8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

1/20

Models of ConsultationModels of Consultation

PSY 755PSY 755School Consultation SkillsSchool Consultation Skills

Lee A. Wilkinson, Ph.D.,Lee A. Wilkinson, Ph.D.,

NCSPNCSP

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

2/20

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

3/20

Mental Health ConsultationMental Health Consultation

(continued)(continued)

"e#nition$"e#nition$ a pro!ess of intera!tion %etween twoa pro!ess of intera!tion %etween two

professional persons the !onsultant,professional persons the !onsultant,

who is a spe!ialist, and the !onsultee,who is a spe!ialist, and the !onsultee,

who invo'es the !onsultants help inwho invo'es the !onsultants help in

reard to a !urrent wor' pro%lem withreard to a !urrent wor' pro%lem with

whi!h he is havin some dii!ulty andwhi!h he is havin some dii!ulty and

whi!h he has de!ided is within thewhi!h he has de!ided is within the

others area of spe!iali*ed !ompeten!eothers area of spe!iali*ed !ompeten!e

(Caplan & Caplan, 1993)(Caplan & Caplan, 1993)

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

4/20

Mental Health ConsultationMental Health Consultation(continued)(continued)

+ey Chara!teristi!s$+ey Chara!teristi!s$ onhierar!hi!al and !oordinate relationshiponhierar!hi!al and !oordinate relationship Consultants and !onsultees viewed asConsultants and !onsultees viewed as

e-perts in own arease-perts in own areas Consultant has no authority over !onsulteeConsultant has no authority over !onsultee .oal is to improve understandin of !urrent.oal is to improve understandin of !urrent

pro%lem and to in!rease !apa!ity ofpro%lem and to in!rease !apa!ity of

masterin this type of pro%lem in the futuremasterin this type of pro%lem in the future /rimary aim is to improve !onsultees o%/rimary aim is to improve !onsultees o%

performan!e (does not fo!us overtly onperforman!e (does not fo!us overtly onpersonal pro%lems)personal pro%lems)

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

5/20

Assumptions in MentalAssumptions in Mental

Health ConsultationHealth Consultation /sy!hodynami! orientation/sy!hodynami! orientation

oth intrapsy!hi! and environmental fa!torsoth intrapsy!hi! and environmental fa!tors

are important in e-plainin and !haninare important in e-plainin and !hanin

%ehavior%ehavior

2e!hni!al e-pertise of the !onsultant is not2e!hni!al e-pertise of the !onsultant is not

enouh to desin ee!tive interventionsenouh to desin ee!tive interventions

2he !onsultee is responsi%le for a!tion2he !onsultee is responsi%le for a!tion Consultation is one of many means availa%leConsultation is one of many means availa%le

to an orani*ation for addressin dii!ultiesto an orani*ation for addressin dii!ulties

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

6/20

Assumptions in MentalAssumptions in Mental

Health ConsultationHealth Consultation(continued)(continued)

Consultee attitudes and %eliefs areConsultee attitudes and %eliefs are

important however, they !annot %eimportant however, they !annot %edealt with %y dire!t !onfrontationdealt with %y dire!t !onfrontation44

(rown et al4, 5001)(rown et al4, 5001)

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

7/20

Four Types of MentalFour Types of Mental

Health ConsultationHealth Consultation Client6!entered !ase !onsultationClient6!entered !ase !onsultation

Consultee6!entered !ase !onsultationConsultee6!entered !ase !onsultation /roram6!entered administrative/roram6!entered administrative

!onsultation!onsultation

Consultee6!entered administrativeConsultee6!entered administrative

!onsultation!onsultation

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

8/20

Consultee-Centered CaseConsultee-Centered Case

ConsultationConsultation

odel most often dis!ussed %y Caplanodel most often dis!ussed %y Caplan(Caplanian !onsultation)(Caplanian !onsultation)

8o!us is on individual !ases8o!us is on individual !ases /rimary oal is enhan!ed !onsultee/rimary oal is enhan!ed !onsulteeperforman!eperforman!e

nvolves no dire!t assessment of the !lientnvolves no dire!t assessment of the !lient

.oal is to determine why !onsultee is.oal is to determine why !onsultee ishavin dii!ulty with the !lient and tohavin dii!ulty with the !lient and toassist with this dii!ultyassist with this dii!ulty

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

9/20

Categories of ConsulteeCategories of Consultee

DiicultyDiiculty :a!' of 'nowlede:a!' of 'nowlede

:a!' of s'ill:a!' of s'ill

:a!' of !on#den!e:a!' of !on#den!e :a!' of o%e!tivity (theme interferen!e:a!' of o%e!tivity (theme interferen!e))

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

10/20

Critique of Caplans ModelCritique of Caplans Model

.reat histori!al sini#!an!e foundation.reat histori!al sini#!an!e foundation

for the development of !onsultation as afor the development of !onsultation as a

servi!e delivery approa!hservi!e delivery approa!h

;or' has %een e-tended and reframed for;or' has %een e-tended and reframed forappli!ation in s!hool settinsappli!ation in s!hool settins

