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By:

Imran Ahmad SajidM.Phil 2nd semesterInstitute of Social Development Studies (Social Work)

University of Peshawar

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In ancient Greece the philosopher,Aristotle, advised getting rid of a child if itwas imperfect. Greek law even dictated

that a newborn baby was not really a childuntil seven days after birth, so that animperfect child could be disposed of with aclear conscience.

Martin Luther, founder of Protestantism,speaking of congenitally impaired children,said: "Take the changeling child to theriver and drown it."

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An impairment is a physiological disorder or injury. Or Lacking part or all of a limb, or having defective limb,

organ or mechanism of the body. A disability is an inability to execute some class of

movements, or pick up sensory information of somesort, or perform some cognitive function, that typicalunimpaired humans are able to execute or pick up orperform.

A handicap is an inability to accomplish something onemight want to do, that most others around one are ableto accomplish.

Or the Disadvantaged or restriction of activity causedby disability.

Source: [http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~jperry//disabilities/batya/node2.html]

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http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~jperry/disabilities/batya/node2.htmlhttp://www-csli.stanford.edu/~jperry/disabilities/batya/node2.html

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disabled person is a person who has adisability. A person has a disability if: he or she has a physical or mental impairment

which has a substantial and long-term adverseeffect on her or his ability to carry out normalday-to-day activities.(Source: Section 1(2) of the DisabilityDiscrimination Act, UK. DDA)

In short, this definition says that disability isactivity restricted by impairment.

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Is this glass

of waterhalf-full orhalf empty?

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Models of disability provide aframework for understanding the wayin which people with impairmentsexperience disability. They also providea reference for society as laws,regulations and structures are

developed that impact on the lives ofdisabled people.

Example: Glass is Half Empty, Glass isHalf Full

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1. Moral/Religious Model2. Medical/Individual Model3. Charity/Tragedy Model

4. Economic Model5. Social/Rights-Based Model6. Disability Model7. Other Models

i. Rehabilitation Modelii. Spectrum Modeliii. Market Modeliv. Empowering Model

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Punishment from God (ie: due todispleasure)

Evil spirits (possessed)

Witchcraft Bad Karma (did something evil in the

past)

Gift from God

Character weakness Corruptness

Immoral-ness

Examples: villains in movies, 10By: Imran Ahmad SAjid

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A sick/disabled person has one or more parts of the mind

or body that need to be fixed to be healthy.

Focus treatment on the non-functioning component of the

mind/body to restore tonormal

Practitioners as experts= in charge and directing service

Clients = expected to seek help, follow orders and get

well.

May involve community or institution based services

Disability is therefore an individual health issue

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http://www.ddsg.org.uk/taxi/images/medical-model.g12By: Imran Ahmad SAjid

http://www.ddsg.org.uk/taxi/images/medical-model.gifhttp://www.ddsg.org.uk/taxi/images/medical-model.gif

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This is an offshoot of the medicalmodel, which regards the disability

as a deficiency that must be fixed bya rehabilitation professional or otherhelping professional.

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Disability is considered a tragedy Society needs to take care and

protect persons with disabilities

If someone with a disability achievessomething that a normal persondoes, then the person with adisability is looked at as inspirational(super crip)

This is often mixed with the Moraland Medical Models

Examples: inspiration news story,telethons, charities

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Often employed by governments Equates value to society with productivity. Disability can

strain society due to decreased productivity. Interventions minimise the impacts of non-productivity

and the financial support required for people with adisability and their carers

Practitioners provide economic, legislative and programsupport to maintain people in society whilst clients areexpected to participate in programs and accept financialsupport.

Society pays for the financial support and programs viataxation and abides by legislation

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Developed in the 1970s by activists in the Union ofthe Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS) ,the social model of disability has been called the bigidea of the British disability movement (Hasler,1993).

It is society which disables physically impaired people. Disable people are a socially oppressed group. Disability is a social oppression, and not a form of

impairment. [Tom Shakespeare, Research in SocialScience and Disability Volume 2, pp. 9-28 (2002)).]

Disability results from barriers in society and theenvironment Physical barriers Attitudinal barriers

Disability as inability of society to accommodate all itsmembers.

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Cont

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disabled by society not by ourbodies.

http://www.asiadisabilit

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http://www.asiadisability.com/~yuki/T9E5.gifhttp://www.asiadisability.com/~yuki/T9E5.gif

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Criticism of Social Model If the social model argument was pushed to its

logical extreme, we might not see impairment assomething which we should make efforts to avoid.

As a consequence, we might be unconcernedabout road safety, gun control, inoculationprogrammes, and mine-clearance.

having more disabled people is by no means a badthing, and that we should not always try to avoidimpairment. [does this make sense?]

barrier free environment is an unsustainable myth(a fairy tale, such as in Finkelstein, 1981).Removing environmental obstacles for someonewith one impairment may well generate obstaclesfor someone with another impairment.

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Cont

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It is impossible to remove all the obstacles to peoplewith impairment, because some of them areinextricable aspects of impairment, not generated bythe environment. If someone has an impairment whichcauses constant pain, how can the social environmentbe implicated? If someone has a significant intellectuallimitation, how can society be altered to make thisirrelevant to employment opportunities, for example?Does mainstream sport disable impaired athletes byimposing oppressive criteria such as being able torun to play football?. Some of these examples may

seem ridiculous. But they point to the problem ofpushing the social model to its implications, andhighlight a flaw in the whole conception.

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Cont

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Disability is one of many normal aspectsof human life that many of us willexperience over a lifetime.

Look at the experience of having adisability as just one facet of adapting tothe human condition

None of us is perfect, we all have (or willhave some day) diminished capacity of

one sort or another (due to age,temporary injury, or emerging disability)and we will all have to make adaptationsto accommodate our disabilities.

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Which one ismore

accurate?23By: Imran Ahmad SAjid

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