Model Watershed Project

1. Model Watershed Project

1.1. Introduction

1.1.1 Implementing Agency

NGO **** is located at Himmatnagar of Sabarkantha district and is implementing a

programmes of watershed projects and other programmes for upliftment of people in the

area. The voluntary agency consists of professionals in the respective areas of

specialization and stay and move among the people for their day-to-day need of

assistance in the areas of health, education, women development, aquaculture, watershed

development and other programmes.

2. General Description of the watershed area

2.2.1 Location

AREA OF IMPLEMENTATION (District Details)

Sabarkantha district is located on the North-East part of Gujarat State and it lies between

North latitude 230 30’ and 24

0 34’ and East longitude 72

0 10’ & 73

0 36’. Is surrounded by

Aravali Hills and border of State of Rajasthan in the North and East, Panchmahal, Kaira

and Ahmedbad district is south, Banaskantha and Mehsana district in West. The area of

the district is 7390.28 sq.km. The district falls in agro-climatic zone IV –North Gujarat

characterized by rainfall ranging from 800 to 1000 mm. There are 1385 inhabited villages

and 18 uninhabited. The district is divided into 13 talukas viz., Baayad, Bhiloda,

dhansura, Himtnagar, Idar, Khedbrahma, Malpur, Meghraj, Modasa, Prantiz, Talod,

Vadali and Vijaynagar for the purpose of administrative convenience. District is well

connected by National Highways & Rail Network.

The district is industrially backward as there are only five major industries viz., sabar

dairy, and sabar cattle feed factory, Gujarat Abuja proteins and Tudor battery.

Out of the total population of 17.91 lakhs (1991 census0 89.5 % of population is rural and

the density of population is 238 per sq.km as against the state’s average of 210 per sq.km.

the population of scheduled Caste constitutes about 8.5 % and that of Scheduled Tribe

about 16.72 % of the district population. The main occupation of the district is agriculture

as about 72.45 % of work force of the district is engaged in agriculture work.

The basic details of the district and the map giving road network of the district are given

below.

Table 2.2.1 Basic details of the district

Details Quantity

Geographical Area (Sq.Km) 7390

No of blocks 13

No of villages 1383

Average Rainfall (mm) 690

Agriculture (net sown Area (ha)) 425759

Irrigated Area

(ha)

Net Irrigated area 193112

By Canals 43114

By wells 124103

By DTW 24339

Other sources 1556

Land Holding

pattern

Details No of

holdings

Area

(ha)

Less than 1 ha 51695 27770

1 to 2 ha 46793 68457

More than 2 ha 76545 338547

2.2.1 Map of Sabarkantha District

The watershed programme is going to be implemented in KhedBrahma taluka of

Sabarkantha district.

2.2.2 Climate

Rainfall

The rainfall in the sabarkantha district varies from 450 mm to 803 mm with an average of

690 mm. The map of annual rainfall of Gujarat is shown below

Temperatures

The maximum temperatures in the sabarkantha district vary from 27 to 31 degrees but

some times they touch as much as 45 degrees in hot weather, while the minimum

temperatures vary from 16 to 20. Occasionally, the minimum temperatures touch less

than 10 degrees.

2.2.3 Soils

The soils in Northern part of Sabarkantha district consists of rock outcrops associated

with shallow well drained loamy soils on sloppy hills and ridges on which only jawar /

makai etc can be grown with occasional cotton and ground nut. In the middle and

southern part of the district, well drained loamy soils where cotton, ground nut, wheat etc

can be grown.

The water holding capacity of the soils varies from place to place. However, they range

from 150 mm to 200 mm within a depth of 1m below ground level.

2.2.4 Hydrogeology of the area

The geological formations in the district are hard rock formations consisting of sandstone

and alluvial deposits of Sabarmati River. The hard rock formations cover more than two

thirds of the area, which are Vadali, dhansura, Khedbrahma, Idar, Mapur, bhiloda,

vijaynagar, Meghraj and Modasa talukas. The hard rock and alluvial formations occur in

bayad and partly in Prantiz and talod whereas sandstone and alluvial formation occur in

Himatnagrar and partly in Prantiz block.

The ground water occurs both in unconfined and confined states and the water levels are

normally in the range of 10 to 15 m below ground level (bgl) in hot weather while they

are in the range of 8 to 12 bgl in Kharif and Rabi season. The ground water potential of

the talukas was the scheme is going to be implemented as per the latest ground water

estimates as estimated by GWRDC and CGWB are given below.

