MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-HOP ROUTING IN WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORKS BY USING MATLAB
ALI ABDULKHALEQ KHUDHUR
A Master’s Project Report submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
JANUARY 2002
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Dedicated with love to my father for always caring and supporting and to my mother
for her inexhaustible and selfless joy.
DEDICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I give thanks to Allah, The most gracious, and most merciful for providing
me this opportunity and granting me the strength and determination to complete my
master's program. I would like to thank my supervisor, DR. SAIZALMURSIDI BIN
MD MUSTAM for the patience, guidance, encouragement, and advice he has provided
throughout my study. His guidance helped me in all the time of my program and
writing of this report.
To my lovely mother and my amazing father, the word alone cannot express
my appreciation to you. I am indebted to all the lecturers that taught me.
I would like to thank all my friends and course-mate from different countries
for providing a stimulating and fun environment in which to learn and grow.
Completing this work would have been more difficult if not for the supports and
friendship provided by my family members and friends. Limited spaces failed me to
mention an individual’s name here. I am indebted to them for their help. Finally, I
would like to thank the Iraqi government for granting me permission to study in
Malaysia. Thanks so much. PTTAPERP
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ABSTRACT
Due to the limited energy and the non-equivalence of wireless sensor network nodes,
it is imperative to reduce and rationally use the energy consumption of the nodes to
prolong the network lifetime. In this project, a random multi-hop routing approach for
wireless sensor networks was modeled and simulated. In order to minimize energy
consumption and improve the network lifetime, the simulated protocol depends on the
selection of specific sensor nodes to be cluster header for the wireless sensor nodes
which receive the packets from other normal sensor nodes randomly and then send it
to a base station or Sink. This project classifies the network into two sizes, large size
and small size and does compression between both networks when applying this
protocol in order to assist the improvement of these networks. Simulation results
showed improvement when the network size is changed from a large size to a small
size. The lifetime is improved by about 76% that means the number of the round is
increased from 80 -333, as well as the end to end delay, is improved around 30% from
180 ns – 280 ns to 100 ns – 170 ns. While for throughput, it is improved 85% from
5x106 bits to 2.5x107 bits. The packet loss also showed the improvement from 12000
to 2500 which means the improvement is about 20.83%. Lastly, the residual energy is
improved by 73% approximately 3200 s (1200 s ~ 4400).
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ABSTRAK
Disebabkan oleh limitasi tenaga dan pengesan nod rangkaian tanpa wayar tidak setara,
adalah amat penting untuk mengurangkan penggunaaan tenaga di nod bagi menambah
jangka hayat rangkaian. Dalam projek ini, penghalaan pelbagai-sambutan secara
rawak telah dimodel dan disimulasi. Untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga dan
menambahbaik jangka hayat rangkaian cadangan protokol yang disimulasi adalah
bergantung kepada pemilihan pengesan nod tertentu sebagai cluster header untuk
pengesan nod tanpa wayar yang menerima paket daripada pengesan nod yang normal
yang lain dan kemudian menghantar semula ke stesen pangkalan atau sink. Di dalam
projek ini rangkaian diklasifikasi kepada dua jenis saiz rangkaian iaitu saiz besar dan
saiz kecil dan perbandingan dibuat antara kedua-dua jenis rangkaian. Dengan
mengadaptasi protokol ini, penambahbaikan rangkaian dapat dinilai. Melalui dapatan
simulasi, ia menunjukan peningkatan apabila perubahan dibuat terhadap saiz
rangkaian dari saiz besar ke saiz kecil. Jangka hayat meningkat sebanyak 76%, ini
bermakna kitaran bertambah daripada 80 kitaran ke 333 kitaran. Sama juga dengan
lengah hujung ke hujung meningkat sebanyak 30% dari 100n saat ke 180n saat.
