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MODERNENGLISH DIGESTMODERNENGLISH DIGESTTHE MAGAZINE HELPING STUDENTS LEARN ENGLISH
New CropsHighways of the OceanTop Ten Modern Artists
Vol 6
/ Is
sue
4 £
4.25
Megan FoxMegan Fox
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abb – abbreviation, adj – adjective, adv – adverb, coll – colloquial, i – idiom,n – noun, np – noun phrase, ph.v – phrasal verb, prep – preposition,
pron – pronoun, q – question word, v – verb
Your guide to the graded English used in Modern English Digest
We have packed this latest issue of Modern English Digest with a wide rangeof features that make learning English interesting and fun! All the articles inthis magazine are carefully written in graded English to cater forelementary and intermediate level students of English.
We have a partnership with Macmillan Education. Each issue of the magazinefeatures an extract from Macmillan Education’s award-winning series ofsimplified readers.
The magazine has a great mix of interesting articles that help improvevocabulary and understanding in cultural and work-specific context. Please writein with your comments and visit our website www.ModernEnglishDigest.net.
Key to glossaryIE
• Simple passive forms• Infinitives of purpose: to, in order to• Modals – could (ability), can (permission)• Present perfect• -ing verb form after like, enjoy• be interested in• used to & wanted to + verb• Defining relative clauses• Modal will with future reference• Conditional sentences (1 & 2)• Present Progressive with future reference
• Comparative and superlative of adjectives• Reported commands in the past• Adverbs of frequency and manner• Constructions with it and until• Indefinite pronouns: everyone, everybody, etc.• had better, would rather• Phrasal verbs• Reported speech• say and tell• Verb -ing as subject or object• Conjunctions: although, so, but, because
• Modal should + Passive Perfect• Past Passive• Modal could, may, might + Perfect Progressive• Present Perfect Progressive• Future Perfect• Should have + Past Participle• Needn’t have + Past Participle• Relative clauses, defining and non-defining• Which, whose• Adjective as noun• Subordinators: wherever, whenever
• Reflexive pronouns• Be supposed to, be likely to + verb• Double object verbs• As if + clause• Participial phrases• Modal will, could, should + Passive infinitive• Phrasal verbs with give, come + in the Passive• Indirect commands• Indirect questions with if and wh- questions• Modal could + Perfect Conditional with Past• Perfect (Third Conditional)
Intermediate I
Elementary E
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LIFESTYLE
●I 12 Wikipedia
●I 20 Dowsing
●E 24 Which Sport?
●E 36 Homework
●I 38 Cricket
●E 42 Childhood Toys
●E 50 The Saxophone
BUSINESS
●E 52 How To Interview in a Downturn
ACTIVITIES
●E 56 Folded Flower
●I 58 Just for Fun
●E 60 Find a Word – Art and Design
●E 61 Know the Issue
63 Just for Fun – answers
FEATURES
4 ●I
New Crops
8 ●E
Barbie
14 ●E
Highways of the Ocean
28 ●I
Who Are The Top TenModern Artists?
32 ●E
Megan Fox46 ●I
The Woodlandersby Thomas Hardy retold by Margaret Tarner for
Macmillan Readers
3
Photo © Andy Fossum / Rex Features
Megan Fox: page 32IntermediateElementaryE I
CONTENTSCONTENTS
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FEATURE
New CropsBY KESTA ALLAN
Scientists fear that we rely toomuch on only a very few staplecrops for our basic food supply.
Our important food crops include rice,potatoes, wheat, maize, oats and barley.But these represent only a handful ofspecies from all the many thousands ofvarieties of edible plants available foruse. As the planet’s population grows,farmers need to grow more of thesecrops to feed the world’s people.However, some botanists think there maybe another solution. They say thatalternative food plants may require lessintensive cultivation and land use toprovide us with better, more sustainablesources of nutrition.
By cultivating alternative crops,experts believe that we can go someway to combat the combined threat ofdisease, climate change and lack ofdiversity that threatens to leave so manymillions of people hungry across theworld. As one scientist from the RoyalBotanical Gardens in London argues,“The world is currently fed primarilyfrom just a dozen species – around 80%of the world’s food comes from thosefew plants used in commercialagriculture. Yet there are more than30,000 edible plants known on the planet,
so it is baffling why we are so reliant onso few species”.
Researchers also stress that foodproduction is a global rather than aregional issue. The International Panelon Climate Change already warns thatfood shortages are likely to be morecommon in the next 20 years. Increasinglevels of drought are also threateningsome of the world’s most importantcultivated areas. Important foodproducing regions affected includesouthern Europe, Western Australia,South Africa, the Middle East andcentral parts of the USA.
With rice shortages and rocketinggrain prices, experts are anxious toprovide solutions to this already massiveproblem. Most agree that growingalternative crops can be a big part of theanswer. So what are the foods of thefuture? What can we expect to eat indecades to come? Here are just a few ofthe crops the experts are nowrecommending.
TamarindThe fruit of this multi-purpose tropicaltree provides is commonly used as aspice. While still young, the fruit’s hardgreen pulp is often eaten as part of a
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5Black Eyed Beans photo © Marekulias • Tamarind photo © Egal | Dreamstime.com
savoury dish. When eaten ripe, thetamarind fruit makes a deliciously sweetand nutritious snack. The tamarind isalready widely grown in places such asMexico, India and parts of Malaysia.
AmaranthThis food crop is well established inparts of Africa where it is used in
traditional cooking. However, amaranthis also a highly adaptable plant. As agrain crop the plant contains up to 30%more protein than other cereals.Amaranth also contains vital vitaminsand nutrients such as Vitamin A and C. Inparts of Asia, Amaranth leaves are oftenmade into a delicious soup.
CowpeaCowpeas are an excellent source ofprotein. These pulses grow well even invery dry conditions and are directlyrelated to the more commerciallysuccessful black eyed peas. Similarly,pigeon peas are a small bean that canbe eaten as a fresh vegetable or as adried foodstuff. In India, pigeon peas arealready eaten as an alternative to themore popular chick pea. Like cowpeas,pigeon peas can be grown in very aridconditions.
Tamarind
Black eyed beans are a type of Cowpea
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6Photo © Brazilian | istockphoto.com
Barbados CherriesThis fruit is bright red and contains up tothree hard seeds. The shrub grows up tothree metres tall and is covered bydense thorns. The fruits have a unique
sweet-and-sour flavour and are very richin vitamin C
BreadfruitBreadfruit is a starch rich fruit thatgrows on trees in the South Pacific. Thefruit is remarkably versatile and can beroasted, baked, fried or boiled. As itsname implies, the fruit tastes similar tofresh baked bread when cooked.
Bambara groundnutThis pulse from West Africa is atraditional food source and ripens inunderground pods. It is rich in proteinand once dried can be eaten fresh orboiled.
Breadfruit
Barbados Cherries
Photo © Jaminwell | Dreamstime.com
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7Amaranth photo © Monamakela | Dreamstime.com
Edible (adj) food that is safe to eat.Diversity (n) people or things that are very different from one another but that exist in one place or one group.
Drought (n) a long period of time without rain.