Table2.2.4 Ground water and irrigation potential of the taluka where the scheme is going

to be implemented 1997(mcm/Year)

Details Khedbrahma

Gross groundwater draft 73.25

Utilisabe ground water

recharge 58.6

Total ground water draft 40.71

Ground water balance 17.89

Level of ground water

development 69.47

Category White

Irrigation potential

created (ha) 8850

Balance irrigation

potential (ha) 3889

Ultimate irrigation

potential (ha)

12739

2.2.5 Irrigation development in the area

There are a few minor and medium irrigation projects in the district namely; Sabarmati,

Hathmati, Harnav, vatrak, Meshow, vaidi, And Guhai which contribute gross irrigation

potential of 43114 ha. However, due to uneven rainfall the irrigation development due to

the above projects is very meager and the majority of irrigation of the order of 148442 ha

(76.87%) is done by ground water and only 23.12 % of the area is irrigated by surface

irrigation projects like canal, tanks and ponds etc.

2.2.6 Agriculture in the area

The Khedbrahma taluka of the Sabarkantha district is mainly agriculture based economy

especially rainfed crops of Jawar and Bajri with occasional wheat and cotton when

irrigation water is supplied.

2.2.7 Watershed Project Location & Area

The proposed watershed lies geographically between ------N latitude and -------E

longitude as per the SOI Toposheet No ---. It covers only village ------ in Sabarkantha

district. The watershed broadly falls under Sabarmati river basin.

The total area of the proposed watershed in 1100 ha including forest area. The details of

the watershed are as under.

Table2.2.7 Land use pattern of the Watershed

Sr.No Name

of the

village

Total area

of the

village(Ha)

Cultivated area

(ha)

Non cultivated area(ha) Area of

Waters

hed

(Ha)

Remarks

Irrigate

d area

Un

Irrigated

area

Forest

land

Culturable

waste

Area non

Available

for

cultivation

1 **** 1300 100 500 200 100 400 1100 200 ha of

the village

is out side

the

watershed

Fig 2.2.7 Drainage Map of Watershed Area

2.2.8 Shape

The proposed watershed is conical in shape and average length of watershed is 4.25 km

and average width is 2.5 kms. The average length and width ratio are 1.7.

2.2.9 Topography and drainage

The topography of this region is gently undulating to rolling, upland with high degree of

slope. Slopes range from 1% to 20 %. Due to steep slopes deep gully and presence of

many water courses. There is good drainage pattern developed in the area. The runoff is

drained through two seasonal nallas or rivulets and all the runoff goes waste from the

area. Soil being sandy loam, subsurface drainage is also very good and there is no

problem of water logging in any season during the year. The watershed forms part of

Sabarmati basin.

2.2.10 Natural vegetation

The vegetation is sparse due to various biotic factors ie, deforestation, overgrazing etc

which have destroyed the economic species and left with only little to account for.

2.2.11 Human Population

The population is rather sparse and is chiefly distributed around agricultural fields

cultivated for main crop of Jowar, Bajri and groundnut during Kharif season.

The population distribution of the village is given below.

Table 2.2.11 Population pattern of the watershed area

Sr.No Name of

Village

No of

families

Men Women Children

0-6 Years

Total

1 ***** 766 1379 1401 688 3832

Average size of family 5

Total cultivated area 600 ha

Cultivated area per family 0.78 ha

Cultivated area per person 0.15 ha

In the watershed area major communities are schedule tribal and a few belonging to

backward class and other. They are briefly given below

Details Male Female Total

Tribal 1400 1242 2642

Others 100 90 190

2.2.12 Cattle population

The cattle population in the area is given below

Table 2.2.12 Cattle population of the watershed

Buffaloes Cows Bullocks Goats Others Total

325 1165 1515 3595 1015 7615

2.2.13 Food, fodder and fuel Requirement

Because of poor yields due to primitive agriculture management practices, agriculture

does not meet the food and fodder requirement of the community. The requirement for a

family of 5 with one single cattle for 766 families is given below

Table.2.2.13 Food and Fodder requirement in the Watershed

Sr.No Description Required quantity

(kgs/day) Tonnes/Year

1 Food 3.5 978.565

2 Fuel 5 1397.95

3 Fodder 15 4193.85

2.2.14 Agriculture, Horticulture and Farm forestry

2.2.14.1 Agriculture

The major crops raised in the watershed area are as under

Kharif

Jawar, Bajri, Maize, Groundnut, Red gram

Rabi

Cotton, Wheat

Rainfed Agriculture

The project area receives rainfall of about 450 mm, which is not adequate for good

agriculture. As such, the crops grown are also mainly dry varieties. Out of 600 ha

cultivated, only 100 ha have assured irrigation through wells, the remaining depends on

rainfall. The cropping intensity is shown below

Table 2.2.14.1A. Cropping Area in the Watershed

Sr.No Cropping pattern Area (ha)

1 Occasional Cropping 50

2 Single cropping 450

3 Double cropping 100

Total 600

The main crops in Kharif and Rabi along with average yield are without irrigation and

with irrigation are given below.

Table 2.2.14.1B Per hectare with out irrigation (After discussing with farmers)

Per

hectare

with out

irrigation

(After

discussing

with

farmers)

Season

Crops Yield

rates

(qtls)

Price

per qtl.