Manakala untuk penghantaran pula, peningkatan ialah 85% iaitu dari 5x106 bit ke
2.5x107 bit. Kehilangan paket, juga menunjukan peningkatan dari 12000 ke 2500
bermaksud peningkatan adalah sebanyak 20.83%. Akhir sekali, baki tenaga meningkat
sebanyak 73% anggaran 3200s (1200 s ~ 4400 s).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives of the study 3
1.4 Scope of the project 3
1.5 Significance of the study 3
1.6 Report outline 4
CHAPTER 2 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Literature review 5
2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs) 5
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2.3.1 Drawbacks of WSNs 6
2.3.2 Wireless sensor networks pattern 6
2.4 Routing in WSNs 7
2.4.1 Objective of WSNs 8
2.4.2 Modelling of multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4
networks 8
2.4.3 Relation of multi-hop routing protocol
performance in wireless sensor network and
simulation of energy 9
2.5 Requests of multi-channel direction protocols for
WSN 10
2.5.1 Tragedy organization 11
2.5.2 Conflict / Shadowing processes 11
2.5.3 Manufacturing investigation 12
2.5.4 Touching occurrence tracing 12
2.5.5 Mediums cars involved statement 13
2.6 Review of the previous related works 14
2.7 Summary and concluding remarks 14
CHAPTER 3 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Block diagram of the WSN system 16
3.3 Flow chart of the project activities 17
3.3.1 Study random multi-hop routing parameters 18
3.3.2 Study WSN parameters 19
3.3.3 Combination multi-hop with WSN
connectivity 19
3.3.4 Modeling of WSN by using MATLAB 19
3.3.5 Simulate and analyze the results 19
3.4 Performance parameters 20
3.5 Chapter summary 21
CHAPTER 4 22
4.1 Introduction 22
4.2 Simulation analysis 22
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4.3 Chapter summary 31
CHAPTER 5 32
5.1 Conclusions 32
5.2 Recommendations 32
REFERENCES 34
APPENDIX A 38
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LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Literature review 14
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Example of a streetlight system with WSN 2
2.1 Components of wireless sensor network 7
2.2 Applications of multichannel routing in WSNs 13
3.1 Block diagram of the WSN system process 17
3.2 Flow chart of the project activities 18
4.1 Large size of network 23
4.2 Small size of network 23
4.3 End to end delay for large network 25
4.4 End to end delay for small network 25
4.5 Packet loss of data transmission in a large network 26
4.6 Packet loss of data transmission in a small network 26
4.7 Throughput for large network 28
4.8 Throughput for small network 28
4.9 Lifetime of sensor nodes for large network 29
4.10 Lifetime of sensor node for small network 29
4.11 Residual energy for large network 30
4.12 Residual energy for small network 30
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ASGRP - Annulus Sector Grid Aided Routing Protocol
BS - Base Station
CH - Cluster Head
CM - Communication Manager
CAMP - Cluster Aided Multi-Path Routing Protocol
EEBCDA - Energy Efficient and Balanced Cluster-Based
Data Aggregation
EEMRP - Energy Efficient Multi-Path Routing Protocol
MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory
WSNs - Wireless Sensor Networks
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Coding of random multi-hop routing for
wireless sensor network 38
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1CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usually have a huge number of sensor nodes. It
requires more energy especially in positioning the sensor nodes in a wild environment.
Normally, the batteries of each sensor node are difficult to be recharged or replaced
[1]. Consequently, the maximum network lifetime based on the energy-efficient
routing protocols should be developed.
In [1], the energy efficiency in WSNs has improved by using the annulus sector
grid aided routing protocol (ASGRP). ASGRP is also recommended to prolong the life
of the network. In the grid clustering method based on arithmetic progression, the
network area is divided into clusters with various sizes and equal distance. In addition,
an inter-level multi-hop routing algorithm was proposed to improve the energy
efficiency of data transmission between the base station (BS) and cluster head (CH)
nodes [1]. Simulation results showed that by comparing with multi-hop energy-
efficient and balanced cluster-based data aggregation (EEBCDA), energy-efficient
multipath routing protocol (EEMRP) and cluster aided multi-path routing protocol
(CAMP), ASGRP prolongs the network lifetime by 24.36 % -70.68 % in the 200 m x
200 m of network area, and 25.47 % - 90.34 % in the 400 m x 400 m of network area.