Watch out for all these items offood in your local supermarket orconvenience store. According tonutritionists and scientistsfoodstuffs like these are set tobecome an important part of mostpeople’s diet in the future. As globalwarming changes the farminglandscape of the world, so we willhave to change our diets to makethe most of the plants that growbest on the land left over fromurban use. ✪Amaranth
Bambara groundnuts
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FEATURE
BarbieBY SARA HALL
F or a fifty year old children’s doll, thestatistics are impressive. Barbie, orto use her full name, Barbara
Millicent Roberts, is fifty years old.However, for her millions of adoring fans,Barbie remains eternally young.According to some estimates, Barbie’smanufacturers sell three Barbie dollsevery second. This adds up to an amazingone billion dolls since Barbie first went onsale in 1959.
As an American cultural icon Barbie isone of the most popular – and sometimesmost hated – children’s toy in the world.The painting of Barbie by British artistAndy Warhol is an instantly recognisableimage of modern consumerism. Butdespite the commercial success ofBarbie, the doll is not without its critics.
Comedians and satirists often targetBarbie as a figure of fun and parody. In1997 a catchy song called Barbie Girl bypop dance group Aqua poked fun atBarbie dolls. The pop song caused a fiveyear lawsuit between the pop group andBarbie’s manufacturers, Mattel, whounsuccessfully claimed that the songwas an infringement of their trademark.However, Barbie’s loyal supportersconfidently brush aside the ridicule. Theysee no threat to her from high techcompetition such as play stations,internet games or iPods. Mattelconfidently believes that Barbie willreach her first century.
Ruth Handler dreamt up Barbie whenshe realised that there was a gap in thetoy market. As she watched her daughterplay with her dolls, Ruth noticed that whilemost toy dolls were infants or babies, herdaughter preferred acting out more grownup situations when playing with her toys.During a holiday in Switzerland, Ruthdiscovered a German toy doll called BildLilli. Taking three of these dolls home, Ruthadapted the design to create a moreAmerican look. Ruth named the resultingfemale form Barbie in honour of herdaughter, Barbara. However, Barbie gotoff to a mixed start at her launch at theAmerican International toy Fair in New
Ruth Handler dreamtup Barbie when sherealised that there wasa gap in the toymarket.
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9Photo © Cherrylynx | flickr.com
York in March 1959. However, the public took to Barbie
immediately, silencing the critics whopredicted commercial failure for Barbie.In the first year alone, Barbie sold morethan 350,000 units in America. Salescontinued to soar and Mattel opened anentire department to deal with the 20,000letters Barbie’s fans wrote to the dollweekly. By 1963 Mattel was one if the500 largest companies in the world.Barbie went global in 1961. Today Barbiesells in over 150 countries. Mattel’s mostrecent research reports that anastonishing 49% of girls in Chile own aBarbie – with a staggering 72% of girls
doing so in Puerto Rico!Perhaps the secret of Barbie’s success
is that Barbie is whatever her ownerwants her to be. And it is this philosophy,which Ruth Handler totally understood,that opened the way for all the lucrativesales of Barbie’s accessories and clothes.When Barbie was first launched, she didso in the guise of a teenage fashionmodel. Today, Barbie can boast a record100 different careers, ranging from airstewardess to palaeontologist. Her mostrecent career moves include becoming atelevision celebrity chef. Barbie dolls thatare Italian, French, Inuit, Korean, NativeAmerican and Jamaican sell globally.
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10Photo © MariyaZ | flickr.com
Barbie also holds a pilot’slicence. She became MissAstronaut Barbie in 1965,Doctor Barbie in 1988 andNASCAR Barbie in 1998.Barbie’s makers aim topresent her as a role modelto girls and show them themany different roles womencan take on.
But at the same time,critics say that Barbiepromotes an unrealistic andbody image and physicalstereotype to young girls. Tolook like Barbie the averageyoung woman needs to be 2feet taller, lose 6 inchesfrom her waist whilestretching her neck by 3inches. An Australianpsychologist DoctorMichael Carr-Greggcalculated that Barbie’s legsare 50% longer than herarms (the average is 20% fora human). In real life Barbieis a freak who cannot walk!
In response to thecriticism, Mattel has madeBarbie’s waist a little biggerin the most recent version ofthe doll. And Barbieconstantly undergoes otheradjustments so that she isright up to date with today’sever changing world. As aprolific animal lover, Barbieowns over forty petsincluding a panda, a lioncub and a zebra. She also
Barbie in Ukrainiannational costume
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11Photo © huldero | flickr.com
drives a wide array of cars from a pinkCorvette convertible to jeeps and off roadsports vehicles. And on a personal level,her on-off romance with her boyfriendKen Carson, who first appeared in 1961,remains a rocky one. In February 2004, anews release from Mattel announced thecouple’s split from each other. But inFebruary 2006 Barbie and Ken happily gotback together again!
Today, Richard Dickson the generalmanager for the Barbie brand at Mattel
insists that Barbie is flourishing. He saysthat the celebrations for her fiftiethbirthday are about “happiness andcelebration”. Dickson also believes “theworld can never have enough fun, so itcan never have enough Barbies”.Referring to the ever expanding marketsin Russia, China and Latin America,Dickson points out that Barbie still bringsin an astonishing $3.3 billion dollars a year.Evidently, this eleven and a half inch dollstill rules the world. ✪
Statistics (n) a group of numbers and facts.Icon (n) someone who is very famous and represents an idea or a concept.
Lucrative (adj) bringing in a great deal of money.Stereotype (n) a simple idea of what a particular type of person or object is like.
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LIFESTYLE
WikipediaBY KESTA ALLAN
W ikipedia is one of the world’slargest online encyclopaedias.Wikipedia is an especially
popular tool for many millions of internetusers across the globe. Since itsinception over eight years ago, Wikipediahas enjoyed considerable internationalsuccess. Featured in the top ten mostvisited sites across the world for the lastfive years, the influence Wikipedia hasachieved around the world in such a shortspace of time is both remarkable andastonishing.
But Wikipedia is not without its criticsas a reliable source of information. JimmyWales, one of the encyclopaedia’s keyfounders, started the on-line referenceservice on the basic premise that anyoneis able to post, edit, tweak or vandalisethe online encyclopaedia’s information atany time. And it is this totally open accessmodel to content creation that poses thebasic problem around reliability for theonline service.
Significantly, Wikipedia recentlysuffered some bad press following thediscovery of several spectacular howlersand basic mistakes. The first instance thatcame to public notice was the declarationthat Oprah Winfrey, a very famousAmerican chat show hostess, was dead –a statement that went unchallenged
despite the very obvious appearance ofOprah Winfrey on any number of liveshow broadcasts at the time! Equallyshocking was the entry that citedMargaret Thatcher as being a fictitiouscharacter, when in reality she wasBritain’s first woman prime minister.
But perhaps the most publicised howlerwas the entry stating that Americanpolitician Ted Kennedy was dead. In fact itwas only when Ted Kennedy was taken illat Barack Obama’s inauguration inJanuary 2009 suffering from a braintumour that this particular Wikipediamistake first came to light. As a result,many academics and researchers arebeginning to question the open accessmodel.
