Models of Bedrock Surface and Overburden Thickness Over ...

POSIVA OY

FI-27160 OLKILUOTO, FINLAND

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Hanna Mönkkönen

Apri l 2012

Working Report 2012-15

Models of Bedrock Surface andOverburden Thickness Over Olkiluoto

Island and Nearby Sea Area

Apri l 2012

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

Hanna Mönkkönen

WSP Finland Oy

Working Report 2012-15

Models of Bedrock Surface andOverburden Thickness Over Olkiluoto

Island and Nearby Sea Area

Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/12

MODELS OF BEDROCK SURFACE AND OVERBURDEN THICKNESS OVER OLKILUOTO ISLAND AND NEARBY SEA AREA ABSTRACT

In this report, a model of bedrock surface and a model of overburden thickness over the Olkiluoto Island and the nearby sea area are presented. Also in purpose to produce material for biosphere and radionuclide transport modelling, stratigraphy models of different sediment layers were created at two priority areas north and south of the Olkiluoto Island.

The work concentrated on the collection and description of available data of bedrock surface and overburden thickness. Because the information on the bedrock surface and overburden is collected from different sources and is based on a number of types of data the quality and applicability of data sets varies. Consequently also the reliability in different parts of the models varies.

Input data for the bedrock surface and overburden thickness models include 2928 single points and additional outcrops observations (611 polygons) in the modelled area. In addition, the input data include 173 seismic refraction lines (6534 points) and acoustic-seismic sounding lines (26655 points from which 13721 points are located in model area) in the Olkiluoto offshore area.

The average elevation of bedrock surface in area is 2.1 metres above the sea level. The average thickness of overburden is 2.5 metres varying typically between 2 – 4 metres. Thickest overburden covers (approximately 16 metres) of terrestrial area are located at the western end of the Olkiluoto Island and in sea basin south of the island.

Keywords: Bedrock surface, overburden thickness, stratigraphy, Olkiluoto.

OLKILUODON SAAREN JA LÄHEISEN MERIALUEEN KALLIOPINNAN JA MAAPEITTEEN PAKSUUDEN MALLIT

TIIVISTELMÄ

Tässä raportissa on esitetty Olkiluodon saaren ja läheisen merialueen kalliopintamalli, maapeitteen paksuus malli sekä radionuklidien kulkeutumista varten luodut sedimentti-kerrosten stratigrafiamallit Olkiluodon saaren pohjois- ja eteläpuolen merialueilta.

Työ on pääsääntöisesti keskittynyt kallion pinnan ja maapeitteen paksuustietojen kerää-miseen ja kuvaamiseen. Koska tietoa kalliopinnan syvyydestä ja maapeitteen paksuu-desta on koottu useista eri lähteistä, aineiston laatu ja tarkkuus ja siten myös mallien tarkkuus, on hyvin vaihtelevaa. Aineistoa on myös lähtötiedon tyypistä riippuen käsitelty eri tavoin.

Lähtöaineistona kallionpinnasta tai maapeitteen minimipaksuudesta on mukana 2928 yksittäistä pistettä sekä alueen kalliopaljastumahavainnot (611 havaintoa). Lisäksi mal-lissa on hyödynnetty 173 refraktioseismistä mittauslinjaa (6534 pistettä), sekä meri-alueilla tehtyjä akustis-seismisiä luotauksia (26655 pistettä, joista 13721 on mallin-nusalueella).

Kalliopinnan keskimääräinen korkeustaso alueella on 2.1 metriä merenpinnan yläpuo-lella. Maapeitteen paksuus vaihtelee yleensä 2 – 4 metriä välillä ollen keskimäärin 2.5 metriä. Paksuimmat maapeitteet (noin 16 metriä) havaitaan Olkiluodon länsikärjen tietä-millä ja saaren eteläpuolisella merialueella.

Avainsanat: Kalliopintamalli, maapeitteen paksuus, stratigrafia, Olkiluoto.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

TIIVISTELMÄ

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3 2 INPUT DATA .......................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Digital elevation model .................................................................................... 6 2.2 Available discrete data sets ............................................................................ 7 2.3 Outcrop areas and areas of rock and thin soil ................................................ 9 2.4 Geophysical data .......................................................................................... 10

2.4.1 Seismic surveys .................................................................................... 10 2.4.2 Acoustic-seismic studies at sea area near Olkiluoto ............................. 10

3 DATA PROCESSING ........................................................................................... 11

3.1 Elevation of outcrop observation ................................................................... 11 3.2 Reed survey .................................................................................................. 11 3.3 Outcrop areas and areas of rock or thin soil ................................................. 12 3.4 Data from seismic surveys ............................................................................ 12 3.5 Data from acoustic seismic surveys .............................................................. 13 3.6 Average overburden thickness ..................................................................... 15

4 MODELLING METHODS ...................................................................................... 17

4.1 Initial model of bedrock surface .................................................................... 17 4.2 Compiling the actual model ........................................................................... 19

4.2.1 Adjustments in overburden thickness model ......................................... 20 5 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 21

5.1 Resulting data files ........................................................................................ 22 6 STRATIGRAPHY MODELS .................................................................................. 25

6.1 Data preparation ........................................................................................... 26 6.2 Modelling procedure ..................................................................................... 27 6.3 Model adjustments ........................................................................................ 29 6.4 Results .......................................................................................................... 29 6.5 Resulting data files ........................................................................................ 34

7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER MODEL DEVELOPMENT .................... 37 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 39 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 47

List of input data .................................................................................................... 49 Systematic mapping of thin overburden layers ...................................................... 71

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3

1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of this work is to synthesise the existing geological, geotechnical and geophysical data on bedrock surface and overburden thickness for biosphere assessments for a spent nuclear fuel repository at Olkiluoto (Hjerpe et al. 2010). The data has been collected since 1973 in different studies as a part of sit characterisation programs for the nuclear power plants, the low- and intermediate-level nuclear waste repository and the planned spent nuclear fuel repository on the island. With the development in the biosphere assessment modelling, nowadays including also modelling of surface and near-surface hydrology (e.g. Karvonen 2009), compiling models for the overburden thickness and stratigraphy became necessary; the present models are the first versions. Jani Helin has been the contact person for the work in Posiva, and Anne-Maj Lahdenperä (Saanio & Riekkola Oy) and Ari Ikonen (Posiva Oy) reviewed the work and the report.

The modelled area covers about 34 square kilometres over the Olkiluoto Island and nearby sea area. The geometry is modelled using Gemcom Surpac® software and all data are stored in a Microsoft Access database. Surpac supplies an interface to the database, and it is used as an interpretation and visualisation tool.

Information on the bedrock surface and overburden at the Olkiluoto site is based on various types of data including geophysical survey data, bedrock outcrop observations, drillhole data, bedrock surface investigation trenches, soil excavator pits etc. Some of the data is applied straight to bedrock surface model whereas some of the data have first been manipulated or used as input data to calculate a grid which is further used in the surface model. Because of the various sources and types of data, the quality and applicability of data also vary; for example, some data have only the information on minimum overburden thickness and the depth of the actual bedrock surface remains unknown.

Minimum depth data was decided to be included in the models because the total amount of data is small compared to model area. Even though the actual depth of bedrock surface is not known in these locations, the information of minimum overburden thickness and minimum depth of rock surface was considered to be more valuable information than an unconstrained interpolation in models. Also, regarding the aim to produce input for radionuclide transport modelling, minimum overburden thickness can be considered valuable information.

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2 INPUT DATA

In this chapter the different input data types are described. A list of all input data and data sources is presented in Appendix 1.

The source data used in the bedrock surface model contains data from various sources, varying largely also regarding their precision and reliability as the original studies have been made at the time for different purposes. Information on the bedrock surface and overburden at the Olkiluoto site is based on geophysical surveys, drillholes, bedrock surface investigation trenches, soil excavator pits and bedrock outcrops observations as detailed in Appendix 1. In addition, some information is gained from reed survey, wetland mapping and weight sounding surveys.

The source data covers the modelled area in a very irregular manner (Figure 2-1). The central area of the model, near the access tunnel to the ONKALO underground rock characterisation facility, is quite well covered and various types of data are available, whereas the east side of the Olkiluoto Island the only straight-out data of bedrock surface are outcrops areas interpreted from aerial photographs. The data has been classified based on its type and origin. The information from all observation points and profiles is stored in a Microsoft Access database (mdb-format). Datasets are stored in database as point data ('observation') or interval data ('drillhole') based on its type. The database contains information such as drillhole or observation ID, surface elevation, x and y coordinates (easting and northing), stratigraphy and reference to the origin of the data. Polygons describing outcrop areas and areas of 'rock and thin soil' (see below) are stored as Surpac string files (str-format).

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Figure 2-1. Distribution of the source data. The model area is outlined on grey; red polygons present bedrock outcrops; black dots data from seismic surveys; blue dots data with bedrock surface depth information (drillholes, investigation trenches etc.) and purple dots data with minimum overburden thickness information or depth data not reaching the bedrock surface. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

2.1 Digital elevation model

The digital elevation model (DEM) is a model of the elevation of the earth surface in a digital format, i.e. it describes the elevation of the ground and the elevation of the sea bottom surface. The high-resolution statistical terrain model of the Olkiluoto Island and its surroundings has been derived by combining the existing data with the uncertainty information from various sources (Pohjola et al. 2009). Thin-plate-spline interpolation of the minimum energy surface was used for the creation of a 2.5-metre grid. Possibly erroneous data values were rejected from the model by using a spatial autocorrelation method. The error distribution of the model for each elevation point was calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of at least 2000 realisations for each point, allowing point-wise probability distributions of the elevation value to be computed.

The digital elevation model has been used in this work as the reference surface to some other data sets when determining the depth of bedrock surface, and in the overburden thickness calculations. Apparent resolution for the original elevation model is 2.5 m x 2.5 m but in this work a lighter model with 10 m x 10 m data grid composed from the point-wise expectation values is used. The used model version was 5.2 (2010).

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2.2 Available discrete data sets

The most reliable bedrock surface data were obtained from the bedrock surface investigation trenches and drill holes that penetrated the bedrock surface. The bedrock surface elevation data from these sources were calculated by subtracting the thickness of the unconsolidated materials (overburden) from the measured ground surface elevation. Part of the data used in rock surface model is classified as “minimum depth of rock surface” because bedrock surface has not been verified. The minimum depth data set includes data from soil excavator pits, weight soundings and reed surveys among others.

