+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a...

Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a...

Date post: 04-Apr-2015
Category:
Upload: leolin-guillard
View: 109 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
18
Modeling the Greenland ice sheet
Transcript
Page 1: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

Modeling the Greenland ice sheet

Page 2: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

What is modeling? (for ice sheet)

Definition

• Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon

• Modeling is also the name of the method that represents the object or phenomenon.

Characteristics: Modeling is performed on a computer with mathematical formulaes. The result is displayed in a grid.

Why is modeling essential? Since the retrieval of long time scales data is hardly possible, computational modeling is a important tool used for understanding and predict past, present and future dynamics of ice mass.

Page 3: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

What is an ice core?

• cylindrical sample of ice extracted from polar regions, for instance.

• possesses valuable information on past climates; analysed to understand the climate system.

• provide information about the possible human impact on global warming.

Page 4: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.
Page 5: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

paléoclimatologie

paléoentomologie

insectes(coléoptères)

dendroclimatologie palynologie

étude de la flore, du pollen actuelsou fossilisés

glaciologie

analyse des propriétés de la glace

prélèvementde carottes deglace

Arborescence 1

modélisation

Étude des climats passés et de leur variation

moyen

pollen

étude des paléoclimatsà l’aide des faisceaux de croissance annuels des arbres

outil de représentation

taux de CO2 dans les arbres

objet d’étude

étude des environ-nements anciens grâce aux insectes fossilisés

Page 6: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

paleoclimatology

paleoentomology

insects(coleoptera)

dendroclimatology palynology

study of pollen,whether modern orgeological

glaciology

study of ice properties

prélèvementde carottes deglace

Arborescence 1

modeling

Study of past climates and their variability

means

pollen

study of tree rings to infer past climatic conditions

means of representation

CO2 rate in trees

study of ancient environ-ments through analysis offossil insect parts

FOR PAST CLIMATES

studying

Page 7: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

LE FORAGE

altimétrie satellite forage de surface carottage

mesures: longueur, diamètre,…

analyse macroscopique(voir arborescence 3)

découpage

emballageexpédition verslaboratoires pourétudes

analyse chimique(voir arborescence 4)

Arborescence 2: étapes avant et après le forage

Liens indirects (temporels)

Page 8: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

THE DRILLING

satellite altimetry shallow ice drilling drilling

measures: length, diameter,…

macroscopic analysis(voir arborescence 3)

cutting

packagingsending off tolaboratories for analysis

chimical analysis (voir arborescence 4)

Arborescence 2: étapes avant et après le forage

Liens indirects (temporels)

Page 9: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

PRÉLÈVEMENT DE CAROTTE DE GLACE

analyse des carottes première étape

analyse macroscopique (voir arborescence 3)

analyse chimique(voir arborescence 4)

deuxième étape

Arborescence 3

Liens indirects (temporels)

Page 10: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

ICE CORE SAMPLING

ice core analysis first step

macroscopic analysis (voir arborescence 3)

chemical analysis(voir arborescence 4)

Arborescence 3

Liens indirects (temporels)

second step

Page 11: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

ANALYSE MACROSCOPIQUE

analyse macroscopique

analyse à l’œil nu

comptage des couches

OU analyse avec le « line scan profile »

analyse de conductivité de l’électricité (ECM)

Arborescence 4

butLien indirect (temporel)

Page 12: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

MACROSCOPIC ANALYSIS

macroscopic analysis

unaided eyeanalysis

layer counting

OR line scan profile 

electrical conductivity measurement (ECM)

Arborescence 4

butLien indirect (temporel)