When it was first started, Wikipediatook many of its first entries from the 1911edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica – awell respected and well researchedseries of book-based encyclopaedias.However, more recent entries werecompiled by “core-users” or wiki-devotees. This committed team of peoplespent virtually all their spare time postingand editing content. Many of the core-users continue to work on over 10,000pages of the online service from theirworkstations across the world. Whetherin England, Japan, the States or Malaysia,
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all the volunteers work for free. As onespokesman admitted, “They are anextremely smart, committed group, whoseem to work almost full time on theproject while at home or at work”. Indeed,such is the importance of thesevolunteers that Wikipedia, even today,employs only twenty-five people on itsentire staff!
However, despite the open accessconcept, Wikipedia’s critics claim thatthese core users and wiki-devotees are inreality nothing more than a dangerouscabal of 3,000 amateur know-alls.Sceptics point out that this core of peoplesquabble constantly over facts, undoeach other’s work and post their ownwork in its place. But perhaps even moreworryingly, critics claim that these self-appointed devotees of Wikipedia bandtogether to protect their supremacy if anynewcomers appear. Between them, it isestimated that the 3,000 core-usersmanage more than 70% of the site.
However, admirers of Wikipedia oftenstate that the service provides a fargreater range of information that isabsolutely up-to-date than most othertraditional encyclopaedias or referencesources. And totally for free! This, theysay, outweighs the problems of anyinaccuracies which, when measuredagainst the entire body of informationoffered, represent a very tiny andinsignificant proportion of the whole!
Nevertheless, to combat increasingconcerns about the validity of certainentries on the website, Jimmy Walesplans to put in place measures to preventfuture inaccuracies. For example,specially appointed and selectedarbitrators.
Now carefully scrutinise thebiographies of living persons andespecially sensitive or political topics.
But despite these measures, as JimmyWales freely admits, “Wikipedia is human,evolving and democratic, so it will alwaysbe different”. But as with any source ofinformation, the best advice is for you todouble-check the facts. The more sourcesof information you go to, the more you canmake up your own mind as to the what istrue and reliable and what is not. So if youare used to using Wikipedia as your solesource of information, now is a good timeto search out some other sites to makesure you have a reliable range on whichto base your information and facts. ✪
Inception (n) the beginning of something.Vandalise (v) to intentionally destroy or damage property, especially public property.
Cabal (n) a small group of people who work together secretly to gain power.Squabble (v) to argue with someone about unimportant issues.
When it was first started,Wikipedia took many of itsfirst entries from the 1911edition of EncyclopaediaBritannica
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14Photos © Kaarsten | Dreamstime.com – right: Tammy616 | istockphoto.com
FEATURE
Highways of The Ocean
BY RORY A GEAR
If you are one of those people whoenjoy being by the sea you will knowthe joy of staring out over the vastness
of the oceans that cover nearly threequarters of our planet. On a warm sunnyday the water’s surface can appear as asheet of shimmering blue that invites usto lose ourselves in that “oceanicfeeling” – the cool contemplation ofsomething so big that we forget the
small concerns of our everyday selves.In many ways the ocean is in our bloodand part of our genetic history.
But most people never venture morethan a few metres from the seashore ora few feet under the sea’s surface.Unless you are an experienced diverthough, the chances are that you willnever see for yourself the amazing worldthat lies beneath the waves. Then again,
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only the most experienced of divers getto see more than a mere fraction of thisincredible underwater world. But for allthat, every one of us on earth are subjectto the power and influence of the oceansover our lives. The world’s great oceaniccurrents shape the way our weatherworks. These mighty ‘highways of theseas’ act as vast conveyor belts ofenergy pushing thousands of cubickilometres of warm or cold water acrossthe seaways of the world.
The oceans’ great currents circulate
In the tropics the HawaiianIslands enjoy a coolerclimate than elsewherebecause the CaliforniaCurrent circulates coolerwater from the north aroundtheir shores.
Hawaii
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17Photo © Socrates | Dreamstime.com
water from one region of the earth toanother. A number of natural forcesinteract to cause the currents to flowwith more or less precise regularity.These forces include the Earth’srotation, the prevailing winds, the airtemperature, the local seawater’ssalinity, and the gravitational pull of themoon. Although these forces combine todirect the overall direction, strength andflow of a current, other factors can alsocause significant impact. Such localfactors include water depth, the
proximity of land, shoreline features andthe nearness of other currents. Thecombination of all of these charac-teristics creates the specific conditionsthat define each of the oceans’ greatcurrents. And each of these in turnshapes the climate of the regionsthrough which it flows.
The magnitude and energy of theseocean currents is staggering. Poweredby huge unseen forces, the oceancurrents flow for thousands of kilometrescreating the distinctive seaboard
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18Photo © Mikdam | Dreamstime.com
climates of each of our continents. Themost famous ocean current is perhapsthe Gulf Stream which flows from theCaribbean around the northeast coastof America and the northwest coast ofEurope. The Gulf Stream brings a littleof the tropics’ warmth to these colderclimates in its waters. This makes theAtlantic coastal region of Europe farmore temperate and mild than any otherarea lying along the same latitude. TheGulf Stream warms the islands ofIreland and Great Britain in particular,creating the mild wet weather for whichthey are famous. Regions lying fartherinland in continental Europe experiencefar harsher winters and hotter summersthan Ireland and Britain. In the tropicsthe Hawaiian Islands enjoy a coolerclimate than elsewhere because theCalifornia Current circulates cooler
water from the north around theirshores. This is one reason why Hawaiihas always enjoyed the reputation ofbeing an amazing paradise unlike anyother place on earth.
Such is the complexity of these huge“highways of the sea” that thecurrents are capable of flowing indifferent directions at the surface andthe floor. The prevailing winds tend todrive the direction of a current at thesurface. This means currents in thenorthern hemisphere tend to travelclockwise while those in the southernhemisphere travel anti-clockwise.There are also seasonal effects thatcan alter the characteristics ofcurrents during the winter and summermonths. Sea creatures react to thesesubtle changes in the flow of waterand adapt their habits to find the bestfood sources. This creates some of thegreat oceanic migrations – mostparticularly for some species of fish,turtle, eel, dolphin and whale. It isthanks to the oceans’ currents thatthese creatures appear along theshores of countries separated bythousands of miles of ocean and vastlydifferent climatic zones. It is thanks tothe ocean’s currents that the greatwanderers of the ocean appear in themythology and folklore of so many sea-going nations in so many places of theworld. ✪
Sea creatures react tothese subtle changesin the flow of waterand adapt their habitsto find the best foodsources.
Contemplation (n) the act of looking and thinking.Venture (v) to go somewhere new and exciting.
Salinity (adj) the level of salt in any liquid.Paradise (n) heaven.
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Ocean currents effect the migration ofdolphins and other sea creatures.
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20Photo © fotofrankyat | istockphoto.com
LIFESTYLE
DowsingBY SARA HALL
T he ancient practice of dowsing isfilled with intrigue and mystery.Dowsing is the art of using sticks
or rods to find water deep underground.But dowsing can be used to find morethan water. There are dowsers who
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seem able to find gas mains, cables andeven ancient archaeological relics deepunderground. Put simply, dowsing is theact of searching with the aid of a hand-held tool or instrument for somethingthat is hidden from view. Because we donot fully understand how dowsingworks, dowsing has its share ofsceptics. Many scientists, doctors andphysical geographers simply dismissdowsing as a purely esoteric hobbywhere chance or luck alone determineany findings that come to light.