The bedrock surface data consist of various types of data located in irregular network at Olkiluoto. The data set consists of 2928 individual points detailed in Appendix 1, altogether:

Deep drillholes of OL-KR1 – OL-KR55: As part of the bedrock investigations, hydrogeochemical and hydrological investigation of the Olkiluoto site, 55 core drilled deep drill holes and additional 28 shorter drill holes (so-called B-holes) have been drilled around Olkiluoto Island so far. The drillholes are located mainly in the central part of the Olkiluoto Island i.e. above the rock characterisation facility and the central areas of the planned repository. Reports on each drilling are listed in Appendix 1.

Shallow groundwater observation point tubes OL-PVP1 – OL-PVP35, OL-PVPH2B, OL-PVP3B, OL-KR4B, OL-PVP10B, OL-PVP31B and OL-PVP34B: In purpose for groundwater monitoring, 41 ground water observations tubes have been installed at the Olkiluoto investigation site. During installation the overburden was penetrated by drilling a casing pipe to the bedrock contact. Drillholes were extended few metres below first bedrock contact to assure that the real bedrock surface was reached. Groundwater observation points OL-PVP18B, OL-PVP3B, OL-PVP5B, OL-PVP6B, OL-PVP8B, OL-PVP9B and OL-PVP9C are not used in the model because these drillholes do not penetrate the bedrock surface. Installation of the groundwater observation tubes and shallow drillholes are reported in Lehto (2001), Toropainen (2009), Niemi & Roos (2004), Niinimäki & Rautio (2004), Rautio (2004) and Hinkkanen (2008).

Bedrock surface investigation trenches OL-TK1 – OL-TK17: Geological mapping of investigation trenches has been carried out and the depth of the bedrock surface has been measured from several points in each trench during mapping (1198 measured points). The width of investigation trenches have been approximately 0.5 to 3 metres and the length has varied from 45 metres to approximately 800 metres. Reports on each investigation trench mapping are listed in Appendix 1.

Core drilled boreholes SK1 – SK 16: Imatran Voima (IVO; present Fortum) made in the 1970’s 16 drillholes at western Olkiluoto Island for building site characterisation of potential new reactors in the neighbour of present nuclear power plant. The length of these drillholes varied from 14.80 m to 35.60 m. (Jokinen 1990).

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Percussion drilled boreholes OL-PR1 – OL-PR10: The length of percussion drilled boreholes varies from 13 m to 30 m. OL-PR10 is used in microseismic studies and is much longer (235.5 m) than other PR-holes, which have been used for grouting the bedrock above tunnels, for example. All these percussion drilled holes penetrate the bedrock surface. The overburden thickness varies at bore holes locations from 0 m to 2.2 m. Reports on the drilling of each hole are listed in Appendix 1.

Shallow core drilled holes OL-PP51 – OL-PP56 (Rautio 2007) and OL-PP66 – OL-PP69 (Kuusirati et al. 2009): Length of these holes varies from 18 m to 25.4 m, all penetrating the bedrock surface. The overburden thickness varies at bore holes locations from 0 m to 4.12 m.

Shot holes and –points used in the seismic surveys (73 points; Nummela 2004). Shot hoels and points are the locations where seismic waves are generated to earth during seismic soundings.

Rock bolts KP1 – KP11: control points for elevation measurements at the site.

Outcrop observations: This data set includes 995 outcrop observations of bedrock surface fracturing made mainly in 1988-1991 and in 2006. Different investigations related to this dataset have been described in Aaltonen et al. (2010, p. 13-17).Data from older ground surveys, 53 percussion drilled drillholes made by Insinööritoimisto Pohjatutkimus Oy (IPT) (Nummela 2004; Vuento & Liedes 1989 and Vuento 1988), labelled IPT_1 – IPT_53 in this work.

Data from older ground surveys in 1974 – 1982: Data are collected from Hagros (1999). The data set includes: 16 ground survey test pits made in 1973 (Geotek 1973), 27 points from ground and bedrock surveys (Geotek 1974, 1975), 19 points preliminary regional ground and bedrock survey of the power plant area (IVO 1975), nine percussion drilled drillholes made by Insinööritoimisto Pohjatutkimus Oy (IPT 1981), 15 points from a survey made by Insinööritoimisto Saanio & Laine in 1982 and 9 points ground survey made by Geoinsinöörit Oy in 1983.

Soil excavator pits OL-KK1 – OL-KK21: For studying geotechnical and geochemical properties of overburden, deep soil pits have been dug by an excavator in Olkiluoto. The pits are mainly located at central part of the island, and their depth varies from 0.82 to 4.55 metres. The bedrock was reached in pits OL-KK1, OL-KK3 – OL-KK12 and OL-KK20. In pits OL-KK2, OL-KK13 – OL-KK19 and OL-KK21 it is not clear if reached surface was the actual bedrock. The data from these pits are classified as minimum depths of the bedrock surface. Results of the excavator pit studies are reported in Lintinen et al. (2003), Lintinen & Kahelin (2003), Lusa et al. (2009), Lahdenperä et al. (2005) and Lahdenperä (2009). In this work, the prism-measured coordinates measured by Prismarit Oy are used for pits OL-KK14 – OL-KK16 because the coordinates mentioned in Lahdenperä (2009) are less accurate. Results of the soil pits OL-KK20 and OL-KK21 are yet to be reported.

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Systematic mapping of thin overburden layers: Five mapping lines were located in the eastern part of the Olkiluoto Island with a common starting point on a bedrock outcrop from which they were radially taken toward thicker soils. The length of the mapping lines were from 30 to 50 m. The mapping was done specifically for this modelling work in purpose to collect more data around outcrop areas to support the selections of the modelling approaches. The mapping procedure is described in more details in Appendix 2.

Reed bed survey: Reed beds surrounding the coastal area of the Olkiluoto Island were carried out in 2007-2008. The approximated depth of sedimentary layer surface and thickness of the soft sediment was measured in 107 observation points with a 3 m wooden rod (Haapanen & Lahdenperä 2011). The data has been used as information on the minimum bedrock depth.

Weight sounding at rock piling area (TVO 2009): In 2009 TVO, the nuclear power plant company on the island, made ground surveys for a piling area for rock blasted from the ONKALO rock characterisation facility. Altogether 104 weight soundings were done in two locations in areas of approximately 90 m2 at the northern side of the island. The weight sounding data was used as information on the minimum overburden depth.

Data around Olkiluodonjärvi mire are from ground penetrating radar survey and soil samplings (23 points): As part of a research in which thickness of peat layer and overburden of Olkiluodonjärvi were mapped using ground penetrating radar (GPR), 19 drillholes were made as a reference to GRP data (Leino 2001). Drillings were made with ordinary hand drill and they were extended to hard mineral soil. The bedrock surface was not reached with the GPR because till in the area is too electrically conductive. In addition four points are from soil sampling down to the contact of the till layer, taken in purpose to study geochemistry of the wetlands (Ikonen 2002). The GPR line coordinates were measured with Javad GPS (Leino 2001). These points were used when creating a temporary reference ground surface which was then used for calculating the z coordinate for the bedrock surface (minimum depth). This reference ground surface was only used in the Olkiluodonjärvi area as it was found out that not all data had been used originally in the DEM of the whole site (added into a new version, report in prep.). The difference between the temporary ground surface and DEM (Pohjola et al. 2009) is ± 10 cm at most.

2.3 Outcrop areas and areas of rock and thin soil

In addition to outcrop observations made during field mappings, input data includes outcrop areas from the Topographic database (in Finnish: maastotietokanta) provided by National Land Survey of Finland (NLS, permission 41/MYY/12). Also areas of “rock and thin soil” are from Quaternary deposits maps (QD) provided by Geological Survey of Finland (1:20 000) (Haavisto-Hyvärinen & Kutvonen 2007) are included in model.

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Outcrop areas in Topographic database are mainly interpreted from aerial photographs Outcrop which diameter is less than 5 m are not described as polygonal area in Topographic database and are ignored in model (National Land Survey 2011, p. 31). In the Quaternary deposit map area is described as “bedrock terrain” if surficial deposits are less than 1 m thick (GTK 2009). Because these “outcrops” in QD maps are not describing exact zero thickness of soil, polygons from the QD maps are usually slightly larger than polygons from the Topographic database (see also discussion on section 3.3). In this report the outcrops from QD maps are called “areas of rock and thin soil”.

2.4 Geophysical data

2.4.1 Seismic surveys

The seismic data set contains seismic measurements performed in different parts of the Olkiluoto site in 1973 – 1980, 2001, 2002 and 2004. The measurements were done to determine the overburden thickness and brokenness of the bedrock surface. The older seismic measurements, carried out in 1973-1980 and 2001, have been gathered into a numerical map data and reported in Lehtimäki (2003). The more recent data have been reported in Ihalainen (2003) and Ihalainen (2005).

The seismic data used in this work consist of 173 seismic measurement lines containing altogether 6534 points. Distances between the lines are approximately 50 m or 100 m. The older data, measured in between years 1975-1978, covers the power plant areas. The lines of the seismic measurement are oriented in 45 degree angles with respect to Finnish KKJ coordinate system. The precision of the interpreted rock surface depth and overburden thickness was specified as ± 1 m when overburden thickness is less than 10 m and 10 % when thickness is over 10 m. (Lehtimäki 2003).

The more recent seismic measurements were performed in 2001-2004 (Ihalainen 2003, 2005). These measurements were made along lines separated by 50 m and oriented according to the Finnish KKJ1 coordinate system. The precision of the interpreted rock surface depth and overburden thickness was specified as ± 1 m when overburden thickness is less than 10 m and 10 % when thickness is over 10 m. 2.4.2 Acoustic-seismic studies at sea area near Olkiluoto

The acoustic-seismic data set contains measurements performed by Geological Survey of Finland in 2000, 2001 and 2008. The studies have been reported in Rantataro (2001, 2002) and in Rantataro & Kaskela (2009). A total of 350 line kilometres was sounded in the area that covered roughly 160 km2 at the open sea area and the inshore of Olkiluoto. The aim of the research was to map the geological characteristics of the seafloor and the stratigraphy of the bottom sediments; the study covers the quality and thickness of the unconsolidated sediment layer and the depth of the bedrock surface. Distance between profiles varies from 70 to 500 m and in our model area the average distance between the profiles is from 80 to 150 m.

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3 DATA PROCESSING

The input data for the bedrock surface model have different accuracy and sometimes the data points at the same locations but from different sources are conflicting. Data needs to be processed and data sets are screened different way. Some data points lack the needed elevation information. Thus, data needed to be processed.