Normally, a wireless communication system is used for different applications,
such as fire detection, analysis of soil and weather forecasting for the observations [2].
The advancement of WSNs technologies has enabled the applications to support smart
cities and the Internet of things in order to improve the citizens' welfare and lifestyle
[3, 4]. For example, WSNs are used to decrease energy consumption in the streetlight
system [4] as shown in Figure 1.1. The pole attached to a sensor of streetlight systems
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can reduce the waste of energy by detecting the existence of pedestrians to light up the
streetlight. Therefore, the new protocol is important to improve energy consumption
by each sensor node and prolong the network lifetime.
Figure 1.1: Example of a streetlight system with WSN [4].
1.2 Problem statement
In WSNs, the region consists of a collection of several sensor nodes. In this region, BS
or sink receives the data from the sensor node which is about the event and the physical
phenomena. Each node has a limited range and battery lifetime. When the sensors'
batteries die, it is impossible to change or recharge it. Because of that, the power is
limited and the consumption of energy is an effective challenge in the network [5, 6].
So, it is important to investigate and solve the energy consumption of the sensors node
issues that make the lifetime of the network too short, as well as, the large size of the
network affects relatively with the energy consumption of each node in the network,
which leads to a decrease in the network life gradually [7]. Therefore, this project was
proposed to simulate the WSN system to evaluate the important parameters in order to
improve the network lifetime and decrease the energy consumed by the sensor nodes.
It is expected that the findings from this simulation study can be used to assess the
network improvement when the size of the network is changed.
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1.3 Objectives of the study
The objectives of the project are as follows:
(i) To model the WSNs using MATLAB codes simulation environment.
(ii) To simulate a random multi-hop routing protocol in WSNs using MATLAB
simulation.
(iii) To assess the end to end delay, throughput, packet loss, lifetime, and residual
energy when the network size is modified.
1.4 Scope of the project
The proposed simulation study is limited by several parameters as follows:
(i) Software simulation and coding development were modeled using MATLAB
code covering the following tasks:
a. Set the right parameter within the MATLAB simulation environment,
b. Calculate the key variables to start the engine simulation,
c. Develop the code variables to establish the main framework,
d. Run the real-time simulation,
e. Record the output data and collect the related findings that could
pinpoint the analysis of multi-hop routing for WSNs using MATLAB
capabilities.
(ii) The size of the modeled network is classified into two sizes, which are large
size (100 m x 100 m) and small size (50 m x 50 m).
(iii) The number of sensor nodes for both network sizes is set to be 200 nodes.
1.5 Significance of the study
The significance of this project is it will open the gate for novel experimental study by
simulation modeling and analysis of routing strategies of multi-hop routing in WSN
using MATLAB before the implementation in the real environments.
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1.6 Report outline
This report consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 presents the introduction covering the
background of the study, objectives to conduct the project, scope of the project and the
significance of the study. While Chapter 2 discusses the literature review and the
theories about the multi-hop. It is also reviews of the previous related projects is also
presented in this chapter. The methodology of the project covering the flow of the
whole project which consisting of research design and research structure are explained
in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents the discussion of the finding of the project. Finally,
conclusion and recommendation are concluded and explained in Chapter 5.
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2CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents a literature review of the proposed project. It starts with the
history of WSN, then proceeds with the discussion on the most related research work
on multi-hop communications. In addition, a review of the previous related works is
also presented in this chapter.