However, this view ignores the longhistory associated with dowsing.Dowsing appears as an ancient ritual inmany different cultures across theworld. An 8,000 year old cave paintingfound in the Sahara desert shows aperson who appears to be dowsing.Other records tell us that the ancientEgyptians used split reeds for dowsingand believed dowsing to be a highlyeffective method for finding water. Otherancient sources record the peoples ofthe Middle East using dowsing as areliable way to find water.
Despite all this, there are those whofind the sight of someone walkingaround with sticks, rods or pendulumsin their hands as funny and farcical.However, those who do not believe indowsing have not always been sobenign. During the thirteenth andfourteenth centuries in Britain thereligious authorities associateddowsing with witchcraft, black magicand mortal danger. In this periodanyone found dowsing risked beingseverely punished or put to death forbeing a witch. However, from this
undisputed low point in its history, thereputation of dowsing improved inBritain over time. In the sixteenthcentury workers used dowsing to findseams of tin, lead and iron ore in thesouth west of England. This helpeddevelop some of the country’s mostsuccessful mines – many of whichremained in profitable operation forhundreds of years to come. Dowsingplayed a similar role in the history ofearly industrial mining in Germany. Inthe seventeenth century in France,Baron Beausoleil used dowsing as themost important search technique for hissuccessful mining operations. However,the religious authorities in Franceaccused Beausoleil of practisingalchemy and he ended his days as aprisoner in the Bastille – the mostfeared and terrible prison in Europe atthe time.
During the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries in Britain
the religious authorities
associated dowsing with
witchcraft, black magic and
mortal danger. In this period
anyone found dowsing risked
being severely punished or
put to death for being a witch.
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22Photo © Moniv | Dreamstime.com
Despite the ambivalent view to dowsingin Europe, dowsing enjoyed a generalrenaissance in many countries in thenineteenth century. In England theVictorians even attempted to explain howdowsing worked. The general theory wentthat water and minerals give off electro-
magnetic energy which the human bodysomehow detects and transmits throughto the hands. This becomes visiblethrough the twitching of the sticks, rods orpendulum that a dowser holds in theirhands. Unfortunately, neither theVictorians nor scientists since have beenable to find proof of this electromagneticactivity in the body of a dowser at work.
While we have no scientific evidencefor how dowsing works, there is no doubtthat dousing appears to work reasonablyreliably for some people – even if not forothers. Based on this, there are some whobelieve that dowsing starts in the mindrather than the body. As one advocate forthis point of view puts it: “We need toaccept that dowsing involves the mind. Ifyou accept quantum physics, and thateverything is connected on a quantumlevel, it is short leap to the idea thatperhaps the subconscious mind canaccess information from the physicalworld, becoming visible through themovement of the dowsing tool”.
Dowsers use various different methodsto search for things. Some hold sticks ormetal rods or coat hangers in their hands.Others prefer to hold some kind ofpendulum such as weighted watch chainor necklace. The object in the dowser’shands twitches or swings when thedowser walks over whatever it is that theyare searching to find. The interest indowsing appears to be growing and manypeople are keen to try their hand at it.John Dennis, a professional gardener inWales, runs courses and practicesessions for people interested in dowsing.He recalls his first experience with
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23Photo © JohnGollop | istockphoto.com
dowsing, saying: “I was trying to trace awater pipe by dowsing. The dowsingworked straight away for me. But I wasnever sceptical. I think you should‘believe’ a thing first and discover if itworks, rather than initially taking anegative approach”.
Albert Einstein famously wrote that
“magic is simply the use of powers of themind that are not yet understood byscience”. So maybe dowsing falls in tothat category of magic that science willone day make plain to us in clear andsimple terms. But, until then, dowsing willremain a wonderful for those who searchto find that which they seek! ✪
Sceptic (n) someone who has doubts about things that other people believe to be true.Esoteric (adj) understood by only a few.
Benign (adj) kind and gentle.
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24Photo © Vgajic | Dreamstime.com
LIFESTYLE
Which Sport?BY MARY HUBER
W e know that regular exerciseis the best way to improveour health and general sense
of well being. But increasingly doctorsare also able to identify different types ofsports that help prevent different typesof ailments. As our awareness ofpreventive medicine grows, doctors canprescribe physical activity to boosthealth and relieve symptoms. Here aresome of the recent findings:
YogaYoga offers relief to those suffering fromdigestion and bowel problems. Theseinclude conditions like bloating, stomachcramps, diarrhoea and constipation.Research suggests that therapies thatfocus the mind as well as the body maybe especially helpful for these kinds ofailments. As a relatively low impactactivity yoga helps relax the mind andbody. Other low impact forms of exercise
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25Photo © Amygdalaimagery | Dreamstime.com
that involve regular, deep and relaxingbreathing are also beneficial for thosesuffering from stomach complaints.Sports in this category include swimmingand aqua-aerobics.
Pilates and theAlexander TechniquePilates aims to strengthen the coremuscles that support the spine. Studiesshow that Pilates helps reduce chronicback pain. The Alexander Technique is aposture awareness therapy that can alsohelp reduce back and muscle aches. TheAlexander Technique owes its existenceto an Australian actor, FrederickMatthias Alexander, who himselfsuffered from stress-induced problems.Alexander combined some of thebreathing techniques actors use toproject their voice with exercises aimedat improving posture and movement. Theresult is a therapy that reduces thesymptoms of stress while improving thesense of physical wellbeing.
Walking and HikingWalking and hiking are perhaps the mostgenerally popular and beneficial sportingactivities of all. They are certainly amongthe easiest and cheapest for anyone todo! Doctors advise everyone to walk forbetween 30 to 60 minutes at least threetimes a week. This incredibly simpleexercise significantly improves thegeneral state of health and helps fightagainst high blood pressure and heartdisease.
Hiking on rocky or uneven ground alsohas profound affects on health.Scientists at the Oregon Research
Institute discovered that walking oncobblestones led to significantreductions in blood pressure andimprovements in balance. According totraditional Chinese medicine unevensurfaces help stimulate acupressurepoints on the soles of the feet. This helpsregulate blood pressure in the body as awhole. Applying pressure to acupressurepoints around the body may also help toclear blocked channels that can lead toillness. And, finally, walking on unevenground takes a little more effort, concen-tration and brain power. This helps burnmore calories than walking on flat, evenground and makes the whole experience
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27Photo © © Val_th | Dreamstime.com
just that little bit more interesting. Ecotherapy, the fancy name now
given to walking in the park orcountryside, also helps boost a positivemood and improved outlook. Doctorsnow prescribe this very simple therapyas a great way to beat off depression,alter energy levels and combat lowspirits. Indeed many doctors now saywithout a shadow of a doubt thatwalking is the best way to prevent orcure mild depression. A US study foundthat three brisk 30 minute walks a weekhad greater effects than antidepressantdrugs. Ecotherapy works by raising thebody’s level of endorphins – thehormones that make us feel good, vitaland alert. Walking in nature also tapsinto our instinctive enjoyment of being apart of the scene around us. This takesus out of ourselves and connects us tothe world as a whole. For the samereason, activities such as gardening andkite flying have similar effects.