(Rs)

Gross

Value of

Produce

(Rs)

Cost of

cultivation

Net

Income

(Rs) (Rs)

Kharif Groundnut 7 1250 8750 5000 3750

Do Hy.Bajri 9 250 2250 900 1350

Two

seasonal

Hy.Cotton

Table 2.2.14.1C Per hectare with irrigation (After discussing with farmers)

Season Crops Yield

rates

(qtls)

Price

per qtl.

(Rs)

Gross

Value of

Produce

(Rs)

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs)

Net

Income

(Rs)

No of

waterings

Depth of

waterings

Interval

between

waterings

(Days) Cm/watering

Kharif Groundnut 17 1250 21250 8500 12750 3 7.5 20

Do Hy.Bajri 18 250 4500 1800 2700 2 6 20

Rabi Wheat 25 700 17500 7000 10500 4 6 20

Two

seasonal

Hy.Cotton 25 1500 37500 15000 22500 4 7.5 20

2.2.14.2 Horticulture

Common fruit trees in the watershed area are Mango, Ber, Custard apple, Guava and

lemon.

3. Infrastructure

3.1 Electricity

In the tribal area, the farmers live near their fields due to which they are very scattered

and electrification becomes a problem. However, the village is electrified.

3.2 Banks

In the proposed area, both Co-operative banks, as well as Nationalised bank branches are

working and the credit requirements of the farmers can be taken care off.

3.3 Approach roads

The village has a good connectivity to the near by villages as well as to the taluka place.

However, the approach road to the village is inadequate.

3.4 Schools

Only two primary schools are working in the village. There is a need to increase the no of

primary schools as wells to provide one middle level school up to 10 th Standard. At

present students have to go to near by taluka place to study 10 to 12 th Standard

4. Problems in Watershed Area

4.1 Degradation

The watershed area has gently undulating to rolling topography, high slopes with

denuded land due to which it has caused serious soil erosion problem in cultivated land.

Productivity of land has decreased and most land has been transferred into non

productive land.

Degraded land can not meet the food and fuel requirements of the community . In order

to full fill their requirements they cut down the forest leading to soil erosion and

degradation further in forest area through various form of erosion.

4.2 Rainfed Agriculture and poor yields

The majority of agriculture land in the proposed watershed area is rainfed, which is very

erratic. The groundwater conditions in the area even though moderately good, as the

farmers are poor, they are not able to construct wells and exploit groundwater in the area.

4.4.3 Farm Management

The farmers practice traditional agriculture. They use implements like country plough

and are hardly aware of new improvements in equipment, hybrid seeds, fertilizer

application etc.

Farmers are generally small and marginal and lack resources for investment

4.4 Migration

Due to undulating topography, very limited area comes under irrigation. As people

depend on rainfed agriculture in highly degraded lands, the poor farmers are unable to

meet their requirements. As a sequel, they have to migrate to other places in search of

employment for their survival. Migration rate is very high in this area and almost all the

able bodies migrate to near by towns in the month of October or November and return

only after the rains.

4.5 Uncontrolled Grazing of land

The earmarked land for forestry has been overgrazed or is brought under cultivation. The

carrying capacity at present state is almost zero and consequently, it affects the

afforestation work. Predominantly live stock center farming systems reduce productivity

and increase grazing pressures on eroded and deforested land.

5 Proposed Action Plan

5.1 Training and Awareness Camps

Awareness and capacity building programmes

Exposure visits

5.2 Erosion control structures for Agriculture land

Contour bunding

Farm bunding

Repair of farm bunding

Stone bunding

Stone out let

5.3 Erosion control structures for Non agriculture land

Continuous contour trenches

Afforstation / Reforestation

Stone bunds

5.4 Drainage line treatment and water harvesting Structures

Galley plugs

Check dams

Percolation tanks

Farm Ponds

5.5 Agriculture Development

Agro-Horticulture

Improved agriculture practices

Rainfed farming and water conservation methods

5.6 Non Agriculture Land Development

Silvi Pasture

Afforestation

5.7 Live Stock development

Vaccination

Deworming

Infertility camp

Promotion of Cross bread cows, buffaloes and goat

5.8 Use of Renewable Energy

Construction of Gobar gas plants

Introduction of improved Chulla ( Nirdhum chulla)

6. Project Estimates

6.1 Capacity Building Phase

Out of the total Watershed area of 1100 ha, only about 105.42 ha was considered for

capacity building phase. Once, the capacity building phase is completed successfully, the

Full Implementation of the project will be taken up. The details of treatment and the cost

are given in the annexures, but they are briefly are given below.

1. Survey no wise net planning Table 6.2 A. SURVEY /PILOT NUMBERWISE NET PLANNING (SOIL AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION MEASURES)

Survey no.