2.2 Literature review
This section contain of four sections, first section includes a review for wireless sensor
networks as well as the benefits and disadvantages of those networks. Second section
will deal with the multi-hop routing protocol and its link with wireless networks, in
addition to the relationship between it and energy consumption. Third section will
explain some of the WSNs applications. Finally, the last section represents previous
work related to this project.
2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs)
WSN is stand for wireless sensor networks which consists of densely distributed nodes
that support sensing, signal processing, embedded computing, and wireless
connectivity; sensors are logically linked by self-organizing means [4]. It’s like
transferring device which collect the information to send it to base station to analyse
it each node has a limited range and battery lifetime. When the sensors' batteries die,
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it is impossible to change or recharge it. Because of that, the power is limited and the
consumption of energy is an effective challenge in the network.
Application of WSN consist for many things such as, tracking, monitoring or
controlling. Some of advantage to WSN offer as following:
(iv) Environmental Monitoring: watershed management, forest fire prediction or
irrigation management. It helps to preserve and maintain the natural resources.
(v) Industrial Monitoring and Structural Health: Detecting of machines
malfunction. It Reduces repair cost and prevents major failure
(vi) Monitoring of Civil Structure: monitoring of large civilian buildings, such as
the high buildings or bridges to avoid human disasters.
(vii) Medical care: It allows doctors to access and control sensitive places remotely
to facilitate their medical work.
2.3.1 Drawbacks of WSNs
Despite the many benefits of the WSN in many applications, there are problems that
affect the network and the design of devices. Some problems affecting show as
following:
(i) Power consumption: Energy consumption directly affects the life time of the
network, which makes it short, and this means that the life time of the sensors
nodes is limited, Which can be solved by creating an appropriate protocol that
reduces energy consumption.
(ii) Self-configuration capability: this issue can be solved by choosing the
appropriate protocol that will be implemented within the network.
2.3.2 Wireless sensor networks pattern
WSNs has limited resources compared to ad-hoc networks, therefor it is deployed
densely, they are prone to failures, The amount of nodes required in WSN is higher
than the ad-hoc network. The topology used in this network is variable, not fixed.
Finally sensor nodes don’t have a global identification. The main components of the
WSN are:
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(i) Sensor Field: The sensor field can be represented as the area in which the
sensor nodes are placed and it range varies depending on the number of nodes
used in the network.
(ii) Sink: the sink can be represented as a station for receiving, processing and
storing data sent by sensor nodes. The sink reduces the total energy
requirements of the network by reducing the total number of messages that
must be sent.
(iii) Task Manager: The task manager also known as base station is an access point
for the human interface and centre for processing and storing information and
it also represents a communication portal with other networks. The base station
is either a workstation or computer. As show in figure 2.1.
2.4 Routing in WSNs
The appropriate routing method in wireless sensor networks varies from network to
another depending on how required to transmit the data. Due to the difference in the
routing method there will be differences in results from network to another. The most
important thing before designing the routing protocol in the wireless sensor network
is to know the distance that separates the sensor nodes in the same network and base
station distance from those sensors. For the success of the routing process in
transferring data it is advisable to choose some of the sensor nodes in the network to
Figure 2.1: Components of Wireless Sensor Networks [1] PTTAPERP
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be a main sensor nodes which is called as well CH nodes that receives information
from the other normal sensor nodes and then send it to base station.
2.4.1 Objective of WSNs
Basically, only some of the sensor network applications require the successful delivery
of data between the source and destination. However, the more interest there is
complaints. This along with the demands of real-time news delivery the maximization
of the life of the networks.
Non-real-time message delivery: One of the most important things in a wireless
sensor network the time it takes to send and receive information. Some applications
require that the message be delivered within a specified time period, otherwise the
message becomes useless, therefor the protocols which uses in the network should be
carefully selected to ensure that information is sent and received in a timely manner,
in addition to reducing information loss during the transferring process in order to be
an integrated and high-performance network to serve users.