CyclingRowing or cycling thirty minutes threetimes a week appears to help sufferersof headache. While many believe thatstrenuous exercise can sometimestrigger a headache, research nowsuggests that endurance activities suchas rowing or cycling actually helpsrelieve the occurrence of persistent
headaches. This is as true for indoorcycling and rowing as it is for theoutdoor forms of these sports. This isbecause cycling and rowing involvecontinuous aerobic activity. Thisincreases the levels of oxygen in thebody as a whole, including the brain.However, unlike running, cycling androwing create none of the side effectsassociated with the kind of poundingthat comes with running. However, it isimportant to note that headaches duringexercise can be a sign of dehydration orlow levels of blood sugar. So it is alsoimportant to drink more water whenexercising and to eat a balanced diet.
AerobicsUntil recently, doctors and dentiststhought that regularly brushing andflossing teeth and good oral hygienewere the main ways to avoid gumdisease. But a recent study of morethat 12,000 people reveals that regulargym goers who do a range of aerobicclasses are 40% less likely to developgum infections than those who takeless regular exercise. Gum infectionsappear to raise the risk of triggeringheart disease and diabetes. So aregime of regular exercise has theadditional benefit of improving oralhygiene while reducing the risk ofchronic illness. ✪
Ailment (n) a minor illness.Digestion (n) the process of changing food into the substances the body needs.
Posture (n) the way in which one holds one’s body when sitting, standing or walking.Strenuous (adj) that is hardwork and requires a lot of effort.
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FEATURE
Who Are The TopTen Modern Artists?
BY SARA HALL
W ho do you rate as thegreatest artist of thetwentieth century?
Interestingly, this seemingly simplequestion is one that invites a great dealof heated arguments and disagreement.Most art critics and art lovers find it verydifficult to agree on a definitive list.However, a recent poll of over 1.4 millionpeople in Britain goes some way toidentify the public’s view of who ourfinest modern artists actually are. Anddespite many critics disagreeing with theresults, most view the list as aninteresting starting point for discussinghow we view modern art. The list throwsup a number of surprises. Whatever yourown views, here are the final results ofthe poll and the current Top Ten ofmodern art:
I. Pablo Picasso
II. Paul Cezanne
III. Gustav Klimt
IV. Claude Monet
V. Marcel Duchamp
VI. Henri Matisse
VII. Jackson Pollock
VIII. Andy Warhol
IX. Willem de Kooning
X. Piet Mondrian
Despite intensive debate, most artcritics agree that Spanish artist PabloPicasso is a fine choice to be top of thepoll. As one art expert commented, noother modern artist was more“relentlessly inventive, more tenaciouslyproductive, more implacably brilliant thanPicasso.” As a co-founder of the Cubistmovement one of Picasso’s most famousworks is Guernica painted in 1937. Thepainting shows the terrible andheartbreaking suffering and damageinflicted on the city by enemy bombingduring the Spanish civil war. As a contro-versial and colourful figure most agreethat Picasso really does deserve hisposition as the greatest modern artist.
At second place, Paul Cezanne,heralded as the founding father ofModernism, helped to prepare theground for artists such as Picasso andMatisse. Indeed, both Matisse and
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Bouquet of flowers in a blue vase by Paul Cézanne, currently in The Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
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30Photo © Sipa Press/Rex Features
Picasso at one time or anotherdescribed Cezanne as being “the fatherof us all”. Next on the list is the widelypopular Austrian artist, Gustav Klimt.
Gustav Klimt pioneered an instantlyrecognised style of portraiture using goldleaf and rich colour to create a highlydecorative effect. There is no doubt that
Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol from Warhol's Wide World exhibition at the Grand Palais, Paris – 17 Mar 2009
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Klimt’s much loved masterpieces helpedinspire the rise of Art Noveau in Europe.
French painter Claude Monet comesfourth on the list. As a founding memberof the famous Impressionist movement,Monet is an obvious choice. However,the art world and general public initiallyignored or disliked Monet’s work when itfirst came out. The Paris Academy Salonrejected a number of Monet’s now worldfamous paintings when the artistsubmitted them for review. Fortunately,the paintings found a more appreciativeaudience when they were shown at theSalon de Refusés – literally meaning theRoom of Rejection!
Generally speaking, art critics noticedthat the poll favoured artists who werealready well established and whosereputations withstood the test of time.Rather than vote for popularcontemporary artists such as Britishartists, Tracey Emin and the contro-versial Damien Hirst, the public preferredartists from the early part of thetwentieth century. Every one of the topfive artists listed died over fifty yearsago. Perhaps the poll reflects a generalambivalence towards our contemporaryartists and an uncertainty about howtoday’s artists will be judged by futuregenerations.
The poll also suggests that mostpeople prefer a straightforward painting
to conceptual art. With the exception ofMarcel Duchamp, none of the Top Tenare conceptual artists. At number five inthe list, Duchamp is clearly loved for theway he challenged us to think againabout everyday objects such as a pipe ora bicycle wheel. If Cezanne is the fatherof modern art, then Duchamp is thefather of conceptual art.
To the surprise of many art critics, theAmerican pop artist Andy Warhol comesrelatively far down the list at numbereight. Nicknamed ‘The Pope of Pop Art’,Andy Warhol’s enthusiastic supportersconsider him to be one of the mostinfluential artists of the twentiethcentury. During the 1960s Warhol paintediconic American products such asCampbell’s Soup Cans and Coca-Colabottles as well as painting film stars andcelebrities such as Marilyn Monroe.
Warhol is relatively lucky. Severalhighly acclaimed artists failed to makethe Top Ten altogether. Surprising bytheir absence are the Spanish Surrealistartist, Salvador Dali, and the AmericanFormalist artist, Mark Rothko. While feware surprised at who they find in the list,almost everyone is dismayed by theabsence of an artist that they personallybelieve deserves to be more highlypopular and respected by the public. Assuch, who would you add in to your ownTop Ten personal favourites? ✪
Definitive (adj) clear and certain.Tenacious (adj) determined and difficult to change.
Ambivalence (n) feeling different emotions at the same time.Conceptual (adj) relating to ideas and theories.
Nickname (v) to give an informal name for someone or something.
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Photos © Megan Fox Rules | Flickr.com
COVER FEATURE
BY SARA HALL
Megan Fox
Ayoung actress must be exceptionally talented and beautiful to beheralded as a “Star of the Future” by so many Hollywood critics. Butthat is precisely what many people are predicting for up and comingmodel and actress, Megan Fox. Although she is still in her earlytwenties, Megan shows a clear resolve to stay at the top of herprofession despite intense competition. Megan Fox is an actress who
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x
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““By the time she was 13years old, Megan wasalready doing someacting and modellingprofessionally.However, her careerreally began to take offafter she won severalawards at the 1999American Modellingand Talent Conventionin South Carolina, USA.
firmly believes in her own glitteringfuture.
