MODELS OF CURRICULUM

Mrs. Manorama KashyapLecturerGCON

What is a curriculum model?

•The term curriculum model refers to an educational system that combines theory with practice.

Why is it Essential?

• Curriculum models are essential in determining programme content & in training & supervising staff to implement “high quality” programs.

BASIC CURRICULUM MODEL

MODEL

AIMS OR OBJECTIVES

CONTENT

METHODS OF

TEACHING & LEARNING

EVALUATION OF

OUTCOMES

CURRICULUM MODELS ARE:-•Targeted to the needs & characteristics of a particular group of learners.

•Based on a body of theory about teaching & learning

•Used to outline approaches, methods & procedures for implementation & evaluation

PRODUCT MODEL OR BEHAVIOURAL-OBJECTIVES MODEL

One of the best known curriculum models is ‘The Tyler Model’, introduced in 1949 by Ralph Tyler.He viewed education as “ a process of changing the behavior patterns of people, using behavior in the broad sense to include thinking & feeling as well as over action.”

He Identifies four fundamental questions to be answered in developing a curriculum

1.What educational purposes should the

school seek to attain?

2.How can learning experiences be

selected that are likely to be useful in

attaining these objectives?

3.How can learning experiences be organized for

effective instruction?

4.How can the effectiveness of

learning experiences be

evaluated?

The emphasis on this model is on the achievement of objectives by the student.

It is an output model.

Tyler stressed the importance of stating objectives in terms of students behavior.

Any statement of the objectives of the school should be a statement of changes to take place in students.

Implementing a behavioral objective model

• EDUCATION OUTCOME:- This is the end result of an educational program.

• EDUCATIONAL AIM:- is the most important part of the goal system, since all the other objectives are derived from it.

Specific behavioral objectives

Also termed instructional objectives or terminal objectives , these are highly specific

statements that describe the changes in behavior that constitute

learning.

Learner’s observable behavior

Unless the learner’s behavior is observable it is impossible to assess

whether or not an objective has been

achieved.

Levels of objective

The behavior components arise from knowledge, attitude & skills component. This is otherwise known as cognitive, affective & psychomotor domain.

The PROCESS MODEL of CurriculumLawrence Stenhouse proposed the model known as “PROCESS MODEL”.

According to him the minimum requirements for

a curriculum are that it should offer:-

IN PLANNING:-

*Principles for the selection of content*principles for the development of teaching strategy*Principles for making of decision about sequence.*Principles on which to diagnose the strengths &

weaknesses of individual students.

The PROCESS MODEL of CurriculumIN EMPIRICAL STUDY:-

* Principles on which to study & evaluate the progress of students.

* Principles on which to study & evaluate the progress of teacher.

* Guidance as to the feasibility of implementing the curriculum in varying school context, pupil context, environments & peer group situation.

EXPRESSIVE MODELCURRICULUM CONTENT:- Content is usually selected on the basis of providing the student with some worthwhile learning activities, usually of an exploratory or problem solving nature.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:- It specifies the behavior the student is to acquire.•It is the outcome of learning activity which has been planned ( by the teacher) to provide the student with an opportunity to personalize learning.

EXPRESSIVE MODELLEARNING ACTIVITIES:- In Expressive objective student motivation is the fundamental criterion used by teachers to select learning activities

ASSESSMENT:- In their purest form, expressive objectives are a reflection of the aims & the values of an education which believes in molding student’s behavior often in idiosyncratic ways.

MAIN APPLICATION:- The expressive model is usually associated with curriculum design in the field of art & design.

PROBLEM CENTERED MODELCURRICULUM CONTENT:- The starting point for learning is a problem, a query, a puzzle that the learner wishes to solve. The content knowledge in this model arises from the work on the problem.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:- Both interpersonal ( team skills) & intrapersonal (reflective skills) are explicitly expressed as an important component of the learning outcomes.

PROBLEM CENTERED MODELLEARNING ACTIVITIES:-Training in ‘learning how to learn’ & group learning skills often form part of the learning activities undertaken at the start of problem based learning modules

ASSESSMENT:- Is a mixture of tutor marked assignment, peer group assessment of team skills & self assessment of intrapersonal skills.

MAIN APPLICATION:-the problem based model is usually associated with vocational courses in health sciences, architecture, engineering, business studies & education.

CULTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL

•This model has been developed by Denis Lawton.•This model proposes a curriculum planned on the technique of cultural analysis.•Culture is defined as ‘the whole way of life of a society & the purposes of education is to make available to the next generation what we regard as the most important aspect of culture.•Culture analysis is the process by which a selection is made from the culture in terms of curriculum planning.

CULTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL

Lawton suggests cultural analysis will ask:-

•What kind of society already exist?•In what ways is it developing?•How do its members appear to want it to develop?

CULTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL

Lawton offers a five stage model for this analysis:

CULTURAL INVARIANTS: This examines all the aspects that human societies have in common, such as economic & morel aspects, beliefs & other systems.

CULTURAL VARIABLES:- involves analyzing the difference between cultures in each of the systems.

SELECTION FROM THE CULTURE:- this stage consists of comparing the cultural analysis of the systems with the existing school curriculum.

CULTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL

PSYCHOLOGICAL QUESTIONS & THEORIES: it is an important consideration for any curriculum development.

CURRICULUM ORGANIZATION:- In this final stage , the curriculum can now be planned on the basis of the cultural analysis carried out in the previous stages, bearing in mind the important psychological question & theories that influence learning & instruction.

OTHER MODELS & APPROACHES TO THE CURRICULUM

Beattie’s four fold model of the curriculum suggests that there are four fundamental approaches to the task of planning a curriculum for nursing.The Curriculum as a :-

MAP OF KEY

SUBJECTS

SCHEDULE OF BASIC

SKILLS

OTHER MODELS & APPROACHES TO THE CURRICULUM

PORTFOLIO OF

MEANINGFUL PERSONAL

EXPERIENCE

AGENDA OF IMPORTANT CULTURAL

ISSUE

The Curriculum as a :-

GREAVES CURRICULUM MODEL

This model of nursing is based upon the behavioral objectives model & consists of a 4* 4 matrix.

OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODS EVALUATION

ASSESSMENT

PLANNING

IMPLEMENTATION

EVALUATION