In some areas a grid was created by using inverse distance weighting (IDW) as interpolating method. Inverse distance weighted methods are based on the assumption that point estimated should be influenced most by the nearby points and less by the more distant points. Mathematically IDW method can be expressed as

),( yxz = n

di

n

zd

i

pi

ipi

1

1

1

1

where z(x,y) is the value of point being interpolated, di…dn are the distance from each of the n sample location to point being estimated and zi…zn are the sample values i.e. depths of source data points. Estimated values are always inside the range of the values of the source data points. Data from the drillholes, groundwater tubes, sound weighting, bedrock surface investigation trenches, soil excavation pits, control points and shotholes and –points from seismic surveys were used in model without any further processing.

3.1 Elevation of outcrop observation

In outcrop observations the measured z-coordinate was considered either inaccurate or as in some cases, points lacked the surface elevation. The digital elevation model (DEM) was used as a reference surface when elevations for these points were given. This was done for all outcrop observation data (995 points). Given elevations are stored in the database.

3.2 Reed survey

Reed survey data included information on height of reeds, water depth, depths of sediment layer changes and depth of hard mineral sediment layer or rock surface, when rock surface was possible to measure (Haapanen & Lahdenperä 2011). Because of the changes in sea level, the measured depth of the sea bottom was considered to be inaccurate. The used elevations were given to these points from the DEM and given elevations were stored in the database. The minimum depth of the bedrock surface was furthermore calculated by subtracting the measured water depth from the measured depth of hard sediment or rock surface.

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3.3 Outcrop areas and areas of rock or thin soil

The surface elevation for the polygons describing bedrock outcrops and areas of rock and thin soil from the Topographic database and the Quaternary deposit (QD) maps were given from the DEM. Inside the polygons describing outcrops, additional points were digitized from the DEM to ensure consistent of the bedrock with the elevation model.

Because all areas in which the surficial deposits are less than 1 m thick are described as “outcrop” in the QD maps (GTK 2009), and also because the total amount of data was limited in respect of the extent of the model area, the boundaries of these polygons describing areas of the “rock and thin soil” from the QD maps was used to present contours of one metre overburden thickness. Data were edited manually in locations where polygons from the QD maps and from the Topographic database intersected. In these locations polygons from QD were “cut” open (Figure 3-1).

Figure 3-1. Example on how polygons from the Quaternary deposit (QD) maps has been edited. Red polygons are outcrops from the Topographic database of the National Land Survey. Black lines present areas of “rock and thin soil” from the QD maps (overburden thickness 1 m). The original polygons are presented on left picture and edited ones on right.

3.4 Data from seismic surveys

About half of the seismic data used in this work contains information on the bedrock surface elevation (z coordinate). In the rest of the data the overburden thickness has been interpreted but the surface elevation data is missing. The surface elevation was given to these points from the DEM and stored in the database. In some locations the overburden thickness has two interpreted values, because ground water saturation conditions have not been obvious and thickness has been interpreted for the both cases (Lehtimäki 2003). In these locations thickness interpreted without groundwater, i.e. the thinner overburden layer has been used as input data into the bedrock surface model.

In area where seismic data density was high (Line distance 50 m; Figure 3-2. The seismic data set. Red polygon presents the area where the 12.5 m x 12.5 m grid of bedrock surface was interpolated.) a regular grid describing the bedrock surface was interpolated using inverse distance weighting as interpolating method. The used search parameters in the interpolation are presented in Table 3-2. The resolution of the interpolated grid was 12.5 m x 12.5 m. In other areas seismic data were added as such to the model triangulation network.

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Table 3-1. Interpolating parameters used for the seismic survey data.

Minimum number of samples

Maximum number of samples

Maximum search radius [m]

Inverse distance power

4 10 30 1

Figure 3-2. The seismic data set. Red polygon presents the area where the 12.5 m x 12.5 m grid of bedrock surface was interpolated. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

3.5 Data from acoustic seismic surveys

Amount of data points in the acoustic seismic data set were decreased by filtering points along the sounding lines. Filtering was done to avoid triangulation errors in the final model because the point density along profiles is very high compared to the distance between the profiles. From the soundings made in 2008, every 20th point was collected from the original data. The distance between sounding points along profiles were from 4 to 7 m after filtering. The older data from 2000-2001 were not filtered. The sounding points are added to database as “drillholes”, along with interpreted stratigraphy information. The interpreted bedrock surface was added straight to the model triangulation network.

In purpose to produce material for biosphere and radionuclide transport modelling, geological models on the bedrock surface and on the sediment layers in sea areas north and south of Olkiluoto (Figure 3-3) were created. Model areas are extended approximately 800 m – 1000 m from the Olkiluoto Island shoreline. The delineation of the areas was a compromise between the availability of data (especially regarding the

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more detailedly surveyed areas in the year 2000 soundings, based on the estimates of deep groundwater release areas from the repository volume to the surface at the time) and more recent modelling results on the surface exit points of the groundwater flow paths from the repository (Nykyri et al. 2008; Karvonen 2009).

A grid describing each sedimentary layer’s top surface was interpolated using inverse distance weighting as interpolating method. The grid step was set to 35 m and the search parameters according to Table 3-2.

Table 3-2. Interpolating parameters for the acoustic seismic sounding data.





2 10 200 2

All data describing the bedrock surface inside or near the model areas presented in Figure 3-3 were accepted as source data when interpolating the bedrock surface. Most of the data were from the acoustic seismic surveys, but especially on the southern area few outcrop observations and data points from the seismic surveys were included to interpolations. For other surfaces (sediment layer surfaces) only data from the acoustic seismic surveys were used as source data. The stratigraphical models of the sediment layers are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6.

Figure 3-3. The acoustic seismic measurement lines around the Olkiluoto Island (Rantataro 2001, 2002; Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). Grey shading presents the northern and southern areas where stratigraphy models were constructed. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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3.6 Average overburden thickness

The spatial density of the input data varies quite much and the data covers the modelled area in a very irregularly manner. The central area of the model, near the ONKALO access tunnel, is quite well covered and various types of data are available, whereas in eastern side of the Olkiluoto Island the only straight-out data of the bedrock surface are outcrops in the Topographic database and areas of “rock and thin soil” from the Quaternary deposit maps. To avoid bedrock surface and topography surface to intersect, an additional grid were applied to the bedrock surface model in areas were data density is low. Distance between the grid points was chosen as 20 m.

The overburden thickness value of the grid cells was determined based on the arithmetic mean overburden thickness of the Olkiluoto Island, calculated from the other data. The data from the acoustic seismic survey was ignored when estimating the mean thickness of overburden, because the substitute grid was mainly applied on terrestrial areas only (Figure 4-4).

The calculated mean overburden thickness of data points in the Olkiluoto Island is 2.74 m when all measured data points (except the acoustic seismic data) are taken into account. The median value of thickness is 2 m. By ignoring also the outcrop observations and data points not reaching the bedrock surface, the mean overburden thickness is 3.14 m and median thickness is 2.4 m. Based on the mean thickness and a bias towards lesser retention of the radionuclide releases in the safety assessment, the depth of this additional grid was set to two metres below the ground surface (DEM).

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4 MODELLING METHODS

The bedrock surface model (digital terrain model, DTM, a model describing a specific surface) is created from a triangular network by connecting the data points to form triangles which represent the bedrock surface. Any duplicate points i.e. points with same x and y coordinate, are handled during the triangulation: if duplicate points differ in elevation, a new point with a value of arithmetic mean of the duplicate elevations is interpolated to the triangulation network. To get a better idea of overburden thickness in model area, a second DTM was created by calculating the elevation difference between the elevation model (DEM) and the bedrock surface model. The new DTM contain a set of points which includes all the points from original surfaces. The z value of each point in the new DTM describes the thickness of the overburden in that specific location. The models were compiled with Gemcom Surpac® software.

4.1 Initial model of bedrock surface

In initial model of the bedrock surface, all available source data and grids interpolated from the seismic survey and the acoustic seismic data (see section 3.4 and 3.5, respectively) were accepted to triangulation network. The created DTM was visually inspected and compared to the elevation model (DEM). In Figure 4-1 it is clearly seen that especially in eastern and southern parts of the model where there is no data or a very few data points besides bedrock outcrops, the conflicts between the two surfaces are obvious.

Figure 4-1. Initial DTM of bedrock surface compared to the elevation model. Areas where bedrock surface is above ground surface are shown in pink. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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The initial model brought up also some conflicts between different data sets. Examples of data conflicts are seen in Figure 4-2. In the first example data from the seismic surveys and areas of “rock and thin soil” (data from the quaternary deposit maps) differ in elevation at nearby locations. As a result border of areas of “rock and thin soil” induces a ridge in bedrock surface. The second example in the figure is from western part of the model area where rock surface depth from the acoustic seismic surveys differs from depth from the seismic survey data with several metres at nearby locations.

Some artificial patters were also induced to the bedrock surface during triangulation at intersections of perpendicular data profiles (geophysical datasets). During triangulation narrow triangles are formed around profile intersections. Connecting points with numerous depth values might create ridges and square-pattern around crossings (Figure 4-3)

Figure 4-2. Examples of variations in bedrock depths between different investigations and data sets: Left: depth differences between the data describing areas of “rock and thin soil” (black line) and the seismic survey data (black dots) causes a ridge to the bedrock surface. Right: comparing acoustic seismic (red) and seismic data (blue) at profile intersection where the difference in the bedrock depths is approximately 5 m.

Figure 4-3. A Square pattern formed at profile intersections during triangulation.

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4.2 Compiling the actual model

Before compiling the actual model some further data evaluation and data processing were made to the input data. Editing procedures were applied mainly on areas where seismic measurements have been done (Figure 3-2). Polygonal data from the Quaternary deposit maps i.e. lines interpreted to describe overburden thickness of one metre, were removed if a ridge-form was observed in the initial model and the data was inconsistent with other input data. Furthermore, interpolated data points located on the bedrock outcrops were removed from the actual model because on the outcrop areas additional points were included to the triangulation network straight from the elevation model. Finally, in areas where the data density is low and bedrock surface intersected with topography surface in the initial model, an additional grid of average overburden thickness (overburden thickness of two metres; section 3.6) was applied to the triangulation network (Figure 4-4).

To avoid the pattern exemplified in at profile intersections (Figure 4-3), the triangulation was done partly manually at locations where this problem occurred. Otherwise the conflicting information of the bedrock depths between the acoustic seismic data and the seismic data seen in Figure 4-2 was ignored in this model version, because the accuracy of both datasets warrants more detailed study. This is discussed further in Chapter 7.