Area (acre)

Slope Depth of soil (cm)

Texture Erodibility Class Present land use

Prop-osed land use

Existing treatment Proposed treatment

Type Length (m)

Section (sq. m)

Volume (cum)

Type Length (m)

Section (sq. m)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

2 15.09 C D2 Sic E2 III Cc Cc SB Nil Nil Nil CB FB

684 1092

0.80.63

* Gully plugs, earthen plugs and outlets also to be included in this proforma.

Treatment in Agriculture and Non Agriculture land (Area treatment)

The cost of treatment in agriculture and non-agriculture land is given below.

Table 6.2. B. The cost of treatment in agriculture and non-agriculture land

Proposed land use Land

class Slope

Gr. Area

(acres) Total

cost

(Rs.)

Lakhs

Labour

cost

(Rs.)

Lakhs

Material

cost

(Rs.)

Lakhs

Proposed

treatments and

assumptions

1 Crop cultivation III &

IV C 3-5 74.77 5.94 5.55 0.39 EW (CB, FB, RFB)

SO,SB,GP,Planting

2 Afforestation V &

VI 10-

15 30.65 1.94 1.09 0.85 CCT,SB,Plants

Sub Total 105.42 7.88 6.64 1.24

Supervision (8% of

labour cost 0.53 0.53

GRAND TOTAL 105.42 8.41 7.17 1.24

6.2 C Drainage treatment

Sl.No. Type of

Treatment Unit of

measure

nos./vol

Cost per

Unit

(Av.)

Number of

Units

Planned

Total

Cost

(Rs.)

Labour

(Rs.) Material

(Rs.)

1 Gully

treatment Percolation

tanks 26857 2 53714 43880 9834

Total: 26857 2 53714 43880 9834

2 Supervision

(8% of labour) 3510.4

3 Grand Total 2 53714 47390.4 9834

Table 6.2. D. Total cost of Capacity Building Phase

Rs Lakhs Sl.No. Item Labour

Cost Material

Cost Supervision

(@5 % of

project

cost)

Total Cost Administrative

cost (@ 16%

of project cost)

Total cost

1 Area treatment cost 6.64 1.24 0.53 8.41 1.35 9.76

2 Drainage line treatment 0.47 0.098 0.035 0.60 0.10 0.70

3 Total: 7.11 1.34 0.57 9.01 1.44 10.46

4 Training cost @ 5 % of

the total cost

0.52

5 Total cost of the

Capacity Building

Phase

7.11 1.34 0.57 9.01 1.44 10.98

6.3 Full Implementation of the Project

The capacity building phase of the project was considered for 105.42 ha. out of the total

watershed area of 1100 ha. Even though, the detailed cost of the full implementation

project can be worked out at this stage, only a tentative cost of the project has been

worked out and the economics of the project is estimated to see the feasibility of the

project.

Table 6.3 Cost of the project at the time of Full Implementation Period

Rs Lakhs

Sl.No. Item Labour

Cost Material

Cost Supervision Total

Cost Administrative

cost Total cost

1 Area

treatment

cost

46.48 8.68 3.71 58.87 9.45 68.32

2 Drainage line

treatment 3.29 0.686 0.245 4.2 0.7 4.9

3 Total: 49.77 9.38 3.99 63.07 10.08 73.22

4 Training cost

@ 5 % of the

total cost

3.64

5 Total cost of

the Project 49.77 9.38 3.99 63.07 10.08 76.86

The total cost of the project works out to be about Rs 63.07 lakhs with out administration

cost and Rs 76.86 lakhs with administration cost. This works out to be about 5700 per ha

with only project cost and Rs 7000 /ha with administration cost. The costs are reasonable

and the actuals will be worked out in details at the time of submission of the final full

implementation of the project.

7. Project Economics

7.1 Project benefits

The benefits of the projects are briefly given below

The drinking water problems of the village would be solved as the wells in the

area would be recharged due to the watershed programme The regenerated water resources would irrigate at least 200 ha out of 500 ha non

irrigated area in the village. The SHG /WSC will get an amount of Rs 18000 per year @ Rs 90 / ha for

maintenance of the project on a sustainable basis. In addition the SHG may get

additional amount if they provide water in the Rabi season, which is not counted as

the local people may decide to use remaining water for irrigation or for the

environmental sustainability. At least 2 additional men per hectare would get employment during the

agriculture season. That is about 400 men would get sustainable employment. About

60% of the cost of the project is labour oriented. That is about 65900 man days of

employment would be generated during the watershed project period. This is very

considerable and stop migration to the near by towns. The watershed programme is expected to recharge the local groundwater body.

The NGO may set up a few observation wells to quantify the recharge and estimate

new wells that can be constructed or partly recharging the old wells. This will provide

additional employment and additional wealth in the village. A few lift irrigation

schemes can also be planned for optimum utilization of water resources generated.

• The recharging water will improve the quality of groundwater, which is

hitherto highly saline and not fit for drinking.

