bearing plants of different sizes, shapes and colours. Pulses are considered important because they are the principal source of proteins in the country. For this reason they are also known as ‘poor man’s meat’ and thus are very important crops in India.
(d) (i) Two types of fibre crops are : Cotton and jute. (ii) Linseed is used for the manufacturing of paints and varnishes, linoleum, waterproof
fabrics, oil cloth, paper, plastics, manure and animal feed. Answer 9. (a) (i) Two cities that have leading software companies are : 1. Bengaluru (known as India’s Silicon Valley). 2. Hyderabad. (ii) The steel plant that was set up with Russian collaboration is Bakaro Steel Plant in
Bokaro, Jharkhand. (b) Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms for silk weaving and the production of silk fabrics.
Main silk textile centres in Jammu and Kashmir are Anantnag, Baramula, Udhampur and Srinagar.
(c) Three reasons for large concentration of iron and steel plants in the Chhota Nagpur region are :
1. Presence of several high grade iron ore mines of Singhbhum. 2. Presence of coal mines in Raniganj and Jharia. 3. Cheap labour from Bihar and Bengal. (d) (i) Two states producing non-mulberry silk are : 1. Jharkhand 2. Chhattisgarh. (ii) What industrial products are the following centres noted for : 1. Gurgaon : Car factory such as Maruti Suzuki vehicles. 2. Chitaranjan : Manufactures electric engines. (iii) Two sugar producing centres in the northern plains are : Saharanpur and Meerut in Uttar Pradesh.
Geography | 7 |
Answer 10. (a) (i) Two advantages of water transport are : 1. Water transport is cheap, fuel-efficient and environment friendly means of transport. 2. Water transport is suitable to carry heavy and bulky goods to cities and ports along waterways. (ii) In a vast country like India, which stretches from 3,214 km north to south and 2,933
km from east to west, with diverse physical terrains such as hills, mountains, plateaus and rivers, roads are the most efficient and cheapest way of transporting people and goods across the nation. They can negotiate any type of terrain across the country and provide door to door connectivity to almost every commer of India. All types of perishable goods can be transported directly from the farm to the shop. Roads provide the last-mile connectivity to other forms of transport such as railways, airports, seaports and inland waterways.
(b) Rail transport is more popular than any other mode of transport all over India because it is cheap for both passenger and freight. It serves the needs of millions of people and helps in bringing economic prosperity to almost every corner of India.
1. Thousands of people, particularly the poor, can travel to different parts of the country through it.
2. The goods carrying capacity of the railways is larger than any other mode of transport. Hence, it is easier and cheaper for the railways to carry large quantities of freight to practically all parts of the country.
(c) The Golden Quadrilateral is a highway network that connects all the four largest metropolitan cities of India– Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The length of the entire quadrilateral is 5,846 km and consists of four to six lanes called express highways. These highways connect major industrial, agricultural and cultural centres in India. The Golden Quadrilateral is under the management of the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
(d) (i) The maximum number of roads are found in the Northern part India due to : 1. High density of population in northern India is scattered in the interior villages
where no other forms of modern transportation like railways can have access. 2. The terrain is flat and hampered by swift streams and thick forests which facilitate
road transport. (ii) The different types of roads found in India are : 1. Express highways such as the Mumbai-Pune Express Highway. 2. Golden Quadrilateral having four to six lanes connecting the four metropolitan
cities of India. 3. Northsouth and eastwest corridors connecting Srinagar and Kanyakumari and
Silchar in Assam to Porbandar in Gujarat. 4. State highways. 5. Major histrict roads. 6. Village roads. 7. Border roads managed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).Answer 11. (a) (i) Agricultural waste is the waste that originates from agricultural operations that
includes organic wastes such as farmyard manure, horticultural wastes, bagasse, paddy and wheat straw and husks etc.
| 8 | ICSE Model Specimen Papers, X
(ii) Examples of agricultural wastes are : 1. Animal dung 2. Old farm equipment such as tractors, water pumps etc. (b) (i) Household wastes or domestic wastes are those that are generated and discarded by
households. They can be both organic and inorganic. Household hazardous waste includes cleaners varnishes, batteries, food scraps, newspapers, oils, bottles, cans etc.
(ii) An incinerator is a waste treatment apparatus that is used to burn trash or waste, produced by households, industries and various other sources. The incinerator consists of a closed chamber called a furnace constructed with heavy and well insulated materials so that it does not give off large amounts of external heat. Incinerators operate on electric energy that generates high level of heat that burns the waste to ashes.
(c) The three arrows in the recycling symbol represent Reuse, Recycle and Reduce, which means reducing the amount of waste you produce, reusing the things instead of throwing them away and recycling as many things as possible.
(d) (i) Gaseous waste is a waste product produced in the form of gas resulting from various human activities such as manufacturing, processing, consumption of products, or gases emitted by humans and animals.
(ii) Plastic bags are considered harmful for the environment because of the following reasons :
1. Plastic bags, despite claims of the plastic industry, are not recyclable. 2. Plastic bags cause immense harm to various wildlife species including birds since
they intake large amounts of plastic bag shards and pieces. They also entangle and suffocate fishes of all shapes and sizes.
![Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner...4 Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner chdkusj rduhdh fo'ofo|ky;] chdkusj Karni Industrial Area, Pugal Road, Bikaner-334001 Ph No.-0151-2250950](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/5e7d0a2a235305497c783e66/bikaner-technical-university-bikaner-4-bikaner-technical-university-bikaner.jpg)