Megan Fox was born on the 16th May1986 in Oak Ridge, Tenessee, USA. Herfamily boasts a melting pot mixture ofIrish, French and Native Americanancestry . When she was small Meganloved to be on stage. Early on she alsoshowed a precocious aptitude foracting. Megan began drama classeswhen she was just five years old. Whenshe was ten years old Megan and herfamily, including her older sister, movedto Florida. This move helped deepenMegan’s commitment to her acting anddancing classes. By the time she was 13years old, Megan was already doingsome acting and modelling profes-sionally. However, her career reallybegan to take off after she won severalawards at the 1999 American Modellingand Talent Convention in South Carolina,USA.
Fox’s film debut came in the 2001 film,Holiday in the Sun where she played aspoilt heiress, Brianna Wallace. Fox alsomade a number of televisionappearances around this time beforestarring alongside Lindsay Lohan in the2004 film, Confessions of a TeenageDrama Queen. Shortly afterwards Foxlanded a role in the ever-populartelevision series Hope and Faith whereshe played Sydney Shanowski until 2006.
But perhaps Fox is best known for herpart as the leading female role in the2007 action film, Transformers. Based onthe toy and cartoon saga, Fox plays themovie’s love interest with great aplomb.This role gained Fox internationalrecognition and a strong base of loyal
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fans along the way. With a box office hitmovie under her belt, the Hollywoodproducers immediately signed Fox up tomake two more Transformers sequels.But whilst the film helped to transformFox’s acting career, the filming ofTransformers was not without somecontroversy. Michael Bay, the film’sdirector, was unhappy that Fox wasunder weight and ordered her to gainten pounds for filming. As Fox admittedlater, she was at her all-time heaviestwhen she was filming. However, many ofher admirers say that this was when Foxwas at her most beautiful!
Fox’s next role in the hit comedy film,How to Lose Friends and AlienatePeople gave her with a uniqueopportunity to work with suchHollywood stars as the legendary JeffBridges, Simon Pegg and theaccomplished Kirsten Dunst. Morerecently she also starred in the filmJennifer’s Body alongside AmandaSeyfried and Adam Brody.
Like many other girls of her age, Foxenjoys reading comic books and playingvideo games when she is not working.She also enjoys spending time with hercurrent boyfriend, actor Brian AustinGreen – a former star of the televisionseries Beverly Hills 90210 . The couplemet on the set of Hope and Faith andshare a love of video games andplaystation.
In her spare time, Fox is a passionateand enthusiastic animal lover. Sheshares her home in Los Angeles with amenagerie of different animals. Hernumerous pets include dogs and cats aswell as various birds, squirrels and a pig.
Fox is also proud of her many tattoos.She is especially proud of the tattoo onher neck which shows the Chinese wordfor strength. She also loves her tattoo ofa pink Flamingo and a picture on herright arm of the 1950s Hollywood starMarilyn Monroe. Fox also has a tattooon her shoulder that reads” We will alllaugh at gilded butterflies” which is aline adapted from Shakespeare's playKing Lear.
Many movie critics, Hollywoodinsiders and film fans consider MeganFox to be the next Angelina Jolie – oneof Hollywood’s most beautiful andtalented leading ladies of all time.Indeed, Warner Brothers chose MeganFox to replace Angelina Jolie as Lara inthe next installment of the Lara Croft:Tomb Raider franchise. However,despite being deeply flattered by theoffer, Fox refused the film role. Clearly,Megan Fox is aware that Hollywoodvalues her similarity to some of themost powerful box office actresses ofrecent time. However, is is clear thatthis very special lady is determined tocarve out her own, very individual,career path. ✪
Herald (v) to announce something new.Precocious (adj) earlier or at a younger age than usual.
Aplomb (n) Poise.Menagerie (n) collection of animals.
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LIFESTYLE
HomeworkBY ILKA BRADSHAW
How much homework shouldchildren do? Is homework arequired part of good learning
and an essential part of schooling, orshould it be scrapped altogether? Of allthe topics for discussion amongstteachers and parents, the issue ofhomework is the one most likely to starta heated argument.
Many experienced teachers andparents view homework with a highdegree of suspicion. They argue thatchildren go to school to study and thatthey do not need to bring work homewith them after a full day’s learning. TheAmerican academic Alfie Kohn sharesthis view. In his book, The HomeworkMyth, Kohn uses comparativeinternational studies to make the casefor teachers setting no homework at all.Kohn’s research suggests that childrenperform better at school when they usetheir free time outside school to relaxand play. Kohn suggests that childrenwho play together at home developcloser family bonds and more attentivesocial skills. The evidence suggests thatchildren who do no homework alsoretain a better work/life balance later onin the work place.
Many teachers in Britain share Kohn’sview. At a recent teacher’s conference
in the UK, a large number of teachersdenounced the steadily rising tide ofhomework that the national curriculumseems to expect. The amount ofhomework is rising especially fast forchildren in the early years of primaryschool. As one head teacher at theconference put it: “Homework is a wasteof children’s time and many parents thinkit is a waste of time as well”. Whilemany teachers question the value ofhomework, almost all agree that childrenbenefit enormously when parents read tothem. This simple activity creates aclose family connection and seems toreally boost the learning ability in a child.By contrast, homework often falls as ahated chore that creates more pressureand stress in what in many homes is alltoo often a chaotic and busy family life.
One increasingly popular solution tothe problem of homework is the afterschool homework club. This allowschildren to get their homework done butwithout any family conflicts or frictions.Most teachers agree that homeworkshould only ever be about recappingwork that the children already knowfrom classes during school hours.However, because a teacher is presentat the after school clubs, they are onhand to help if pupils are struggling.
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Another benefit of after school clubs forhomework is that they provide a ‘levelplaying field’. At home, some childrenare advantaged by having highlyeducated parents ready to help andcomplete the homework for their child!
Another perennial concern is thathomework must not place unduepressure on the child. To that end, manyteachers say that it is important thathomework is not due in immediately thenext day. If homework is set for a weekthen the child is unpressurised and candecide, with the help of their family,when and how to fit the work in to suiteveryone.
There are a number of ways to helpmake homework easier. If you areworried about your homework, here aresome things that you can do about it:
Suspicion (n) believing someone or something is wrong.Perennial (adj) unchanging, never altering.
Apathy (n) having no interest or enthusiasm.
Many experiencedteachers and parentsview homework with ahigh degree of suspicion.They argue that childrengo to school to study andthat they do not need tobring work home…
1. Share your concerns with yourfamily. The school will alwayslisten when a parent orguardian requests a review inthis area. If necessary, drawup a practical homeworkaction plan with the teachersto take stress and conflict outof this area of family life.
2. Tiredness and too muchstudying can cause apathy.Make sure that homeworksessions are not too long andthat there is proper time forrest. Try to have at least halfan hour a day devoted tophysical activity or play ofsome kind.
3. Spend time doing homeworktogether. Just being togethercan create a companionableatmosphere which makeshomework seem less of achore.