• Reduction in the migration of population for employment to nearby town.

• Potential for Fisheries development in the tank during the monsoon season.

• The environmental impact is very important aspect of the benefits. The water

in the tank will help in increasing the moisture content of soil and increase the

greenery of the surroundings. The water will be used for animals, birds etc. The above benefits of ground water recharge, improvement of quality of ground

water, reduction of salinity, fisheries development and the total environmental impact

in the area can not be quantified precisely. However, these can be considered at about

30 % of the net incremental benefits, accrued to the project after completion.

7.2 The economic indicators

The economic indicators of the project are as under: An incremental production to the extent of Rs 200.4 lakhs @ 10000 per ha (Rs 4000/ac) Net Present Cost Rs 164.98 lakhs Net Present Benefit Rs 193.98 lakhs Net Present worth Rs 28.99 Lakhs BCR 1.18 IRR 22.95 % As seen from the above the IRR is more than 15 % and the BCR is more than 1. This

shows that the project is economically viable and can be supported.

Table 7.2.A Financial Analysis of Watershed Projects(Cropping Pattern)

CROP COMMAND

YILED PER HA COST OF

RATE (QTLS/HA) CULTIVATION

AREA(HA) (RS/QTL)

PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST

Bajri 75 15 1800 250

G.Nut 75 12 8500 1250

Cotton 50 25 15000 1500

Wheat 50 25 15000 1500

Bajri 100 9 900 250

G.Nut 100 7 5000 1250

Table 7.2.B Financial Analysis of Watershed Projects (Pre and Post Income)

Per hectare with out irrigation (After discussing with farmers)

Per Ha with Irrigation

Table 7.2.C Financial Analysis of Watershed Projects (Estimation of IRR)

Economic Indicators

An incremental production to the extent of Rs 200.4 lakhs @ 10000 per ha (Rs 4000/ac)

Net Present Cost Rs 164.98 lakhs Net Present Benefit Rs 193.98 lakhs

Net Present worth Rs 28.99 Lakhs BCR 1.18

IRR 22.95 % As seen from the above the IRR is more than 15 % and the BCR is

more than 1

7.3 Impact/ Empowerment Indicators.

The impact analysis broadly includes the socio-economic and physical and environmental

improvement in the area. These include Socio-economic Indicators Generation of Employment opportunities in the village Increased expenses in the house hold expenses Increased expenses on health and education Increased expensed for luxury items Sending children to school

Reduced migration for employment outside the village Physical Aspects

Impact on groundwater availability Reduced salinity and improvement in the quality of water Employment opportunities for women in farm and non farm sector Increased agriculture production Reduced drudgery for procuring drinking water

The NGO, which is looking after the implementation of the project, has to collect the pre

project details as, indicated above so that they can be able to quantify the benefits after

implementing the project

8. Phasing and release of funds

8.1 Physical Phasing of the Project

The construction activity will be completed in 12 months as under

(CPM/PERT Chart should be enclosed)

8.2 Schedule of Fund Release

Once the project is sanctioned, about 50% of the cost of the project estimated for the

quarter is released on advance basis and subsequently, the amount will be reimbursed as

and when the NGO will submit the expenditure statement and progress of work in the

prescribed proforma.

9. Monitoring

Monitoring Indicators and Plan for Monitoring

The Concerned NGO and the donor agency will monitor the project on quarterly basis or

as and when it is required especially if big amount of reimbursement is claimed.

The main monitoring indicators and the plan of action are as under:

9.1 Desk monitoring

The expenditure statement and the progress of physical achievement will be examined

and both will be compared. A computer program will be developed which will automatically compare the same. The

computer program also estimates the funds requirements and the balance available and

when the project has to complete vis-à-vis the actual progress and the disbursements. The

computer program will automatically indicate the amount of funds to be disbursed.

9.2 Field monitoring

The expenditure and progress statements will be compared with the actual progress of

work at the field. The quality of work will be examined The monitoring team will discuss with the local people, farmers, and women to ascertain

the proper progress of the scheme and if any difficulties are encountered during the

implementation have the project. The co-ordination of the different Govt agencies vis-a –vis the local implementing Group

and the local panchayat will also be discussed and suitable suggestions will be made to

take up in high power committee.

10. Conclusion

The watershed programme appears to be very good programme. But the experience of the

author has shown that it will be only successful, if the people participate and actively

engage in construction, monitoring and maintain the structures even after the completion

of the programme. It is necessary to motivate the people in the village and make them

owners of the programme. Then only, this mass programme of watershed development

would succeed.

