Modelling of Control Scheme for a Stand -Alone Wind Energy ... · A buck converter is a voltage...

ABSTRACT:

Present energy need heavily relies on the

conventional sources. But the limited

availability and steady increase in the

price of conventional sources has shifted

the focus toward renewable sources of

energyof the available alternative sources

of energy, wind energy is considered to be

one of the proven technologies. With a

competitive cost for electricity generation,

wind energy conversion system (WECS)

is nowadays deployed for meeting both

grid-connected and stand-alone load

demands. However, wind flow by nature

is intermittent. In order to ensure

continuous supply of power suitable

storage technology is used as backup. In

this project, the sustainability of a 4-kW

hybrid of wind and battery system is

investigated for meeting the requirements

of a 3-kW stand-alone dc load

representing a base telecom station. A

charge controller for battery bank based

on turbine maximum power point

tracking and battery state of charge is

developed to ensure controlled charging

and discharging of battery.

Introduction Wind energy can be used to grid or OFF grid application.[1-3]Wind energy is not possible to

use the constant load applications. Wind

energy can be stored in battery & used in the loads. There is no control mechanism to use

the wind energy effectively. Wind energy

generation is varying based on wind speed &

not able to give the constant power to the constant load application. [4-9]

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING

SYSTEM:

In this method the required battery system to

provide the constant DC loads application. Additionally maintain the battery storage

system.

BLOCK DIAGRAMOF PROPOSED

SYSTEM:

Figure.1. Proposed System Block Diagram

Buck converter:

A buck converter is a voltage step down and

current step up converter. The basic operation

of the buck converter has the current in an inductor controlled by two switches .In the

idealized converter, [10-12]all the components

are considered to be perfect. Specifically, the switch and the diode have zero voltage drop

when on and zero current flow when off and

the inductor has zero series resistance.

Boost converter:

A boost converter is a DC-to-DC power

converter with an outputvoltage greater than

its input voltage. It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two

semiconductors and at least one energy storage

element, a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. Filters made of capacitors are

normally added to the output of the converter

to reduce output voltage ripple.[13-15]

Modelling of Control Scheme for a Stand-Alone Wind

Energy Conversion System 1Dr.V.Jayalakshmi,

2Sujeet Kumar

1Associate Professor,

2UG Student

Department of EEE

BIHER, BIST, Bharath University

Chennai- 600073.

[email protected]

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 7959-7969ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

7959

PRINCIPLE:

1) Gradual rise and fall in wind speed. 2) Step variation in wind speed.

3) Arbitrary variation in wind speed.

The wind flow is erratic in nature. Therefore, a

WECS isintegrated with the load by means of

an ac–dc–dc converterto avoid voltage flicker

and harmonic generation.[16-20] The controlScheme for a stand-alone hybrid wind-

battery system includesThe charge controller

circuit for battery banks and pitch controlLogic to ensure. WT operation within

the rated value. The controlLogic ensures

effective control of the WECS against all possibledisturbances.

CONSTRUCTION

The pitch control scheme is shown in Fig. 7.

As seen thep.u. value of each input is

compared with 1 to calculate theerror. The errors are tuned by PI controller. The “MAX”

blockchooses the maximum output from each

PI controller which isthen passed on to a

limiter to generate the pitch command for the WT. The actual pitch command is compared

with the limitedvalue. The lower limit of the

pitch command is set at zero. There arises an error when the actual pitch command goes

aboveor below the specified limit. This is

multiplied with the errorobtained from each of the comparator. The product is comparedwith

zero to determine the switching logic for

integrator. [21-24]Thistechnique is carried out

to avoid integrator saturation. The pitchcontroller changes the pitch command

owing to variation inturbine rotation speed,

power, and output voltage of rectifier, which ensures safe operation of the WECS.

WORKING:

Simulink Diagram of Pulse Generator:

Buck Mode operation:

AC input voltage:

DC output voltage

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

7960

Boost mode operation:

AC input voltage:

Alternating current (AC) is used for power line

transmission and for high power devices like

appliances and lights. The characteristics of

AC make it ideal for transmission over long lines and for delivering large amounts of

power for relatively unregulated uses, such as

generating heat and light. Lower power appliances and devices require the closely

regulated control of direct current power (DC).

As a normal house is[30-35] supplied with AC, it must be converted to DC for many uses.

Two high power AC networks can be

connected via a DC link, as that does not

require both networks to be synchronized in frequency and phase, which is often difficult

or impossible. [36-37]

DC link exists between a rectifier and an

inverter, for example, in a phase converter. On

one end, the utility connection is rectified into

a high voltage DC. On the other end, that DC is switched to generate a new AC power

waveform. It's a link because it connects the

input and output stages.

The term "DC link" is also used to describe the decoupling capacitor in the DC link. I assume

that this is what you're asking about. The

switching network on the output side generates very large transients at the switching

frequency. [40-43]

The DC link capacitor helps to keep these transients from radiating back to the input.

This can also help prevent the switching

network from oscillating or [25-29]triggering

inadvertently at an inappropriate moment and causing a short. Additionally, if the input is not

multiple-phase, the capacitor helps provide a

source of energy when the input waveform is near zero.