Figure 4-4. Applied additional grid with overburden thickness of 2 metres. Outcrops are presented as grey lines. Dashed black line outlines the model area. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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4.2.1 Adjustments in overburden thickness model

Despite the data processing made during the actual model compilation, the overburden thickness model shows still some areas with a negative overburden thickness, that is, areas where the bedrock surface is above the ground surface. This was partially expected due to the resolution differences between the DEM and the bedrock surface model. There are quite large areas where no input data is available and therefore triangles forming the bedrock surfaces are large. Respectively, accuracy of the model in these areas decreases. In the actual overburden thickness model, areas with a negative overburden thickness were forced to zero. The bedrock surface was not adjusted in accordance with the thickness model. This would have required more input data and interpolation or change of modelling method so it was decided to wait for further developments outlined in Chapter 7.

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5 RESULTS

The depth of the bedrock surface in the model is presented in Figure 5-1; the average is 2.1 m above sea level.

The average overburden thickness in the model is 2.5 m and varies usually between 2 to 4 m (Figure 5-2). Generally the overburden thickness in terrestrial area is higher on western part side of the Olkiluoto Island where deposits of 20 m are observed. At eastern side of the Olkiluoto Island the number of input data is limited but because more outcrops are observed, it can be assumed that the overall overburden thickness is rather small. When using the model, it is necessary to keep in mind that in eastern part of the model, where grid of estimated average depth of bedrock surface is applied, the reliability is considerably lower than in the other parts of the model.

Figure 5-1. Bedrock surface coloured by depth (z-coordinate). Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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Figure 5-2. Overburden thickness. The limited amount of input data at eastern part of the model results as quite uniform overburden cover. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

5.1 Resulting data files

The resulting files have been delivered to Posiva Oy as follows:

Two Microsoft Access database files and the corresponding Surpac database definition files including all source data: Data have been classified by type. Information of data source for each point is stored in the databases named 01maapera.mdb and 02_acoustic_seimic.mdb. The latter includes data from the acoustic seismic soundings. The data from the 2001 and the 2008 soundings are stored in separate tables. 01maaperä.mdb includes all the rest of the source data excluding polygonal type of data. The database includes tables named collar, bedrock_seismic, bedrock_discrete, bedrock_point and stratigraphy.

Models of the bedrock surface and of the overburden thickness are delivered as Surpac files which are exported also to dxf-files. The DTM surface in Surpac requires two files: a string file (.str) and a dtm file (.dtm). The latter is generated from the string file and represents surfaces. The string file includes a sequence of three-dimensional coordinates representing some physical feature (i.e. the triangulation network). Type of the data and information if the data point is describing the actual bedrock surface or only the minimum depth of the bedrock surface is stored in the string file and can be visualised by using corresponding style file.

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o The bedrock surface is in files named 01_bedrock03_2011.dxf, 01_bedrock03_2011.dtm, 01_bedrock03_2011.str. A style file named bedrock.ssi is also included to delivery package.

o The overburden thickness model is in files named 02_overburden_thickness_072011.dtm and 02_overburden_thickness_072011.str.

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6 STRATIGRAPHY MODELS

In purpose to provide input to modelling of radionuclide transport in the biosphere, a surface model (DTM) of different sediment layers were created at two priority areas at northern and southern of the Olkiluoto Island (Figure 6-1). The northern area covers 4.8 km2 and over 50 line kilometres have been sounded in the area. The southern area is respectively 2.6 km2 with more than 30 line kilometres.

Figure 6-1. Sediment stratigraphy model areas (grey) and the input data (red). the background grid size in the figure is 250 m x 250 m. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

The input data for stratigraphy models is from the acoustic seismic studies (Rantataro 2001, 2002; Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). The studies covered the quality and thickness of unconsolidated sediment layers and the topography of the bedrock surface. Following layers were originally interpreted from the seismic acoustic seismic profiles: rock, till, glacio-aquatic mixed sediment, glacial silt/clay, Ancylus sulphate clay, Litorina mud, recent mud and gaseous sediment i.e. "bubble pulse" effect sediment. The rock includes here both basement and sedimentary rocks, since the methods used cannot distinguish the boundary surface between the units in question (Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). The “bubble-pulse” effect sediment refers to areas where sounding methods did not penetrate the sea floor sediments below gaseous sediments (Figure 6-2), resulting in a deficient stratigraphy in these areas.

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Figure 6-2. Locations of gaseous sediments on the acoustic seismic profiles. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

6.1 Data preparation

Some of the interpreted sediment layers were combined and renamed, according to the unified classification used in the biosphere assessment (Table 6-1). The classification is balanced between the various data sources (several different classifications) and the possibilities to predict the properties of the future soil emerging from the sea with the on-going post-glacial crustal rebound (“land uplift”). The sounding points were stored to database as 'drillholes'. Both original and combined stratigraphy data were stored in the database as interval type of data. The modelled surfaces from the youngest to the oldest are gyttja, clay, fine mineral soils (FMS), medium mineral soils (MMS) and rocky soil surface.

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Table 6-1. Mapping of overburden classes in the different source data to the unified classes in the biosphere assessment. In this work only the acoustic-seismic data was used. For traceability, also Finnish names and the codes used in the original datasets are shown.

Unified class Class in acoustic-seismic data of Rantataro (2001, 2002) and Rantataro &

Kaskela (2009)

Class in forest soil survey of Rautio et al.

(2004)

Class in Geological Survey's Quaternary

deposit maps

Peat Sedge peat (31) Sphagnum peat (32)

Peat production area (turvetuotantoalue, 5)

Carex peat (saraturve, 21) Sphagnum peat (rahkaturve, 11)

Gyttja Gaseous sediment (11) Recent gyttja clay (8)

- Gyttja/mud (lieju, 22)

Clay Glacial clay (6) Litorina clay (10) Ancylus clay (7)

- Clay (savi, 17)

Fine mineral soil (FMS)

Mixed sediment (5) Fine-textured till (13) Fine-textured till (hienoainesmoreeni, 20) Coarse fine sand (karkea

hieta, 12) Fine sand (hieno hieta, 18) Very fine sand (hiesu, 13)

Medium-grained mineral soil

(MMS)

Mixed sediment (5) Sandy till (12) Till (moreeni, 16) Sand (hiekka, 14)

Coarse mineral soil (CMS)

Sand and gravel (3) Gravelly till (11) Gravel (sora, 15) Earthfill (täyttömaa, 6)

Rocky soil Bedrock (1) Exposed bedrock (40) Bedrock (kalliomaa), 19)

6.2 Modelling procedure

In order to determine the locations and thicknesses of all the layers in the model, the upper surfaces of each sediment layer were created. If a layer was not observed in certain areas, the top surface of the layer was made to follow the upper surface of the layer underneath, i.e. the layer thickness was set to zero. This approach was chosen partly because of the software limitations in the further modelling stages. The thickness of each layer was calculated subtracting the depth of the top surface of the following layer from the top surface of the modelled layer. The following procedure was used (Figure 6-3):

From each sounding point the upper surface of each layer was extracted from the database.

If the layer was not present in the current sounding point, the upper surface point of the following layer underneath was also selected to depict the upper surface for the specific layer under work. This procedure was not applied at sounding points where the bedrock surface was not reached. Points describing layer

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surface in locations where layer is not actually present were given a specific id number so that they could later be removed if needed.

As the layer topographies and thicknesses at this stage produced highly irregular surfaces (triangulated DTM’s), an interpolation of the layer depths and surfaces was accomplished by generating a grid, with a cell size of 35 m. The used interpolation method was inverse distance weighting with parameters presented in Table 6-2. An additional reason for interpolation was to extend the stratigraphy models to cover also areas where “bubble pulse” effect blocked the signal from getting information from layers beneath.

Triangulation of the DTMs presenting upper surface of each layer were created.

Layer thicknesses for each separate layer were determined through the intervals defined by the top-level points selected of each separate layer: At each point included in triangulation network, the depth of the following layer was subtracted from the depth of the modelled layer. In areas where the layer was not present, the point presenting top surface of the layer were taken identical with the point in the following layer, i.e. thickness of the layer under work was given a zero thickness at these locations.

A new set of DTMs describing thickness were created from each layer where the z coordinate describes the thickness of the layer.

To have a better view where certain sediment layer is present, a layout of each surface DTMs was produced by cutting the DTM with a contour representing the thickness of 10 cm of the specific sediment layer.

Figure 6-3. Modelling procedure for the stratigraphy models: Surfaces of each layer are modelled separately. In the actual model version surface is cut with contour line representing thickness of 10 cm of layer in question. FMS stands for Fine Mineral Soil and MMS for Medium Mineral Soil.

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Table 6-2. Interpolating parameters applied for the stratigraphy models.





2 10 200 2

6.3 Model adjustments

Some adjustments have been done to the stratigraphy models before calculating the thicknesses of each layer: All layers were checked if they intersected with another one and also if they intersected the modelled bedrock surface. In one of the “bubble-pulse” areas some of the sediment layers intersected. These were fixed manually by forcing points from intersected layers to the same depth, i.e. forcing the layer thickness to zero.

In the southern model area there are two small islands called Leppäkarta and Keskleto which are entirely bedrock outcrops. On these islands extends of the sediment layers was defined by intersecting the layer DTMs with the bedrock surface. Inside the defined intersection line, the current sediment layer was forced to be consistent with the layer beneath it. As a result thickness of the sediment layers decrease smoothly toward the outcrops.

The different layers were not adjusted with the DEM and it is possible that the total thickness calculated from the stratigraphy models and the thickness calculated between the bedrocks surface and the DEM might differ in some locations. The differences in thicknesses are anyhow quite small. The layers were not adjusted with the DEM because differences in the thicknesses are partly caused by the differences in the triangulation networks: datapoints in the DEM are interpolated and the triangulation network does not include the points from the acoustic seismic data.

6.4 Results

In Figure 6-4 to Figure 6-7 the DTMs describing the thickness of each modelled sediment layer are presented. The layout of each surface DTM was produced by cutting the DTM with the contour representing the thickness of 10 cm of the specific sediment layer. The total overburden thicknesses in the stratigraphy model areas are presented in Figure 6-8.