Network lifetime: the life time of the wireless sensor networks is important because
of that, the power is limited and the consumption of energy is an effective challenge
in the network. So, it is important to investigate and solve the energy consumption of
the sensors node issues that make the lifetime of the network too short. Therefore,
appropriate protocols should be designed to reduce the energy consumption and
increase the network life.
2.4.2 Modelling of multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4 networks
As a channel wireless sensor size IEEE 803.15.4 is develop it is significant to
understand the performance of multi-hop communication. The analytical research has
provided IEEE 802.15.4 a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is unreliable
because the measurement is based on assumption such as traffic and homogenous
traffic and ideal carrier sensing. Based on the analysis held by the researchers, a new
analysis based on unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 MAC has made. Due to multi-hop and
different traffic generation pattern has been consider[9].
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The monitoring and a broad range of construction management, environmental
monitoring, sensor networks, intelligent networks is done by using multi-hop routing
information applications of the network service[10]. A star network of IEEE 802.15.4
is observed however there is no clear understanding of performance through multi-hop
networks. For a single-hop network, documents, literature, saturated or unsaturated,
acknowledgments retransmissions and IEEE 802.15.4 have to capture the behavior of
the MAC, the proposed models [11-14]. The true test-bed experiment to be valid
according to the Markov chain modelling and Bianchi shoots[15-16]. However, all
these contributions, both saturated and unsaturated conditions, is expected to be
homogeneous. The major limitation is listed as follow:
(i) Single-hop networks, nodes, and they showed a variety of services may be
allowed as a result of various generation rates.
(ii) In multi-hop networks, depending on routing, the traffic load on the roads. In
some networks, little more than the intersection with the ways of routing nodes,
and packages may be subject to the delivery of international traffic. These
nodes in a way that, regardless of the number of packages, that is not
homogeneous.
(iii) Adopted by the hidden terminals and the network, nodes, and each node, traffic
will be, if any. Some of these nodes and other nodes in programs related to the
perception that it is impossible. [17-18].
The researcher proved that the mutual influence between routing decisions and
MAC performance in terms of reliability, delay, and load balancing. According to the
finding result also display the effectiveness of their projected model in capturing the
interaction between IEEE 802.15.4 MAC performances and routing decisions [8].
2.4.3 Relation of multi-hop routing protocol performance in wireless sensor
network and simulation of energy
Due to the challenge occur in communication system the low energy adaptive
clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and minimum transmission energy (MTE) is combined
as a cluster approach. The multi-hop is used in instead of direct communication in
cluster filed. Based on the researcher by using the multi-hop it is significant to improve
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the life span of the the communication system and to provide better performance for
wireless sensor network [19].
The hybrid approach between LEACH and MTE were improve the energy
consumption and prolong the lifetime of the network sensor as simulated in the
research finding [19]. The LEACH allow the sensor node to optimise the transmission
energy, even in the large distance when transmission energy is dominant.
2.5 Requests of multi-channel direction protocols for WSN
Normally, WSNs communication channel used for doing the connection with the two-
hop neighbors, then the node may suffer from the contact impedance. Thus, high
possibility the loss of information or delay information (overflow) for the temporary
storage of packets of information from (local)may happen [20]. Similarly, the channel
of the day, and the attenuation and distortion or jamming of the absence of sufficient
quality, as well as the loss of data, it may lead to interference caused by
retransmissions. Therefore, the performance of the network and can be compromised.
WSNs routing channel is expected, for example, is shown in Figure 2.5 [20]. The
multichannel approach is an effective alternative way to solve the problem issue such
as data latency, data loss, and retransmission in single-channel WSNs. It may be
permitted the sensor node to use the channel to communicate not only with the
neighbourhood but also will provide quality for data communication as much as is
needed [20].