PERFORMANCE OF DRIVER UNIT

The input to a TTL circuit is always through

the emitter(s) of the input transistor, which

exhibits a low input resistance.The base of the input transistor, on the other hand, is

connected to the Vcc line, which causes the

input transistor to pass a current of about 1.6 mA when the input voltage to the emitter(s) is

logic '0', i.e.,near ground.Letting a TTL input

'float' (left unconnected) will usually make it

go to logic '1', but such a state is vulnerable to stray signals, which is why it is good practice

to connect TTL inputs to Vcc using 1 kohm

pull-up resistors.The most basic TTL circuit has a single output transistor configured as an

inverter with its emitter grounded and its

collector tied to Vcc with a pull-up resistor, and with the output taken from its collector.

POWER MOSFET:

The MOSFET, or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor

Field-Effect Transistor is far the most common

field effect transistor in both digital and analog circuits. The MOSFET is composed of a

channel of n-type or p-type semiconductor

material, and is accordingly called an NMOSFET or a PMOSFET. Unfortunately,

many semiconductors with better electrical

properties than silicon, such as gallium

arsenide, do not form good gate oxides and thus are not suitable for MOSFETs.


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Fig 3. Power MOSFET

FEATURES OF POWER MOSFET:

Power MOSFET has lower switching losses

but its on-resistance and conduction losses are

more.

BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER:

The bidirectional dc to dc converter along with energy storage has become a promising option

for many power related system including

power related systems and hybrid electric

vehicles. It is not only reducing the cost and improving the efficiency. MOSFET is the

switches used in the converter.[17-15] In this

T1,T2,T3,T4 are the switches used in the inverter bridge side and T5,T6,T7,T8 are the

switches used in the rectifier side . Where L is

the leakage inductance used for the soft switching and the values for the leakage

inductance is 27µ𝐇, ,the capacitorsCdc1

,Cdc2used for the filtering purpose[16-18]

HARDWARE MODELLING:

PIC microcontrollers (Programmable Interface Controllers), are electronic circuits that can be

programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks

PIC microcontrollerPIC Microcontrollers are

relatively cheap and can be bought as pre-built circuits or as kits that can be assembled by the

user Every Microcontroller (also MCU)

consists of several major units: Input / Output Ports

Control Pins: reset, power, clock

Processor (CPU)

Memory (RAM, ROM, EEPROM) Serial and parallel ports

Timers

Analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters

The IN4007 (the 1N4000 up to

1N4007) are one amp rated, low speed rectifier diodes.

TLP250 is suitable for gate driving

circuit of IGBT or power MOS FET

DRIVER CIRCUIT

The IR2110 are high voltage, high speed

power MOSFET and IGBT drivers with HARDindependent high and low side

referenced output channels. Proprietary HVIC

and latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized monolithic construction.

Circuit Diagram Of The Control Circuit[40-

45]

Construction of Optocoupler:

Fabrication Of Driver Circuit

R1

1k

R2

R3R4

R5

R6

1k

R8

1k

U1

OP-07C/301/TIQ1

BDX37

Q2

Q3

D1

D1N1190

C1

1n

0

FROM MICRO CONTROLLER

1K

100100

100

S

G500mA

230/12VMCT2E


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SL.No Components Qty

1 TLP 250 1

2 4007N diode 1

3 1000mf capacitor 1

4 1k Resistor 1

5 100 ohm resistor 1

6 8 pin IC 1

PIC Microcontroller

SL.No Components Qty

1 AC socket 1

2 1 Amps Bridge rectifier 1

3 470mf 25v capacitor 1

4 7805 regulator 1

5 330 ohm resistor 1

6 LED 1

7 40 pin IC base 1

8 Micro switch 1

9 PIC16f877a IC 1

HARDWARE CIRCUIT

Buck converter:

AC input voltage:


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DC output voltage:

Boost converter:

AC input voltage:

DC output voltage:

Advantages:

Voltage can be got constant voltage. Low cost.

Low maintenance.

High efficiency. Reduce losses in the conversion

system like battery etc...

CONCLUSION

The power available from a WECS is very unreliable in nature. So, a WECS cannot

ensure uninterrupted power flow to the load. In

order to meet the load requirement at all instances, suitable storage device is needed.

Therefore, in this paper, a hybrid wind-battery

system is chosen to supply the desired load

power. To mitigate the random characteristics of wind flow the WECS is interfaced with the

load by suitable controllers. The control logic

implemented in the hybrid set up includes the charge control of battery bank using MPPT

and pitch control of the WT for assuring

electrical and mechanical safety. The charge

controller tracks the maximum power available to charge the battery bank in a

controlled manner. Further it also makes sure

that the batteries discharge current is also within the C/10 limit. The current programmed

control technique inherently protects the buck

converter from over current situation. However, at times due to MPPT control the

source power may be more as compared to the

battery and load demand. During the power

mismatch conditions, the pitch action can regulate the pitch angle to reduce the WT

output power in accordance with the total

demand. Besides controlling the WT characteristics, the pitch control logic

guarantees that the rectifier voltage does not

lead to an over voltage situation. The hybrid wind-battery system along with its control

logic is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK

and is tested with various wind profiles. The

outcome of the simulation experiments validates the improved performance of the

system.

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