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Figure 6-4. Top right and bottom figure: appearance and thickness of gyttja in the modelled areas. Top left: data distribution and triangulation network of the layer. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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Figure 6-5. Top right and bottom figure: appearance and thickness of clays in the modelled areas. Top left: data distribution and triangulation network of the layer. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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Figure 6-6. Top right and bottom figure: appearance and thickness of fine mineral soils and mixed sediments in the modelled areas. Top left: data distribution and triangulation network of the layer. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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Figure 6-7. Top right and bottom figure: appearance and thickness of medium mineral soils (MMS) in the modelled areas. Top left: data distribution and triangulation network of the layer. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

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Figure 6-8. Top: data distribution and triangulation network of the bedrock surface. Bottom: total thickness of the overburden in the modelled area. Shoreline from Topographic database by National Land Survey of Finland (pemission 41/MYY/12)

6.5 Resulting data files

The resulting stratigraphy models of different sediment layers, the bedrock surface and thickness models of each layer are delivered to Posiva Oy as Surpac files. Four model files were delivered from each layer: A DTM representing the top surface of each layer and covering the whole model areas (named as “specific sediment layer.dtm”), a string file with the contour representing the thickness of 10 cm of the specific sediment layer (named) “specific sediment layer_area.str”), a DTM representing the top surface of each layer, cut with contour representing the thickness of 10 cm of the specific layer (named “specific sediment layer_cut.dtm”), and finally thickness-model of each sediment layer (named “specific sediment layer_thickness.dtm”).

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gyttja: o 02_gyttja.dtm and 02_gyttja.str o 02_gyttja_area.str o 02_gyttja_cut and 02_gyttja_cut.str o 02_gyttja_thickness.dtm and 02_gyttja_thickness.str

clay:

o 03_clay.dtm and 03_claya.str o 03_clay_area.str o 03_clay_cut and 03_clay_cut.str o 03_clay_thickness.dtm and 03_clay_thickness.str

fine mineral soils:

o 04_fms.dtm and 04_ fms.str o 04_ fms_area.str o 04_ fms_cut and 04_ fms_cut.str o 04_ fms_thickness.dtm and 04_ fms _thickness.str

medium mineral soils:

o 05_wts.dtm and 05_wts.str o 05_wts_area.str o 05_wts_cut and 05_wts_cut.str o 05_wts_thickness.dtm and 05_wts_thickness.str

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7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER MODEL DEVELOPMENT

The main issues in improving model reliability relate to the accuracy and the quality of the input data. Although a lot of effort has been paid to check the reliability and to classify the input data, there are still some issues which need further work.

One issue is with the data having the measured z coordinate inaccurate or lacking this surface elevation totally. In this work the DEM version 5.2. (2010) have been used as a reference surface for these points, but especially with the older data it should be checked if there have been any changes in topography (soil removal for example) between the survey and the DEM. This should be done especially for those seismic data points, in which only interpreted overburden thickness was available and the depth of the bedrock surface was calculated using the DEM as reference surface.

Data collected from different studies and giving conflicting information on the depth of the bedrock surfaces should be re-checked and see if there is any preference order on which the data should be used.

New geophysical data have become available during the present, and it should be incorporated into the future versions: New aerogeophysical measurements of total radiation have been done over whole the Olkiluoto Island. With some limitations and assumptions, thin overburden thicknesses could be interpreted from the total radiation. This could be useful especially in the eastern part of the Olkiluoto Island where data is otherwise sparse. There are also some other aerogeophysical data (electromagnetic measurements) from which the overburden thickness could be estimated and used as additional information in the bedrock surface models.

The use of the average overburden thickness in part of the model should also be reconsidered. Primarily it is recommended to collect more data and to use geophysical data in those areas. If this is not possible, then it should be studied if the model area should be split into smaller areas and estimate the surrogate overburden thickness for each area separately. Another option is to assume an average thickness of overburden based on the surface soil type.

In this work, the triangulation network included single data points, interpolated grids and polygonal data, i.e. gridpoint density varied in different areas. The modelling technique was quite simplified and straightforward. In the future versions, the needed accuracy and model size should be discussed more: what is the purpose of model, would interpolated model with grid size of 10 x 10 m be enough over whole modelling area? Which areas should have the more detailed sub-models and stratigraphy models created for?

The inverse distance weighting over the whole model area could give a better result than the current triangulation interpolation. A modelling procedure where the inverse distance weighting is first applied to whole model area and a single data points or polygons are added to the grid data is also an option. Also more sophisticated interpolation methods like the thin plate spline interpolation and the Monte Carlo simulation used in the DEM (Pohjola et al. 2009) could be considered when calculating the bedrock surface model. In more sophisticated methods the Surpac software is not

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suitable software for model calculations, due the limited calculation capability, but it could still be useful in visualisation, final adjustment of the models and overburden thickness calculations.

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Niinimäki, R., 2003c. Core drilling of deep borehole OL-KR24 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2003. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2003-52, 153 p.

Niinimäki, R., 2003d. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR28 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2003. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2003-57, 186 p.

Niinimäki, R., 2003e. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR27 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2003. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2003-61, 209 p.

Niinimäki, R. & Rautio, T., 2004. Drillings of Shallow Core Drilling Holes, Percusion Drillings, Video Recordings of Boreholes and Installing Ground Water Monitoring Pipes at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki in Winter and Spring of 2004. Olkiluoto, Finland. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2004-37, 59 p.

Niinimäki, R. & Rautio, T., 2005 Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR36 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2005. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-38.

Niinimäki, R., 2005a. Core Drilling of Deep Borehole OL-KR37 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2005. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-62.

Niinimäki, R., 2005b. Core Drilling of Deep Borehole OL-KR39 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2005. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-68.

Niinimäki, R., 2006. Core Drilling of Deep Drillhole OL-KR43 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2006. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2006-115.

Nordbäck, N. & Talikka, M., 2007. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trench OL-TK9 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2006-51. 113 p.

43

Nordbäck, N., & Engström, J., 2007. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trench OL-TK12 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2006-104. 59 p.

Nordbäck, N., 2008. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trench OL-TK14 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2007-98. 61 p.

Nummela, J., 2004. Supplement to Olkiluoto Numerical Ground Surface and Rock Surface Point Data. Posiva Working Report 2004-22. 63 p.

Nykyri, M., Nordman, H., Macros, N., Löfman, J., Poteri, A. & Hautojärvi A., 2008. Radionuclide Release and Transport – RNT-2008. Posiva Oy, Working report 2008-06. 164 p.

Paulamäki, S., 1995. Geological bedrock and fracture mapping of investigation trench TK1 at the Olkiluoto study site, Eurajoki, western Finland. (In Finnish with an English abstract). TVO/Site Investigations, Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Work Report PATU-95-81, 24 p.

Paulamäki, S., 1996. Geological bedrock and fracture mapping of the investigation trench TK2 at the Olkiluoto study site, Eurajoki, western Finland. (In Finnish with an English abstract). Posiva Oy, Work Report PATU-96-6,1 30 p.

Paulamäki, S. & Aaltonen, I., 2005. Geological mapping of investigation trenches OLTK5 and OL-TK6 at the Olkiluoto study site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2004-65, 47 p.

Paulamäki, S., 2007. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trench OL-TK4 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2004-64, 109 p.

Paulamäki, S., 2007. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trench OL-TK7 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2006-66, 56 p.

Pohjola, J., Turunen, J. & Liping T., 2009. Creating High-Resolution Digital Elevation Model Using Thin Plate Spline Interpolation and Monte Carlo Simulation. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2009-56. 56 p.

Pohjolainen, E., 2008. Drilling of deep borehole OL-KR44 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2007. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2007-84.

Pussinen, V. & Niinimäki, R., 2006a. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR40 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2005-2006. Posiva Oy, Working report 2006-49.

Pussinen, V. & Niinimäki, R., 2006b. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR41 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2006. Posiva Working Report 2006-84. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki.

Pussinen, V. & Niinimäki, R., 2006c. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR42 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2006. PosivaOy, Working Report 2006-97.

Rantataro J., 2001: Akustis-seismiset tutkimukset Olkiluodon läheisellä merialueella vuonna 2000. ( In Finnish). Posiva Oy, Working Report 2001-11, 8 p, 51 app.

44

Rantataro, J., 2002: Sedimenttikivialueen rajaus ja Olkiluodon merialueen akustis-seismisten luotausten täydentävä tulkinta. (In Finnish). Posiva Oy. Working Report 2002-38. 11 p, 14 app.

Rantataro, J. & Kaskela, A., 2009. Acoustic Seismic Studies in the Sea Area Close to Olkiluoto, 2008. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2009-122, 32p.

Rautio, P., Latvajärvi, H. Jokela, A. & Kangas-Korhonen, P., 2004. Forest Resources on Olkiluoto Island. Posiva Oy, Working report 2004-35, 99 p.

Rautio, T., 1990. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR4 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. (In Finnish). Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report SITU-90-24. In Finnish.

Rautio, T. & With, E., 1991. Drilling and determination of hydraulic conductivity in drillhole KR6 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. (In Finnish with and English abstract). TVO/Site investigations, Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report 91-41, 19 p.

Rautio, T., 1995a. Core drilling of deep borehole OL-KR8 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report PATU-95-22, 398

Rautio, T., 1995b. Extension drilling of deep borehole OL-KR2 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 1995. Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report PATU-95-62, 22 p.

Rautio, T.,, 1996a. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR10 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. (In Finnish with and English abstract). Posiva Oy, Working Report PATU-96-02, 27 p.

Rautio, T., 1996b. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR9 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. (In Finnish with and English abstract). Posiva Oy, Working Report PATU-96-32, 28 p.

Rautio, T., 1999. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR11 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. (In Finnish with and English abstract). Posiva Oy, Working Report 99-50, 171 p.

Rautio, T., 2000a. Extension core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR7 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2000. (In Finnish with and English abstract). Posiva Oy, Working Report 2000-31, 121p.

Rautio, T., 2000b. Extension core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR6 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2000. (In Finnish with and English abstract). Posiva Oy, Working Report 2000-33, 30 p.

Rautio, T., 2002. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR20 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2002. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2002-50, 178 p.

Rautio, T., 2004. Installing Ground Water Monitoring Pipes PVP19 and PVP20 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki in Summer 2004. Olkiluoto, Finland. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2004-48, 7 p.

Rautio, T., 2004a. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR29 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2004-50, 221 p.

45

Rautio, T., 2004b. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR30 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2004. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2004- 55, 83 p.

Rautio, T., 2004c. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR31 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2004. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2004-61, 111 p.

Rautio, T., 2005a. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR32 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2004. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-01, 105 p

Rautio, T., 2005b. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR33 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2004. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-02, 131 p.

Rautio, T., 2005c. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR34 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2004. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-36, 88 p.

Rautio, T., 2005d. Core Drilling of Deep Borehole OL-KR35 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2005. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-37.

Rautio, T., 2005e. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR38 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2005. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2005-58.