4. Make homework time count.Turn off the television and putaway any computer games orother distractions until thehomework is completed. ✪
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LIFESTYLE
CricketBY KESTA ALLAN
Most people you ask will say thatcricket defines the Englishattitude to sport. “It’s just not
cricket!” is a famous phrase to say thatsomeone is acting unfairly, taking anunsporting advantage or cheating. Thisidea of cricket somehow showing Englandat its best is repeated in the way peoplethink about cricket adding to thetraditional quality of life. Pass any villagein England in the summer and you arelikely to see men dressed in white playingcricket all through the long afternoon andinto the early evening light. Pass around4.00 in the afternoon and you may seeeveryone stopping play to take tea. Untilrecently, most cricket enthusiastsbelieved that cricket evolved fromchildren’s games played in the southerncounties of England since Anglo-Saxontimes. And even today, irrespective ofcricket’s massive global appeal andpopularity across the world, mostEnglishmen still view cricket as one oftheir country’s greatest exports ever!
However, an Australian academic isnow challenging the idea that cricket hasuniquely English origins. Paul Campbell,from the department of English andTheatre at the Australian NationalUniversity in Canberra, uncovered areference to the sport in a 1533 poem,
attributed to John Skelton, a popularplaywright and poet of his day.Significantly, Skelton links the beginningof cricket to immigrants from Flanders – aregion which today lies within Belgium,France and Holland.
In The Image of Ipocrisie (or hypocrisyin modern-day English) Skelton writes,
“O Lorde of Ipocrites, Now shut up your wickettes,And clappe to your clickettes,A! Farewell, Kings of crickettes!”
In the poem, Skelton attacks theimmigrant weavers who settled in parts ofsouthern England from the fourteenthcentury onwards by dismissively callingthem “Kings of crickettes”. Historians nowbelieve that the poem is the earliestknown reference to the sport. But evenmore significantly, historians now believethat the poem provides direct evidencethat Flemmish weavers brought the gamewith them when they left Europe for a newlife in England.
Paul Campbell unearthed this poemwhilst researching the various differentspellings for cricket. Not surprisingly hewas very excited to find such an explicitreference to the sport – and one that isobviously calls into question the English
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… most Englishmenstill view cricket asone of their country’sgreatest exports ever!
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origins of the game. However, theAustralian university professor is not theonly academic to suspect that cricketoriginated in Europe.
A German professor, Dr HeinerGillmeister at the University of Bonn,believes that the term cricket has its rootsin the Flemish phrase, “met de KrikKetsen” which translates as “to chasewith a curved stick”. Dr Gillmeister alsoargues that the origins of hockey goalsand the wickets in cricket are a poorman’s imitation of more lordly chivalricgames where a knight on horsebackguarded a narrow passage or opening.Referring to the discovery of Skelton’spoem, Dr Gillmeister considers that thepoetry supports his previously held viewsregarding the origins of cricket: “Mystudies show that weavers from Flandersfirst settled in rural areas around Kent andSurrey and it was here that the Englishgame of cricket we know todayoriginated”.
Sports academics now think that theimmigrant weavers played the first gamesof cricket on fields close to where theytended their sheep. Rather enterprisingly,they used shepherd’s crooks – or curvedsticks – as bats to strike the ball. And whywas this possible in the first place? TheEnglish Kings invited Flemish weavers tocome to England from as early as 1331. Upuntil this time England exported most of itswool to the continent to be made into highquality cloth. The cost of importing thiscloth into England was enormous.
The Flemish weavers who came toEngland received better wages than theirEnglish counterparts because they werefar more highly skilled. As such, theyenjoyed more leisure time. It is for thisreason that the English working classenvied and disliked them. It is maybe nosurprise then that the Flemish enjoyedcoming together as a community to playgames that helped preserve their sense ofidentity.
While historians and cricketers digestthe fact that cricket has its roots in Europeand not in England, many are amused bythe irony that an academic from Australia– England’s traditional cricketing rival –brought the discovery to light. While manypredict that this may add some tension tofuture international Test cricket matchesbetween England and Australia, fewpredict that cricket teams from Belgium,Holland or France will start to play on theworld stage! ✪
Immigrant (n) someone who comes to live in one country from another country.Weaver (n) someone whose job is to make cloth by tying threads of wool together.
Preserve (v) to take care of something to prevent it being destroyed or harmed.
… the Australianuniversity professor isnot the only academic tosuspect that cricketoriginated in Europe.
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LIFESTYLE
Childhood ToysBY KESTA ALLAN
Your old, long forgotten childhoodtoys are probably hidden away inan upstairs attic, in a tatty box
under the stairs or in a dark corner of anold wardrobe. But now may be the time togo and find those old treasures, dust themoff and inspect them carefully. Whilemany will bring back sentimental andnostalgic memories of your childhood,others could provide an additionalwelcome surprise. Old toys are increasingin value and there is a growing demandfor them in the open market. Indeednostalgic collectors are always keen toacquire dusty old books, comics, andother classic toys. Today’s collectors arepeople who grew up between the1940s and 1970s – the so-called“golden age of classic toys” –so it is worth asking theolder generation to lookout their old toys too.Here are a few tips onwhat to look out for:
Old train sets areextremelycollectable and arealways in highdemand. Trainsmade by the Britishtrain manufacturer
Hornby are especially sought after.Hornby started making trains in the 1920sand the painstakingly hand-paintedmodels represent the heyday of steamlocomotion. As one specialist auctioneerpointed out, “Trains are hot at themoment. They are a good investment andwe can sell them easily.”
Similarly toy cars and trucks are alsopopular. Dinky and Corgi toys are highlysought after with rare pieces selling forthousands of pounds.
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Toy soldiers are particularly popular ascomplete sets. Serious collectors arealways eager to purchase regiments orarmies that are no longer in existence buthave historical significance.
Old childhood books, particularly firsteditions and those complete with theiroriginal dust jacket, sell for very largesums indeed.
Rare comic books are also highlyprized. A first edition of children’s comicBeano recently sold for £7,500. However,the Action Comics No 1 – which firstintroduced Superman to the world – soldin an auction for an astonishing £335,000,making it the world’s most valuable comic.
As a general rule, the better thecondition of a collectible, the morevaluable it will be. However, this rule doesnot necessarily apply if the toy is veryrare. In such a case, damage can actuallyadd interest and value to the item. So if a
rare toy is in a battered condition, theadvice is to leave it alone since collectorswill love the stories behind the damage.By contrast, at the other end of the scale,collectors recommend that modern toysare in “mint in-box” condition if they areto sell on for a good price. As onespecialist pointed out, “if collectors wantrare or popular statuettes and actionfigures they are usually prepared to paymore for the original, pristine packaging”.
If you do have old toys that you want tosell, there are a number of ways to do so:
If you have an especially rare toy it is agood idea to approach a local dealer first.They will know where to find an interestedbuyer or advise you about the best way ofselling on your old toy. Local dealers areoften willing to pay you a fixed pricestraight away. They are also more likely totake damaged toys to sell on.
Another option is to sell a collectable
Old train sets are extremelycollectable…
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toy by contacting a specialist auctionhouse. Many toy specialists believe thatauctions provide the best way to get thehighest value for a special item. Auctions,they say “have the contacts to attract theright people, and because the auctioneersare knowledgeable, patrons trust theirjudgement. So you’re likely to get astronger price.”