:ess studied empiri!ally than other:ess studied empiri!ally than other

modelsmodels

"ii!ult to use when one doesnt have"ii!ult to use when one doesnt have

psy!hodynami! perspe!tivepsy!hodynami! perspe!tive

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

11/20

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

12/20

Components of #uccessfulComponents of #uccessful

!rgani"ational Consultation!rgani"ational Consultation($ut%in & Curtis' )($ut%in & Curtis' )

utual adaptation 6 the e-tent to whi!hutual adaptation 6 the e-tent to whi!h

innovations>!hane proe!ts 82 into the lo!alinnovations>!hane proe!ts 82 into the lo!al

e!oloies of !ommunities, s!hools, !lassroomse!oloies of !ommunities, s!hools, !lassroomspredi!ts su!!essful implementationpredi!ts su!!essful implementation

?elevant system administrators should %e?elevant system administrators should %e

involved support from administrators should %einvolved support from administrators should %e

eli!itedeli!ited @ll primary sta'eholders must %e involved in the@ll primary sta'eholders must %e involved in the

!hane pro!ess!hane pro!ess

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

13/20

Model of Colla*orati+eModel of Colla*orati+e

,lanning,lanning

(Curtis & #tollar' ' .//.)(Curtis & #tollar' ' .//.) 1414 "es!ri%e the pro%lem as spe!i#!ally as"es!ri%e the pro%lem as spe!i#!ally as

possi%le4possi%le4 "es!ri%ed desired out!omes4"es!ri%ed desired out!omes4

5454 @naly*e the spe!i#! pro%lem in terms of@naly*e the spe!i#! pro%lem in terms of

resour!es and o%sta!les4resour!es and o%sta!les4

3434 Aele!t an o%sta!le that wouldAele!t an o%sta!le that would

sini#!antlysini#!antly hinder resolvin the pro%lemhinder resolvin the pro%lem

identi#ed in step one4identi#ed in step one4 B4B4 rainstorm resour!es and a!tivities thatrainstorm resour!es and a!tivities that

may %emay %e used to redu!e or eliminate theused to redu!e or eliminate the

spe!i#ed o%sta!le4spe!i#ed o%sta!le4

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

14/20

Model of Colla*orati+eModel of Colla*orati+e

,lanning,lanning(Continued)(Continued)

44 "esin a plan that in!ludes"esin a plan that in!ludes

a!!ounta%ility fora!!ounta%ility for !ompletion (who,!ompletion (who,

what, when)what, when) D4D4

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

15/20

0eha+ioral Consultation0eha+ioral Consultation

Chara!teri*ed %y$Chara!teri*ed %y$

1414 Ese of a four6stae pro%lem solvin pro!essEse of a four6stae pro%lem solvin pro!ess

operationali*ed %y three separateoperationali*ed %y three separate

interviewsinterviews5454 @dheren!e to %ehavioral assessment@dheren!e to %ehavioral assessment

te!hniFueste!hniFues

3434 ?elian!e on %ehavioral intervention?elian!e on %ehavioral intervention

strateiesstrateiesB4B4

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

16/20

0eha+ioral Consultation0eha+ioral Consultation(0ergan' 112 0ergan &(0ergan' 112 0ergan &

3ratoch4ill' /)3ratoch4ill' /)

8our staes$8our staes$ /ro%lem denti#!ation (/)/ro%lem denti#!ation (/)

/ro%lem @nalysis (/@)/ro%lem @nalysis (/@)

2reatment (plan) mplementation2reatment (plan) mplementation

2reatment (plan)

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

17/20

#tage 5 ,ro*lem#tage 5 ,ro*lem

6denti7cation6denti7cation G%e!tives$G%e!tives$

ost !riti!al stae of !onsultationost !riti!al stae of !onsultation

Consultant de#nes the presentin (taret)Consultant de#nes the presentin (taret)

pro%lem in operational terms with thepro%lem in operational terms with thehelp of the !onsultanthelp of the !onsultant

@ssessment data>%aseline data are !olle!ted@ssessment data>%aseline data are !olle!ted

whi!h assess relevant aspe!ts of the taretwhi!h assess relevant aspe!ts of the taret

%ehavior%ehavior

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

18/20

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

19/20

#tage 85 Treatment (,lan)#tage 85 Treatment (,lan)

6mplementation6mplementation Consultee implements the spe!i#ed planConsultee implements the spe!i#ed plan

and !ontinues to !olle!t data to do!umentand !ontinues to !olle!t data to do!ument

the plans ee!tivenessthe plans ee!tiveness 2reatment interity is monitored and2reatment interity is monitored and

assessed at this staeassessed at this stae

8/9/2019 Models of Consultation

20/20

#tage 95 Treatment (,lan)#tage 95 Treatment (,lan)

:+aluation:+aluation G%e!tives$G%e!tives$

"etermination is made a%out the plans"etermination is made a%out the plans

ee!tiveness in resolvin the statedee!tiveness in resolvin the statedpro%lem(s)pro%lem(s)

f ne!essary, the plan is modi#ed andf ne!essary, the plan is modi#ed and

more data is !olle!tedmore data is !olle!ted

f oals have %een met, !onsultation isf oals have %een met, !onsultation isterminatedterminated

8ollow6up !onsultation a!tivities initiated8ollow6up !onsultation a!tivities initiated