Rautio, T., 2007. Core Drilling of Short Drillholes at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2006. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2007-40, 12 p.

Suomen Malmi Oy, 1981. Kallionäytekairaukset Olkiluodossa keväällä 1981. Tutkimusraportti. Työ 42/61-81. (In Finnish) Teollisuuden Voima Oy. 28.5.1981

Suomen Malmi Oy. 1989a. Core drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR1 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. (In Finnish with and English abstract). TVO/Site Investigations. Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report 89-38, 17 p

Suomen Malmi Oy 1989b. Core drilling of deep borehole OL-KR2 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. TVO/Site Investigations. Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report 89-43, 16 p.

Suomen Malmi Oy 1989c. Core drilling of deep borehole OL-KR3 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. TVO/Site Investigations, Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report 89-45, 17 p.

Suomen Malmi Oy. 1990b Core drilling of deep borehole OL-KR5 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 1989. (In Finnish with and English abstract). Helsinki, Finland: TVO Site Investigations. Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Working Report 90-26, 17 p.

Suunnittelukeskus Oy, 1981. Olkiluoto, Ulkopäänniemi. Seisminen luotaus. Suunnittelukeskus Oy. Työ nro 7777.26.2.1981 (muutos 6.3.1981) T. Äikäs/rr. (In Finnish)

Talikka, M., 2007. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trench OL-TK13 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2007-25. 91 p.

46

Toropainen, V., 2007. Drilling of deep borehole OL-KR46 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2007. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2007-74. 146 p.

Toropainen, V., 2008a. Drilling of deep borehole OL-KR48 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2007. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2008-05, 102 p.

Toropainen, V., 2008b. Drilling of deep borehole OL-KR47 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2007-2008. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2008-13.

Toropainen, V., 2008c. Drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR49 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2008. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2008-80, 186 p.

Toropainen, V., 2008d. Drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR45 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2007. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2007-95. 175 p.

Toropainen, V., 2009. Installation of Groundwater Observation Tubes OL-PVP30-35 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2009. Posiva Oy, Working report 2009-27. 17 p.

Toropainen, V., 2009a. Drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR50 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2008. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2009-09, 194 p.


Toropainen, V., 2010b. Drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR52 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2009. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2009-107, 132 p.

Toropainen, V., 2010c. Drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR53 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2009. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2009-111, 114 p.


Toropainen, V., 2011b. Drilling of deep drillhole OL-KR55 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2010. Posiva Oy, Working Report 2010-83, 184 p.

TVO, 2009. Pohjatutkimus – Louheen läjitysalueet. (In Finnish) Teollisuuden voima Oyj. Työnumero 82123689.

Vaarma, M. & Vuokko, J., 2009. Geological Mapping of Investigation Trenches OL-TK15 and OL-TK16 at the Olkiluoto Study Site, Eurajoki, SW Finland. Posiva Oy, Working report 2009-52, 98 p.

Vuento, A. & Liedes, O-M., 1989. Pohjaveden havaintoverkoston rakentaminen Eurajoen Olkiluodossa. (In Finnish). Insinööritoimisto Pohjatutkimus Oy. TVO/Paikkatutkimukset, työraportti 89-46.

Vuento, A., 1988. IPT Raportti 14135-2. (In Finnish).

47

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 LIST OF INPUT DATA

APPENDIX 2 SYSTEMATIC MAPPING OF THIN OVERBURDEN LAYERS

48

APPENDIX 1 49

LIST OF INPUT DATA

Table A1- 1. Point data sets describing the bedrock surface or the minimum depth of bedrock surface. “WR” in data source/reference stands for Posiva’s “working report”. Not all data are reported; these datasets are from Posiva’s internal databases, like POTTI investigation database.

Type point/ hole ID (inmodel)

Data source / reference information

Drillholedata

OL KR1 Deep drillhole OL KR1 Suomen malmi (1989b)(WR89 38)

bedrock

OL KR2 Deep drillhole OL KR2 Suomen malmi (1989a), Rautio (1995b)(WR89 43)(WR PATU 95 62)

bedrock

OL KR3 Deep drillhole OL KR3 Suomen malmi (1989c)(WR89 45)

bedrock

OL KR4 Deep drillhole OL KR4 Rautio (1990)(WR SITU 90 24)

bedrock

OL KR5 Deep drillhole OL KR5 Suomen malmi (1990b)(WR90 26)

bedrock

OL KR6 Deep drillhole OL KR6 Rautio & With (1991), Rautio (2000b)(WR91 41)(WR2000 33)

bedrock

OL KR7 Deep drillhole OL KR7 Jokinen (1994), Rautio (2000a) (WR PATU94 38) (WR2000 31)

bedrock

OL KR8 Deep drillhole OL KR8 Rautio (1995a), Niinimäki (2002g) (WRPATU 95 22) (WR2002 53)

bedrock

OL KR9 Deep drillhole OL KR9 Rautio (1996b)(WR PATU 96 32)

bedrock

OL KR10 Deep drillhole OL KR10 Rautio (1996a)(WR PATU 96 02)

bedrock

OL KR11 Deep drillhole OL KR11 Rautio (1999) (WR 99 50) bedrock

OL KR12 Deep drillhole OL KR12 Niinimäki (2000)(WR2000 28)

bedrock

OL KR13 Deep drillhole OL KR13 Niinimäki (2000a)(WR2001 19)

bedrock

OL KR14 Deep drillhole OL KR14 Niinimäki (2001b)(WR2010 24)

bedrock

OL KR15, OL KR15B Deep drillhole OL KR15 Niinimäki (2002a)(WR2002 01)

bedrock

OL KR16, OL KR16B Deep drillhole OL KR16 Niinimäki (2002b)(WR2002 09)

bedrock

OL KR17, OL KR17B Deep drillhole OL KR17 Niinimäki (2002c)(WR2002 12)

bedrock

OL KR18, OL KR18B Deep drillhole OL KR18 Niinimäki (2002d)(WR2002 13)

bedrock

OL KR19, OL KR19B Deep drillhole OL KR19 Niinimäki (2002e)(WR2002 49)

bedrock

OL KR20, OL KR20B Deep drillhole OL KR20 Rautio (2002)(WR2002 50)

bedrock

OL KR21 Deep drillhole OL KR21 Niinimäki (2002h)(WR2002 56)

bedrock

OL KR22, OL KR22B Deep drillhole OL KR22 Niinimäki (2002i),(WR2002 59)

bedrock

OL KR23, OL KR23B Deep drillhole OL KR23 Niinimäki (2002j)(WR2002 60)

bedrock

OL KR24 Deep drillhole OL KR24 Niinimäki (2003c)(WR2003 52)

bedrock

OL KR25OL KR25B Deep drillhole OL KR25 Niinimäki (2003b)(WR2003 44)

bedrock


bedrock

APPENDIX 1 50

OL KR27, OL KR27B Deep drillhole OL KR27 Niinimäki (2003e)(WR2003 61)

bedrock

OL KR28, OL KR28B Deep drillhole OL KR28 Niinimäki (2003d)(WR2003 57)

bedrock

OL KR29 Deep drillhole OL KR29 Rautio (2004a) (WR2004 50) bedrock

OL KR30 Deep drillhole OL KR30 Rautio (2004b) (WR2004 55) bedrock

OL KR31, OL KR31B Deep drillhole OL KR31 Rautio (2004c) (WR2004 61) bedrock

OL KR32 Deep drillhole OL KR32 Rautio (2005a) (WR2005 01) bedrock

OL KR33, OL KR33B Deep drillhole OL KR33 Rautio (2005b) (WR2005 02) bedrock

OL KR34 Deep drillhole OL KR34 Rautio (2005c) (WR2005 36) bedrock

OL KR35 Deep drillhole OL KR35 Rautio (2005d) (WR2005 37) bedrock

OL KR36 Deep drillhole OL KR36 Niinimäki & Rautio (2005) (WR2005 38) bedrock


bedrock

OL KR38 Deep drillhole OL KR38 Rautio (2005e) (WR2005 58) bedrock

OL KR39 Deep drillhole OL KR39 Niinimäki (2005b)(WR2005 68)

bedrock

OL KR40, OL KR40B Deep drillhole OL KR40 Pussinen & Niinimäki (2006a) (WR200649)

bedrock

OL KR41, OL KR41B Deep drillhole OL KR41 Pussinen & Niinimäki (2006b) (WR200684)

bedrock

OL KR42, OL KR42B Deep drillhole OL KR42 Pussinen & Niinimäki (2006c) (WR200697)

bedrock

OL KR43, OL KR43B Deep drillhole OL KR43 Niinimäki (2006)(WR2006 115)

bedrock

OL KR44, OL KR44B Deep drillhole OL KR44 Pohjolainen (2007) (WR2007 84) bedrock

OL KR45, OL KR45B Deep drillhole OL KR45 Toropainen (2008d) (WR2007 95) bedrock

OL KR46, OL KR46B Deep drillhole OL KR46 Toropainen (2007) (WR2007 74) bedrock

OL KR47, OL KR47B Deep drillhole OL KR47 Toropainen (2008b) (WR2008 13) bedrock

OL KR48 Deep drillhole OL KR48 Toropainen (2008a) (WR2008 5) bedrock

OL KR49 Deep drillhole OL KR49 Toropainen (2008c) (WR2008 80) bedrock

OL KR50, OL KR50B Deep drillhole OL KR50 Toropainen (2009a) (WR2009 9) bedrock



OL KR53, OL KR53B Deep drillhole OL KR53 Toropainen (2010c) (WR2009 111) bedrock



OL PVP1 Ground Water MonitoringPipe

Posiva’s POTTI investigation database bedrock



OL PVPH2B Ground Water MonitoringPipe

Lehto (2001) (WR2001 39) bedrock

OL PVP3A Ground Water MonitoringPipe


OL PVP3B Ground Water MonitoringPipe

Lehto (2001) (WR2001 39) minimum depth ofbedrock surface(not included inmodel)

OL PVPH3B Ground Water MonitoringPipe








APPENDIX 1 51

















OL PVP9C Ground Water MonitoringPipe







Niemi & Roos (2004) (WR2004 03) bedrock












Niinimäki & Rautio (2004)(WR 2004 37)

bedrock



bedrock



minimum depth ofbedrock surface(not included inmodel)


