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Models for heat and moisture transport in a microwave oven
Andrew Hill & Prof. C.J. BuddUniversity of Bath, UK
Greg HooperCCFRA, UK
Faraday CASE award
Microwave oven
Thermal image of surface of food after 5 minutes heating
Aims
• To increase understanding of the field, heat and moisture transport in a microwave oven.
• To produce relatively simple mathematical models able to predict temperature and moisture changes in food during heating and implement these in an easy to use package.
• To guide the development of products that heat evenly and give good microwave performance.
Maxwell and Lambert Law
L: Domain length: 2-14cm d: Penetration depth: 8mm
Pa: Power absorbed
L
Solving Maxwell’s equations for electric field predicts that the power absorbed oscillates and decays.
dxa e
d
QP /
Starchy food
Lambert Law approximates this by
x
Maxwell v Lambert lawField calculations for 1-D domain
Decay of amplitude of oscillations as length increases
Higher Dimensional Model
• Model includes end correction to approximate 3-D geometry from a basic 2-D solution
• Probe 4
• Probe 2
• Probe 1
• Probe 3
2-D model with constant dielectric properties
)),0(()),0(( 44aacy TtTTtThkT
))()()()(( /)(//)(/02 dyhdydxLdxt exdexceybeya
d
QTkH
10cm
2cm
FOOD
x
y
We can measure
• Point temperatures continuously during heating using fibre optic thermal probes.
• Surface temperatures after heating using thermal imaging cameras.
• Moisture loss by weight of samples before and after heating.
• Average power absorbed by measuring temperature rise of a water load in the oven.
650W Oven, Mode stirrer, Averaged: a=b=c=d=1
650W Point Temperatures
650W Moisture Loss
1000W Oven, Mode stirrer, Averaged: a=b=c=d=1
Thermal image of cross section after 3 minutes heating
1000W Point Temperatures
1000W Moisture Loss
Turntable oven, thermal image taken after 5 minutes heating
750W turntable oven,a=b=1, c=d=0.5*(1+cos2(ωx))
Moisture loss
Model Summary• 2-D model and 3-D end corrections implemented
using Lambert Law with constant dielectric properties assumed radiation field pattern at surface.
• Mode stirrers average out field effects• Rotation requires variable field model• Inputs: dielectric properties, physical
characteristics of food, power absorbed by load.• Outputs: Point temperatures, cross sectional
temperature profile, moisture loss.• Experimental validation• Computation time: minutes on a PC
Conclusion
• Through the use of analysis, modelling and efficient numerical methods the model can predict quickly the temperature and moisture content of food loads heated in a variety of microwave ovens
• Mode stirred ovens produce a more even heating pattern than turntable ovens.
• Work is continuing on improving the model to incorporate more complicated field patterns.