To overcome the degradation of the quality channel, routing protocol
multichannel may use a mechanism such as a channel hopping (may be permitted
sensor node to change dynamically to a quality alternative channel) or estimate the
stability and the channel quality[21-22]. With this method, not only the losses or data
latency can be avoided, but also trustworthiness and throughput will provide the high
performance in WSN.
Even though the multichannel can be seen as costly and complexity for WSN
but the advantages that offer by WSN such as high performance and security in
communication is worth it more that the cost and the complexity. The application of
in this routing multichannel protocol in WSN can be classify as the following
categories:
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2.5.1 Tragedy organization
Normal disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are natural and nature
gradually. Their consequences in the form of hurricanes and severe aftershocks may
undermine the overall effort [23]. The disaster also may impact the structure of
buildings,roads, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) [23], as well as
the traffic could increase by many times can lead to catastrophes. This incident cause
the tightness of the technologies and lead to inconvenience capacity to provide heavy
traffic load, it may suffer from congestion and conflict. Therefore, a technology to
ensure a minimum capacity of disaster-stricken areas to help with rescue is very
important.
About the consequences of these pending disaster-stricken inhabitants of the
region will help to pre-emptively, and thus helps to ensure their lives. Like ordinary
WSNs, Multichannel Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) ICT pectoral placement to
enhance the capacity and features of a fault-tolerant, self-organization can be a
combination of nature, and therefore they are a good candidate disaster-stricken area.
The multichannel sensor node can fall at the affected area caused by a disaster
using the aerial vehicle. Since WSNs cognitive can work on both channel primary and
secondary, it will provide primary infrastructure ICT at the destroyed area if it is half
damage. With this method, MWSN able to help to spread the information and rescue
activities.
2.5.2 Conflict / Shadowing processes
With advanced technology, the Opportunistic Routing (OR) is created.
Security is a big concern [24]. Therefore, it is too risky for military use on the
battlefield. One alternative solution increases the reliability is to provide a dynamic
mechanism such as multihop and estimate the stability and quality channel. Through
this method, it will prevent the hacker from braking the communication system.
Thus, the required high performance and efficiency can be provided. For
example, the EM-MAC [21] and LEMR-Channel [25], the dynamic channel allocation
with the use of hand-channel protocols are available to cope with everything.
Similarly, the internal number-NEAMCBTC [26] The attacks, and everything is good
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MWSNs stream-based communication tool. Similarly, MMOCR [26] with a hybrid
method of selecting a channel among the available channels to find the best possible
solution, co-channel interference, interference - on the basis of the dimension based
on the use of force, one-channel or protocol (CIS).
2.5.3 Manufacturing investigation
In industrial development, the scalar / route data to the control room of the sensor
nodes and the central entity or to the latest information is very important in WSNs
application. Oil / gas extraction plants and mining exploration sites in challenging
terrain, so because of the industrial equipment and the environment may suffer from
exposure to mechanical influences.
This reduction may lead to redefine the network may degrade the performance
of wireless signals. Multi-channel WSNs, providing a more flexible solution to this
problem as well as a lower quality of health care and to avoid the channels, which may
enable the sensor nodes. However, there is no longer advocated by the wireless signals
on the central side of the channels may provide an economical information.
2.5.4 Touching occurrence tracing
To ensure the safety of people's life and property, and if it becomes uncontrolled and
violence, mass move may lead to a level not observed phenomena is important for the
government. Scroll phenomena are important examples to control the fire and the
water flows out. In this regard, the multi-channel sensor networks are special channels
that can adjust the script themselves on fire in air transport in the region may be
measured in accordance with the external temperature range.
After that, the channel proximate sensor nodes through the observation of
treatment may combine the information received from the sensor nodes and feel a part
of the cluster is able to refuse. After that, the channel head of the Higher Management
Bathroom node cluster data. Changes in the temperature of each region, then moving
fire in a Geographic region is clear. As a result, the sensor nodes to move to move to
the same picture of the sampling rate increase. Temperature should be stabilized, and
then the sampling rate also decreased [27].
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