Rautio (2004) (WR2004 48) bedrock


Rautio (2004) (WR2004 48) bedrock


Hinkkanen (2008)(Pöyry Memorandum 67080198)

bedrock



bedrock



bedrock



bedrock



bedrock

APPENDIX 1 52



bedrock



bedrock



bedrock



bedrock


Toropainen (2009) (WR2009 27) bedrock















SK1 Core drilled boreholes Jokinen (1990) (WR 90 55) bedrock
















OL PR1 Percussion drilled borehole









Niinimäki & Rautio (2004) (WR2004 37) bedrock









APPENDIX 1 53


Hjärtström (2007) (WR2007 09) bedrock

OL PP51 Shallow core drilled holes Rautio (2007) (WR2007 40) bedrock






OL PP66 Shallow core drilled holes Kuusirati & Tarvainen (2009) (WR2009 13) bedrock




IPT_1 … IPT_53 Percussion drilleddrillholes made by IPT

Nummela (2004)/ Vuento & Liedes (1989) bedrock

IPT1981_1 Percussion drilleddrillholes made by IPT

Hagros (1999) / IPT Oy (1981) bedrock

















TVO_pa_1 weight sounding made byTVO

TVO (2009), original result file”123689.tek”

minimum depth ofbedrock surface


























TVO (2009),, original result file”123689.tek”

















APPENDIX 1 54




































































































APPENDIX 1 55




































































































APPENDIX 1 56






































































suokairaus_piste_11

drillhole at Olkiluotowetland area

Leino (2001) (WR2001 27) minimum depth ofbedrock surface

suokairaus_piste_12



suokairaus_piste_13



suokairaus_piste_14



suokairaus_piste_15



suokairaus_piste_27



suokairaus_piste_41



suokairaus_piste_42



suokairaus_piste_48



suokairaus_piste_49



APPENDIX 1 57

suokairaus_piste_50



suokairaus_piste_51



suokairaus_piste_53



suokairaus_piste_54



suokairaus_piste_55



suokairaus_piste_56



suokairaus_piste_58



suokairaus_piste_59



suokairaus_piste_60



WP001 soil sampling drillhole Ikonen (2002) (WR2002 14) minimum depth ofbedrock surface




Investigation trenches

OL TK1 Investigation trench Paulamäki (1995)(WR PATU 95 81)

bedrock (20 points)

OL TK2 Investigation trench Paulamäki (1996)(WR PATU 96 61)

bedrock (38 points)

OL TK3 Investigation trench Lindberg & Paulamäki (2004) (WR2003 40) bedrock (82 points)

OL TK4 Investigation trench Paulamäki (2007) (WR2004 64) bedrock (75 points)

OL TK5 Investigation trench Paulamäki & Aaltonen (2005) (WR200465)

bedrock (7 points)

OL TK6 Investigation trench Paulamäki & Aaltonen (2005) (WR200465)

bedrock (7 points)

OL TK7 Investigation trench Paulamäki (2007) (WR2004 66) bedrock (37 points)

OL TK8 Investigation trench Engström (2006) (WR2005 44) bedrock (147points)

OL TK9 Investigation trench Nordbäck & Talikka (2007) (WR2006 51) bedrock (133points)

OL TK11 Investigation trench Mattila, Aaltonen, Kemppainen & Talikka(2007) (WR2007 27)

bedrock (332points)

OL TK12 Investigation trench Nordbäck & Engström (2007) (WR2006104)

bedrock (37 points)

OL TK13 Investigation trench Talikka (2007) (WR2007 25) bedrock (56 points)

OL TK14 Investigation trench Nordbäck (2008) (WR2007 98) bedrock (68 points)

OL TK15 Investigation trench Vaarma & Vuokko (2009) (WR2009 52) bedrock (27 points)

OL TK16 Investigation trench Vaarma & Vuokko (2009) (WR2009 52) bedrock (46 points)

OL TK17 Investigation trench Lindberg (2010) (WR2010 40) bedrock (86 points)

Shot holesandpoints

H3/1 Hinkkanen & Öhberg (1991) outcrop





APPENDIX 1 58





L1/1 Nummela (2004) (WR2004 22) Hinkkanen& Öhberg (1991)

outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop

L19/1 Nummela (2004) (WR2004 22) outcrop




outcrop


outcrop


outcrop



L27/1 Posiva’s internal database AHITUT (fileOL_ koordinaatit_211209_kf (3).xls)

outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop

L29/2 Posiva’s internal database AHITUT (file outcrop

APPENDIX 1 59

OL_ koordinaatit_211209_kf (3).xls)


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop

PA2/1 Hinkkanen & Öhberg (1991) outcrop









SP1 Cosma & al. (2003)(POSIVA 2003 01)

outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop


outcrop

Rock bolts KP1 Posiva’s internal database AHITUT (fileOL_ koordinaatit_211209_kf (3).xls)

outcrop

KP2 Posiva’s internal database AHITUT (fileOL_ koordinaatit_211209_kf (3).xls)

outcrop

APPENDIX 1 60


outcrop


field stone (notused in model)








outcrop


outcrop


outcrop

outcropobservations fromfieldmapping

001 PJUH ... 300PJUH

Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70)/Original result file:Outcrop_2006_PJUH.shp

outcrop (243points)

GTK88 91 ISAApoint_5 ... GTK8891 ISAA point133

Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70)/Original result file:Outcrops_JATM_ISAA_merhe.shp

outcrop (134points)

GTK88 91 JAMTpoint_1 ... GTK8891 JAMT point214

Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70)/Original result file:Outcrops_JATM_ISAA_merhe.shp

outcrop (216points)

218 JKV 88 ... 413JKV 88

Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70) /Original result file: Observation points1988 1991_GTK.shp

outcrop (192points)

226 SSP 02 ... 235SSP 02


outcrop (3 points)

322 SSP 82 Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70) /Original result file: Observation points1988 1991_GTK.shp

outcrop (1 points)

198 SSP 88 ... 349SSP 88


outcrop (149points)

1 SSP 91 ... 55 SSp91


outcrop (55 points)

234 SSP 02b Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70) /Original result file: Observation points1988 1991_GTK.shp

outcrop (1 points)

42 SSP 91b Aaltonen et al. (2010) (WR2010 70) /Original result file: Observation points1988 1991_GTK.shp

outcrop (1 points)

Soil Pits OL KK1 soil pit Lahdenperä & al. (2005) (WR2005 11) bedrock

OL KK2 soil pit Lahdenperä & al. (2005) (WR2005 11) bedrock

OL KK3 soil pit Lahdenperä & al. (2005) (WR2005 11) minimum depth ofbedrock surface







APPENDIX 1 61




OL KK13 soil pit Lahdenperä & al. (2005) (WR2005 11) minimum depth ofbedrock surface

OL KK14 soil pit Lahdenperä (2009) (WR2009 109) minimum depth ofbedrock surface






OL KK20 soil pit Lahdenperä (not published yet) bedrock

OL KK21 soil pit Lahdenperä (not published yet) minimum depth ofbedrock surface

reedsurvey

karhunkarinrauma_p1 …karhunkarinrauma_p40

reed survey Haapanen & Lahdenperä (2011) (WR201167)

minimum depth ofbedrock surface(38 points)

Korna_p1 …Korna_p16



ruovikko050908_p1 …ruovikko050908_p20



ruovikko060908_p1 …ruovikko060908_p33



Systematicmappingof thinoverburden layers

oml_10_5 systematic mapping This report, Appendix 2 bedrock


oml_10_15 systematic mapping This report, Appendix 2 minimum depth ofbedrock surface











oml_60_20 systematic mapping This report, Appendix 2 minimum depth of

APPENDIX 1 62

bedrock surface






























oml_keskipiste systematic mapping This report, Appendix 2 bedrock

additionalolder data

Geotek1973_1 ground survey test pit(older data)

Hagros (1999) / Geotek Oy (1973) bedrock



APPENDIX 1 63





























hagros17 …hagros29

ground survey data Hagros (1999) / Geotek Oy (1973) bedrock (13 points)


ground and bedrocksurvey data

Hagros (1999) / Geotek Oy (1974) bedrock (17 points)



Hagros (1999) / Geotek Oy (1975) bedrock (10 points)



Hagros (1999) / Imatran voima Oy (1975) bedrock (19 points)


seismic sounding Hagros (1999) / Suunnittelukeskus Oy(1981)

bedrock (29 points)


drill hole data Hagros (1999) / Suomen malmi Oy (1981) bedrock (2 points)



Hagros (1999) / Saanio & Laine Oy (1982) bedrock (15 points)



Hagros (1999) / Geoinsinöörit Oy (1983) bedrock (9 points)

APPENDIX 1 64

Table A1- 2. Geophysical data sets used in the model.

Type point ID (in model) Data source / reference information

Seismic p1 … p39seismic refraction, line301_302 Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (39 points)

p40 … p92seismic refraction, line303_304 Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (53 points)



















p698 … p703seismic refraction, lineY_4250 Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (6 points)





p729 … p734seismic refraction, lineY_4550b Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (6 points)



p748 … p751seismic refraction, lineY_4750b Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (4 points)



APPENDIX 1 65


p813 … p837 seismic refraction, line IA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (25 points)

p838 … p862 seismic refraction, line IIA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (25 points)

p863 … p887 seismic refraction, line IIIA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (25 points)

p888 … p904 seismic refraction, line IB Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (17 points)

p905 … p923 seismic refraction, line IIB Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (19 points)

p924 … p940 seismic refraction, line IIIB Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (17 points)

p941 … p956 seismic refraction, line IV Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (16 points)

p957 … p980 seismic refraction, line V Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (24 points)

p981 … p1001 seismic refraction, line VI Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (21 points)

p1002 … p1018 seismic refraction, line VII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (17 points)

p1019 … p1033 seismic refraction, line VIIIA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (15 points)

p1034 … p1048 seismic refraction, line IXA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (15 points)

p1049 … p1057 seismic refraction, line VIIIB Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (9 points)

p1058 … p1064 seismic refraction, line IXB Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (7 points)

p1065 … p1078 seismic refraction, line X Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (14 points)

p1079 … p1087 seismic refraction, line XI Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (9 points)

p1088 … p1090 seismic refraction, line XII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (3 points)

p1091 … p1097 seismic refraction, line XIII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (7 points)

p1098 … p1104 seismic refraction, line XIV Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (7 points)

p1105 … p1111 seismic refraction, line XV Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (7 points)

p1112 … p1118 seismic refraction, line XVII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (7 points)

p1119 … p1132seismic refraction, line XVIA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (14 points)

p1133 … p1165 seismic refraction, line XVI B Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (33 points)

p1166 … p1193seismic refraction, line XVIIIA Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (28 points)

p1194 … p1201seismic refraction, line XVIIIB Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (8 points)

p1202 … p1228 seismic refraction, line XIX Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (27 points)

p1229 … p1253 seismic refraction, line XX Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (25 points)

p1254 … p1276 seismic refraction, line XXI Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (23 points)

p1277 … p1283 seismic refraction, line XXII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (7 points)

p1284 … p1298 seismic refraction, line XXIII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (15 points)

p1299 … p1312 seismic refraction, line XXIV Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (14 points)

p1313 … p1326 seismic refraction, line XXV Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (14 points)

p1327 … p1342 seismic refraction, line XXVI Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (16 points)

p1343 … p1352 seismic refraction, line XXVII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (10 points)

p1353 … p1361seismic refraction, lineXXVIII Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (9 points)

p1362 … p1369 seismic refraction, line XXIX Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (8 points)

p1370 … p1415 seismic refraction, line 1 Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (46 points)