11 Annexure

11.1 Code Sheet

CODE SHEET

CODE LAND USE CODE SOIL CC Crop Cultivation C Clay AH Agro-Horticulture S Sands HP Hortipasture L Loam GT Grass Land with trees SI Silty RDF Rehabilitation of

degraded forest SIL Silty Loam

AF Afforestation CL Clay Loam SOIL DEPTH SL Silty Loam

CODE SOIL DEPTH LS Loamy Sand D1 Less than 7 SC Sandy clay D2 7.5-22.5 SIC Silty clay D3 22.5-45 SCL Sandy Clay Loam D4 45.9 SICI Silty clay Loam D5 More than 90 ERODIBILITY CODE % SLOPE

CODE TYPE OF EROSION A 0-1 E 1 Sheet erosion B 1-3 E2 Rill erosion C 3-5 E3 Small gullied erosion D 5-10 E4 Sever gullied erosion E 10-15 PROPOSED

TREATMENT F 15-25

CODE TREATMENT G More than 25 RFB Repair of Farm bunds PRESENT/PROPOSED

LAND USE

CB Contour Bunding CODE LAND USE FB Farm Bunding CIR Single Crop rainfed CSI Staggered contour

trenching C2R Double crop

rainfed CCI Continuous contour

trenching C11 Single crop

irrigated GP Gully plug C21 Double crop

irrigated EP Earthen plug C31 Triple crop

irrigated SO Stone Outlet W1 Wasteland

cultivable PO Pipe outlet W2 Wasteland

Uncultivable GB Gabion structure F0 Open Forest LB Loose Boulder F1 Thin Forest P11 Pits. P Pasture land

11.2 Design and estimates

Contour bunding

Contour bunding is an earthen embankment along the contours in culturable fields. This

will help to develop the fields into level field due to shifting of soil down the slope every

time after ploughing. In order to reduce the cost of land leveling , it is better to convert

the field into half acre terrace. They retain most of the rainfall and also control erosion

and give longer time for rain water to infiltrate into the soil. In medium and high rainfall

grade is provided from 0.2 % to 0.3% towards the outlets. The cross section of bund is

given below. Contour bunding recommended for up to 6% slope where average slope is 4% so that we

design 4% slope.

S = 4% V.I = (S/a+b) 0.302 V.I = Vertical Interval between constructive bunds S = Land Slope % a & b =Constraint depend on soil and rainfall

This watershed comes under medium rainfall zone and good infiltration rate.

a = 3 , b= 2 VI = (S/3+2)0.305

= (4/3+2)0.305

= 1.02 mt

Bund height (H) = Sq.Root (Re * VI /50 + Free board) Re = 24 hour excess rainfall to be store (Maxi. Rainfall –infiltration) say 7cm. For this

area

Free board = Take 0.30 m H = 0.38 + 0.30 = 0.68 Say 0.70 mt. Slide slope 1 : 1 Top width of Bund = 0.45 mt Bottom Width of Bund = 1.85 mt Cross section of Bund = 0.80 sq.mt.

Stone out let

Name of work : Stone Outlet ( clear over fall stone weir )

Sr. No

Details of work Length Mt.

Width Mt.

D/H Mt.

Qty. Cum.

Rate Rs.

Unit Amount Rs.

1. To pick up stone and

collect it from survey

no/block area of or soling

stone purchase near the

watershed area for

construction of stone

outlet.

3.00 1.20 0.50 1.80 44.65 Cum 80.37

2. Excavation for foundation

of stone outlet in dry or

moist including dressing

and disposal of excavated

material lead up to 30 mt

and lift up to 1.50 mt

height.

3.00 1.20 0.20 0.72 27.60 Cum. 19.87

3. Labour charges for

construction of stone

outlet by using available

stone at site.

3.00 1.80 63.70 Cum. 114.66

Cost of one stone outlet Rs. 214 .90 ( Say Rs 215)

Continuous contour trenches

About 29 % of land in the watershed area is designed as denuded degraded waste land

which is under small hills and hillocks. This steep sloppy land does not permit much

opportunity time for rain water to be in filtered. These land can suitably be put under a

permanent forest cover by adopting manually constructed narrow base terraces i.e.

Gradonies. Gradonies are inward sloping very narrow base terraces constructed on the

contour and constructed to break the sloppy length , reduce the velocity of surface runoff

and retard scouring action , and thus thereby conserve soil and water. Vertical interval is

fixed to 1.0 m and the width of gradonies is kept 1.50. The material dug from inner edge is heaped on outer edge so as to form or berm of about

1.5 m which has an inward slope of 0.20 :1.00. In the middle of gradoni , pits of 0.30 m *

0.30 m * 0.30 m can be dug at a spacing of 1.0m *1.0 m. Proposed dimension of gradoni

is given below Width of Gradoni = 1.50 m

Depth of Gradoni = 0.30 m Cross section = 0.225 sq.mt i.e (1.50 * 0.30/2) * 1

Afforstation / Reforestation

FOR AFFORESTATION / REFOESTATION (Without refilling of trenches ) Proposed Land Use : AF/RF Proposed Treatment : CCT/CST/WAT/SB Species : (Common forest species i.e Sevan , Teak , Kher , Bamboo etc) COST PER PLANT : Sr. No.