Page 13: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

ANALYSE CHIMIQUE DES CAROTTES

analyse chimique des carottes

température d’évaporation de l’eau

température de condensation

activité solaire, champ magnétiqueterrestre

activité volcanique et vents

teneur en CO2 en méthane,…

deutérium

ratio O18 /O16

béryllium

cendres, poussières

air piégée dans la glace

estimation de

par analyse de

Arborescence 5

Page 14: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

CHIMICAL ANALYSIS OF ICE CORES

chimical analysis of ice cores

temperature of water evaporation

temperature of water condensation

solar activity, terrestrial magneticfield

volcanism and winds

rate of CO2 , of methane,…

deuterium

O18 /O16 ratio

beryllium

ashes, dusts

air entrapped in ice

evaluating the through analysis of

Arborescence 5

Page 15: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

Arborescence 6: mise au point d’un modèle de calotte (1)

LA MODELISATION DE CALOTTE

élévation de la surface

flux de glace

épaisseur de la glace

conditions basales

température interne

bilan de masse

fonte sous la masse glaciaire

altimétrie satellite

radar aéroporté

radar et carotte de glace

radar (SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar)

forage

formulesmathématiques

… …

calotte de glace

anal

y se

de

modélisation

ordinateur

+ conditio

ns

grâce à

(discrétisation)

moyen

Page 16: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

Arborescence 6: design of an ice cap model (1)

MODELING THE ICE CAP

surface elevation

ice flux

ice thickness

basal conditions

internal temperature

sub ice mass melting

satellite altimetry

airbone radar

radar and ice core

radar (SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar)

drilling

mathematical formulas

… …

ice cap

means

anal

y si s

of

modeling

computer

through

mass balance

conditions

(discretization)

Page 17: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

Problèmes terminologiques

• Utilisation du vocabulaire anglais/américain pour les variables intégrées dans l’ordinateur. Les équivalents français existent et sont également utilisés. L’expert utilise indifféremment les deux options. Que faire?

• Faut-il mettre les noms des modèles dans la base? Peut-on les considérer comme des termes? Certains modèles sont d’utilisation courante comme GCM (Global Circulation Model) et sont souvent mentionnés dans les textes.

Page 18: Modeling the Greenland ice sheet. What is modeling? (for ice sheet) Definition Modeling is a computational representation of an object or phenomenon Modeling.

Problèmes de traductionModern ice sheets and ice caps preserve an archive of their depositional history which, under favourable circumstances, can yield a continuous record of the isotopic and chemical composition of surface precipitation. […] To minimize this distortion, ice core drilling sites are commonly located near flow divides. In the absence of other information, flow modelling can be used to calculate the age stratification of ice sheets and from this to estimate age-depth relation for specific sites. Tracer transport modelling has other justifications, for example to model the fluxes of chemical and isotopic tracers in global biogeochemical cycles; to predict and interpret tephrachronological records in ice cores and at ice sheet margins; to predict and interpret the dielectric stratigraphy of ice masses; to model temporal and spatial evolution of internal rheological boundaries within ice sheets; to validate climate and ice dynamics models.

De nos jours, les calottes de glace ainsi que les inlandsis conservent une archive de leur passé en termes de précipitation, qui en des circonstances favorables, peut produire un enregistrement continu de la composition chimique et isotopique des précipitations. […] Afin de réduire cette distorsion/altération, les sites de forage des carottes sont généralement situés près des lignes de partage. En l’absence d’autre information, on peut avoir recours à la modélisation de l’écoulement pour estimer l’âge auquel les différentes couches de les inlandsis se sont stratifiés et ainsi en déduire la relation âge-profondeur pour des sites spécifiques. D’autres raisons sont invoquées pour l’utilisation de la modélisation des traceurs de transport, par exemple : pour modéliser les flux des traceurs chimiques et isotopiques dans les cycles biogéochimiques globaux ; prévoir/prédire et interpréter les archives téphrachronologiques des carottes et bords terrestres de l’inlandsis ; prévoir et interpréter la stratigraphie diélectrique des masses de glace ; modéliser l’évolution dans l’espace et dans le temps des limites rhéologiques internes au sein de l’inlandsis; valider les modèles climatiques et de dynamiques des glaciers.


Recommended