APPENDIX 1 66


p1514 … p1630 seismic refraction, line 3 Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (116points)











p2450 … p2468 seismic refraction, line 13B Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (19 points)















p3326 … p3436 seismic refraction, line A A Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (111points)

p3437 … p3557 seismic refraction, line B B Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (121points)

p3558 … p3598 seismic refraction, line C C Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (41 points)

p3599 … p3729 seismic refraction, line D D Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (131points)

p3730 … p3850 seismic refraction, line E E Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (121points)

p3851 … p3961 seismic refraction, line F F Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (111points)

p3962 … p4072 seismic refraction, line G G Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62)bedrock (111points)

p4073 … p4163 seismic refraction, line H H Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (91 points)

p4164 … p4234 seismic refraction, line I I Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (71 points)

p4235 … p4315 seismic refraction, line J J Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (81 points)

APPENDIX 1 67

p4316 … p4361 seismic refraction, line K K Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (46 points)

p4362 … p4452 seismic refraction, line L L Lehtimäki (2003) (WR2003 62) bedrock (91 points)

p4453 … p4472 seismic refraction, line 28 Ihalainen (2003) (WR2003 12) bedrock (20 points)

































p5287 … p5389 seismic refraction, line 47 Ihalainen (2003) (WR2003 12)bedrock (103points)




APPENDIX 1 68



























p6500 … p6534 seismic refraction, line 74 Ihalainen (2005) (WR2005 15) bedrock (35 points)Acousticseismic a1l29_1 … a1l29_1245 profile a1l29

Rantataro & Kaskela (2009)(WR2009 122) stratigraphy

a1l30_1 … a1l30_1453 profile a1l30Rantataro & Kaskela (2009)(WR2009 122) stratigraphy









APPENDIX 1 69











00020012 1 … 00020012 41 profile 20012 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

00030028 1 … 00030028 83 profile 30028 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

00200036 1 … 00200036 73 profile 200036 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy07900800 1 … 07900800102 profile 7900800 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy08020814 175 … 08020814263 profile 8020814 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

08150827 1 … 08150827 92 profile 8150827 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy09620972 206 … 09620972212 profile 9620972 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

09760985 1 … 09760985 63 profile 9760985 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy09860995 133 … 09860995165 profile 9860995 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

09961004 1 … 09961004 42 profile 9961004 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy10061019 135 … 10061019263 profile 10061019 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy10201026 1 … 10201026107 profile 10201026 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

10381045 1 … 10381045 45 profile 10381045 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy10801087 100 … 10801087182 profile 10801087 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy11001123 1 … 11001123350 profile 11001123 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy11291150 1 … 112911503931 profile 11291150 Rantataro (2001) (WR2001 11) stratigraphy

70

APPENDIX 2 71

SYSTEMATIC MAPPING OF THIN OVERBURDEN LAYERS

Jani Helin (Posiva Oy) & Anne-Maj Lahdenperä (Saanio & Riekkola Oy)

A field study method to map thin overburden layers was tested in August 2009 by Posiva (Antti Siirava). The mapping area was a bedrock outcrop of about 3600 m2 in the eastern part of Olkiluoto Island (Figure A2-1, A2-2). The purpose of this study was to gather more overburden thickness data and on the other hand, study possibilities to model the growth of the overburden thickness around outcrops, in general.

From the starting point on the bedrock outcrop (coordinates in Finnish KKJ1 system 6791560/1527697 by using Trimble GeoXM handheld GPS without external correction) mapping lines were established in five compass directions (10°, 60°, 110°, 150°, 240°). The lines proceeded 30-50 meters from thin or absent overburden on the outcrop towards thicker overburden. In every 5 meters a field soil sampler was pressed down to the overburden and the overburden thickness and type were documented. The overburden sample in the sampler and the immediate surroundings of the place were photographed. A field soil sampler (semi-open tube) is an instrument used to map overburden thickness (it does not penetrate solid rock, e.g. stony or compact till layers) and type as about 1 cm diameter (Ø) and 50 cm length sample can be taken (Figure A2-3). In each place 3-5 separate soil thickness measurements were made. The overburden samples were not preserved. The results from the field were revised by a hydrogeochemist Anne-Maj Lahdenperä (Pöyry Oy) (Table A2-1).

Figure A2-1. Location of the rock outcrop and the five mapped lines. (Background map: Topographic database of National Survey of Finland, permission 41/MYY/12. Layout: Posiva Oy/Jani Helin)

APPENDIX 2 72

Figure A2-2. The bedrock outcrop which was used as the centre point for the mapping lines presented in Figure A2-1 (Posiva Oy, Antti Siirava)

Figure A2-3. A field soil sampler (Posiva Oy, Jani Helin)

Tabl

e A

2-1.

Ove

rbur

den

thic

knes

s and

obs

erve

d ov

erbu

rden

laye

rs w

ith d

escr

iptio

ns

Line

num

ber

and

com

pass

dire

ctio

n

Dis

tanc

efr

omce

ntre

(m)

Tota

lov

erbu

rden

thic

knes

s(c

m)

Thic

knes

sof

over

burd

enla

yers

(cm

)

Ove

rbur

den

type

Ove

rbur

den

desc

ript

ion

Line

1(1

0°)

5N

oob

serv

atio

ns

10N

oob

serv

atio

ns

1517

15H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed,

dark

brow

nhu

mus

2Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,lo

ose

sand

and

rem

nant

sof

plan

ts

2029

18H

umus

Part

lyde

com

pose

dhu

mus

11Sa

ndD

ark

sand

(7cm

),un

der

brow

nco

mpa

ctsa

nd

2510

10H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed

hum

us(0

7.5

cm),

unde

rlo

ose,

grey

hum

us(2

.5cm

)

3030

10H

umus

20Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,m

oder

atel

yco

mpa

ctsa

nd

3510

10H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed,

dark

hum

us

4030

15H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed,

brow

nhu

mus

15Fi

nesa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,m

oder

atel

yco

mpa

ctfin

esa

nd(7

cm),

unde

rbr

own

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

fine

sand

4521

20H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed,

brow

nhu

mus

1Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

nsa

nd

5025

20H

umus

Brow

nm

oder

atel

yde

com

pose

d,lo

ose

hum

us

5Fi

nesa

ndM

oder

atel

yco

mpa

ctfin

esa

nd,l

ight

/gre

yco

lour

edve

ryfin

esa

nd

Line

2(6

0°)

51

1Be

droc

kO

utcr

opco

vere

dby

liche

nan

dm

osse

s

105

5H

umus

/Litt

erD

ecom

pose

d,da

rkhu

mus

150

0Be

droc

kO

utcr

opco

vere

dby

liche

nan

dm

osse

s

201

1Be

droc

kO

utcr

opco

vere

dby

liche

nan

dm

osse

s

73

2510

10H

umus

Poor

lyde

com

pose

dhu

mus

,und

erm

oder

atel

yde

com

pose

dhu

mus

3012

10H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed

hum

us

2Sa

ndD

ecom

pose

dhu

mus

,und

ersa

nd

3515

15H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed

hum

uson

top,

unde

rm

ore

deco

mpo

sed

hum

us

4014

1H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

3Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

nan

dlo

ose

sand

10Fi

nesa

ndCr

eam

brow

n,m

oder

atel

yco

mpa

ctve

ryfin

esa

nd

4521

1H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

16Sa

ndBr

own

and

loos

esa

ndon

top,

unde

rlig

htbr

own,

fair

lylo

ose

sand

4Fi

nesa

ndLi

ght,

very

fine

sand

5016

1H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

15Fi

nesa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n/br

own,

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

very

fine

sand

Line

3(1

10°)

58

8H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed,

dark

hum

us

103

3H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed,

dark

hum

us

1525

25H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed,

dark

hum

us

2025

25H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed,

dark

hum

us

255

5H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed,

brow

nhu

mus

3015

15H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed

dark

brow

nhu

mus

(with

som

eth

insa

ndla

yers

belo

w)

3525

3H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

22Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,lo

ose

sand

onto

p,un

der

dark

er,m

ore

com

pact

sand

4021

8H

umus

Hum

us

13Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

nsa

ndon

top

(4cm

),un

der

brow

nsa

ndla

yer

(9cm

)

4535

8H

umus

Hum

us

27Sa

ndLi

ghtg

rey

sand

onto

p(8

cm),

unde

rlig

htbr

own

sand

(19

cm)

5030

00.

5H

umus

Very

thin

hum

usla

yer

30Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,lo

ose

sand

74

Line

4(1

50°)

510

10H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed

hum

uson

top

(1cm

),un

der

mor

ede

com

pose

dhu

mus

(9cm

)

105

5H

umus

Poor

lyde

com

pose

dhu

mus

onto

p,un

der

mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed

hum

us

157

2H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

5Li

ghtb

row

nsa

nd/v

ery

fine

sand

2041

1H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

30Fi

nesa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,dr

yan

ddu

sty

very

fine

sand

10Sa

ndM

ore

com

pact

sand

than

the

laye

rab

ove

2511

3H

umus

Thin

hum

usla

yer

8Sa

ndD

ark

grey

sand

3015

5H

umus

Hum

us

10Fi

nesa

ndLi

ghtg

rey

very

fine

sand

Line

5(2

40°)

53

3H

umus

Hum

us

1015

15H

umus

Poor

lyde

com

pose

dhu

mus

onto

p,un

der

mor

ede

com

pose

dhu

mus

153

3H

umus

Dec

ompo

sed

hum

us

2010

10H

umus

Poor

lyde

com

pose

dhu

mus

255

5D

ecom

pose

dhu

mus

3012

5H

umus

Hum

us

7Sa

ndLi

ghtb

row

n,co

mpa

ctsa

nd

3510

10H

umus

Mod

erat

ely

deco

mpo

sed

hum

us

75

76

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