ITEMS LABOUR Mandays

Amount Rs.

MATERIAL Qty.

(Kg/nos)

Amount Rs.

TOTAL (Rs.)

1. Marking of the site 0.001 0.046 0.00 0.00 0.046 2. Grass seeds

(seed sowing/broad

casting)

0.00013 0.006 1.0 gm 0.04 0.046

3. Agave Plantation 0.023 1.05 1 plant 1.75 2.80 4. Digging the tree pit of

0.30*0.30*0.30 m

approx with spacing of

1.0 m

0.015 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.69

5. Cost of plant @ Rs.

2/plant including

transportation + 30%

replantation

0.00 0.00 1.30 2.60 2.60

6. Re filling of pit and

plantation 0.033 1.50 0.00 0.00 1.50

7. 2 Weeding & 2

Mulching (4 times) 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.00 1.80

8. Fertilizer (basal + foliar

spray) 0.0055 0.25 20 gm 0.10 0.35

9. Pesticide (BHC,2 times) 0.011 0.50 20 gm 0.08 0.58 TOTAL 5.84 4.57 10.41

WAGES 44 Rs / Manday + 4.5 % T &P,contingencies Planting, refilling 30 Plants/manday Weeding & mulching 100 Plants/Manday Fertilizer (basal + fouler spray) 180 Plants/manday @20gm/plant@ Rs.5/kg Pesticides 180 Plants/manday@10gm/plant@Rs. 4/kg Agave Bulbils 1.75 Rs/bulbil including transportation.

Stone bunds

A bund constructed out of stone along the contour or across the stream is called as stone

wall. It’s adopted where the water velocity is high and where basically stone available

with in radius of 100 –150 mm from the site. It helps to conserve the soil and water ,

reduce the velocity of water and prevent soil erosion. Following are the detailed dimension of stone bunding which is adopted.

Top Width = 0.5 mt Side Slop = 0.5 H ; 1.0 V Depth of foundation = 0.20 mt Height above GL = 0.60 mt Bottom Width = 1.30 mt

Cross section of Bund = 0.72 sq.mt

Estimate for Stone bunds

Sr. No.

Details of work Length Mt

Width Mt.

D/H Mt.

Qty. Cum

Rate Rs.

Unit Amount Rs.

1. To pick up stone

and collect it from

survey no./block

area of or soiling

stone purchase near

the watershed area

for construction of

stone bund of 1.30

m base width , 0.50

m top width with

height of 0.80 m.

1.00 (1.30+0.50)/2=0.90 0.80 0.72 44.65 Cum 32.15

2. Excavation for

stone wall

foundation in dry or

moist including

dressing and

disposal of

excavated material

lead up to 30 mt

and lift up to 1.50

mt height.

1.00

0.20

0.18 27.60 Cum 4.97

3. Labour charges for

construction of

stone wall , stone

1.00 0.72 63.70 cum 45.86

available at site. Cost of stone

bunding per

mt.length

Rs.83.04

Gully plugs

Loose stone gully plugs are constructed across the bed of the gully and extended enough

into the bottom and sides of the gully to prevent washout from the above catchment and

prevent cutting of bed and sides of the gully. Up to 6% slope the vertical interval of 1.8

m to 3.6 m is recommended with suitable cross-sections. DESIGN :

Top Width = 1.00 m Bottom Width = 2.00 m Depth of the foundation = 0.30 m Width of the foundation = 2.00 m

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF DRY STONE MASONRY

a) Foundation = 0.60 sq.m b) Super structure = 1.15 sq.m

Name of work : Gully Plug

Sr No.

Details of Work Length Mt.

Width Mt.

D/H Mt.

Qty Cum

Rate Rs

Unit Amount Rs.

1. Dag balling 5 to 7.5 cm

deep 1.00 - - 0.10 10.00 100 1.00

2. Excavation in hard soil ,

dry or moist including

dressing and disposal of

excavated material lead

upto 30 mt. And lift up to

1.50 mt. Height for

foundation of Gully Plug

1.00 2.00 0.30 0.60 27.60 cum 16.56

3. Dry stone masonry for

gully plug of 2.0m base

width and 1.0 m top

width and 1.25 m. height

including foundation by

using soling stone.

13.8

a. For foundation 1.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 b. Super structure 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 Total : 1.75 112.90 Cum 197.58

Cost of gully Plug per mt. Of length is Rs : 214.32

Check dams

ABSTRACT AND MEASUREMENT SHEET FOR SOIL CONSERVATION WORK

Name of Work : Check dam

Sr. No.

Details of work Length Mt.

Width Mt.

D/H Mt.

Qty. Cum

Rate Rs.

Unit

Amount Rs.

1. Cleaning of jungle bushes, shrubs

etc. on bunds including disposal as

per instruction of engineer in

charge.

30.00 12.00 360.00 0.27/sqm Sqm 97.20

2. Dag balling 5 to 7.5cm deep 30.00 30.00 18.40/100mt Mt. 5.52

3. Earth work for bund in hard soil,

dry or moist including laying in 15

cm. Layers and breaking of clods,

shooting of grass, pebbles etc. and

dressing, when competed manually

or by plain roller with in an initial

lead of 50 mt. And lift up to 1.50

mt. Excluding charges for watering

and consolidation.

30.00 12+2/2 2.50 525.00 24.15 Cum 12678.

4. Excavation of core trench in hard

soil, dry or moist including dressing

and disposal of excavated material

with in an initial lead of 50 m & lift

of 1.5 m.

30.00 2.00 0.60 36.00 27.60 Cum 993.60

5. Completion of earth work, manually

or by plain roller, excluding

watering charges.

30.00 - - 561.00 5.50 Cum 3085.5

6. Watering of earth , Murrum highly

weathered strata or similar material

to optimum moisture in the borrow

area where source of water being

upto 1 km.

30.00 - - 561.00 4.15 Cum 2328.1

7. Excavation of waste weir to

disposal of extra water in hard soil

dry or moist including dressing and

disposal of excavated material with

in an initial lead of 50 m & lift of

1.5 m

20.00 2.00 0.75 30.00 27.60 Cum 828.00

8. Dry stone pitching, hammer dressed

with packing of voids from small

stones including all lifts in required

profile of depth (20 to 30 cm deep)

30.00 4.50 0.20 27.00 162.20 Cum 4325.40

9. Transportation of stone lead upto 5

km. 27.00 41.00 Cum 1107.00

10. Loading and unloading of stone. 27.00 28.10 Cum 758.70

11. Sowing of grass seed on the down

stream of bund/furrow (1.5 cm Dist

row to row.

1120.00 23.00/100mt Mt. 257.60

12. Cost of grass seed (stylo hamata) @

1Kg /100 mt.length 11.20 35.00 Kg. 392.00

Total cost of one check dam is Rs: 26857.0

Farm Ponds

It is an earthen embankment across the flow of water. By construction it , rain water can

be stored. The down stream side can get water and moisture for longer time and it also

recharges ground water, by that level of water in the wells of near by area increase. Some

time life saving irrigation can be done from harvested water. Waste weir is constructed

for flowing excess water. Details of Farm ponds are given below.

Length of earthen Embankment = 30.00 mt Bottom width of bund 12.00 mt Top width of Bund = 2.00 mt Total height from GL 2.50 mt Side slope u/s = 2.5 : 1 Side slope d/s = 1.5 : 1 Cross section = 17.50 Sqm

For Crop Cultivation ( Plantation)

Proposed Land use : CC Proposed Treatment ; CB/RFB/GB Species : Subabul , Popular , Gluncidia COST PER PLANT : Sr. No.

Items Labour Mandays

Amount Rs

Material Qty.

(kg/nos.)

Amount Rs

Total Rs.

1. Marking of the site 0.003 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.14 2. Grass seeds (Sowing by

furrow)

0.015

0.69

9.0 gm 0.36 1.05

3. Digging the tree plantation pit

of 0.3 * 0.3 *0.3 m approx.

with spacing of 3.0 m.

0.015 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.69

4. Cost of plant @ Rs. 2/plant

including transportation + 30%

replantation

0.00 0.00 1.3 2.60 2.60

5. Refilling of pit and plantation 0.033 1.50 0.00 0.00 1.50 6. 2 weeding & 2 mulching (4

times) 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.00 1.80

7. Fertilizer (basal + foliar spray) 0.0055 0.25 20 gm 0.10 0.35 8. Pesticide (BHC , 2 times ) 0.011 0.50 20 gm 0.10 0.60 TOTAL 5.57 3.16 8.73

WAGES 44 Rs/ manday + 4.5% T &P , Contingencies Planting, Refilling 30 Plants/manday Weeding & Mulching 100 Plants/manday Fertilizer (basal fouler spray) 180 Plants/manday @ 20 gm/plant @ Rs. 5/kg Pesticides 180 Plants/manday @ 12 gm/plant @ Rs.4/kg

12. Maps

4.12.1 Index Map 4.12.2 Map of Selected Watershed 4.12.3 Village Khasra / Cadastral map 4.12.4 Village habitations and roads and other infrastructure 4.12.5 SOI Toposheet and thematic maps 4.12.5.1 Geology 4.12.5.2 Geomorphology 4.12.5.3 Drainage 4.12.5.4 Contours and slopes 4.12.5.5 Soil 4.12.5.6 Land capability map 4.12.5.7 Land use map 4.12.5.8 Existing treatment map 4.12.5.9 Proposed treatment map of survey no wise

13 Geographical Information System (GIS)

Above maps can be prepared using GIS if possible