A third option is to sell on the internet.This option costs less but internet auctionsites do charge for a listing and acommission which you must check first.The internet is useful for items you caneasily describe and photograph. But theinternet is not a good route to market for
damaged rare items. Finally, before you discard more modern
and up to date toys, do have a look out forwhat is currently in vogue. At the momentthe hottest collector toys are Urban VinylArt toys. These three dimensionalfigurines progressed from record albumcovers inspired by a style of graffiti streetart that started in Japan in the 1990s.Urban Vinyl Art toys are growing inpopularity and prices are rising. In a worldwhich cherishes childhood memories,iconic toys that help define the spirit of anera are always going to be tomorrow’smost sought after and valuablecollectibles. ✪
Nostalgic (adj) remembering happy times.Pristine (adj) very clean and tidy.
In vogue (n) popular and fashionable.
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Little Hintock in Winter It was a cold winter evening in 1855.Most of the people of Little Hintock had
stopped work for the day,and they were all in theirhomes. It was late, but lightswere shining from thewindows of a few of thehouses and cottages.
The village of LittleHintock lay in a small valleynear the edge of a largearea of woodland. Therewere trees of many kindsin these woods – oaks,elms, ashes, hazels andmany others. The peoplewho lived in the littlevillage earned their livingfrom the trees.
Every kind of tree hada use. Big old oaks werecut down and their thicktrunks were sold. Thetimber was used forbuilding houses and formaking furniture. Thetimber from the hazeltrees was used tomake hurdles forfences and for
thatching roofs. Between the village and the
woodland there were apple orchards.
SHORT STORY
The WoodlandersBY THOMAS HARDY
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The apple trees had a use too. Theirfruit was used to make cider. Thevillagers drank some of the ciderthemselves and they sold the rest at themarket at Sherton Abbas. ShertonAbbas, which was ten miles from thevillage, was the nearest town.
In front of one of the cottages inLittle Hintock, there was a tall elm tree.On this winter evening, light wasshining from the windows of thiscottage, and from its open door. It waslate, but inside the cottage a youngwoman was working. She worked bythe light of a small fire and of onecandle.
The young woman wore a leatherapron and she had a big leather gloveon her left hand. In this hand, she helda long piece of hazel wood. With aheavy knife, the woman cut the woodinto four thinner pieces. She sharpenedthe ends of each piece into a point.These thin spars were used bythatchers. There was a great pile ofspars by the girl’s feet.
After a while, the girl stopped for amoment and put down her knife. Shelooked at her right hind. It was red andsore. Then she picked up the knifeagain and started to cut another pieceof hazel wood.
Suddenly, there was a knock on theopen door of the cottage the girl lookedup.
‘There’s nothing here for you, MrPercomb!’ the girl said. ‘I don’t want tosell my hair. I’ve told you that before!Why should another woman have it!’
The girl’s face was not pretty, but her
beautiful hair was long and thick. Itscolour was a wonderful red-brown. Thevisitor put out his hand and touched itgently. Mr Percomb was the barberfrom Sherton Abbas. He had never seensuch beautiful hair.
‘A lady wants it, and she wants itnow,’ the barber said. ‘Please cut it offand sell it to me. You need the money,Marty. I know that your father is ill. Andyou only earn a few shillings a week bymaking these spars.’
‘Who is this lady?’ Marty asked. ‘Whydoes she want my hair?’
‘Her hair is exactly the same colouras yours,’ the barber replied. ‘But itisn’t thick, like yours. She wants me tomake a hair-piece for her. If I make onefrom your hair, everyone will think thatall the lady’s hair is her own. She isgoing abroad soon, so no one will knowthe truth about it.’
‘Ah! Then I know who she is!’ Martysaid. ‘She’s Mrs Charmond, who lives atHintock House! She sat behind me inthe church on Sunday. Well, I’m notgoing to sell you my hair. Why shouldshe have it?’
‘Because she’s rich and she wantsit,’ Mr Percomb said with a laugh. ‘Andremember this, Marty South – thiscottage is part of the Hintock HouseEstate. The owner of the estate alsoowns this cottage. Mrs Charmond canmake you and your father leave yourhome whenever she wants to.
‘Now listen to me, Marty,’ the barberwent on kindly. ‘Here are two goldsovereigns. I’ll leave them here, on thistable. Cut off your hair and bring it to
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my shop in the town tomorrow. Thenyou can keep the money!’
Marty shook her head. ‘No! I’m notpretty, but I’m not ugly either. I’m notugly because I have beautiful hair. Whyshould I make myself ugly for MrsCharmond? She can find a newhusband without any help from myhair!’
The barber smiled. ‘I didn’t sayanything about husbands,’ he said. ‘Ithink that you’re looking for a husbandyourself, Marty South.’
Marty blushed. Then she turnedaway from the barber and she beganher work again.
After Mr Percomb left, Marty ranupstairs to her father’s bedroom. JohnSouth was an old man. He was sitting ina chair near the window. His eyes wereclosed.
‘Father,’ Marty said quietly, ‘can MrsCharmond make us leave this cottage?’
John South opened his eyes andlooked at his daughter. ‘No, the leaseson this cottage and GilesWinterbourne’s house are lifeholds.While I am alive, nobody can make usleave this cottage and nobody can
make Giles leave his house. You aresafe here until I die, Marty. But thatwon’t be long now. I know that I shalldie soon!’
Suddenly, the old man looked at thedark window.
‘That old elm tree out there will killme soon,’ he said. ‘It will fall on thecottage and kill me in my bed.’
‘That’s nonsense, Father,’ Martyreplied. Then she went downstairs andbegan working again.
‘Mr Percomb was wrong,’ she said toherself. ‘Mrs Charmond can’t make usleave. I shall keep my hair!’ ✪
From The Woodlanders by Thomas Hardy retoldby Margaret Tarner for Macmillan Readers. First published 1999.Text © Margaret Tarner 1999.Design and Illustration © Macmillan PublishersLimited 1999.
Oaks, elms, ashes, hazels (n) kinds of trees that grow in British woodlands.Living (n) money earned by working at a job.
Hurdles (n) strong, flat piece of fence made from branches.Thatch (v) to make the roof of a house from stems of long plants.
Shilling (n) old British money – 20 shillings made one pound.Hair-piece (n) a long piece of hair worn on the head to make your own hair look thicker or longer.
Go abroad (v) to travel to another country.Estate (n) an area of land and buildings owned by one person.Blush (v) to become red in the face because of embarrassment.
Lease (n) a legal agreement that states who can live in a property and for how long.
d
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LIFESTYLE
The SaxophoneBY ANGIE BROTHWELL
T he saxophone is a relatively lateaddition to today’s large anddiverse family of musical
instruments. Unlike the harp or the lutewhich are ancient historic instruments,the saxophone came into existence onlyin the nineteenth century. Originallydeveloped from the clarinet and bugle,the saxophone has a distinctive full,mellow sound. Today the saxophone isespecially popular amongst jazz andpop musicians. However, the saxophonealso makes an important addition tomilitary bands and formal concertorchestras.
The saxophone’s inventor, Antoine-Joseph Sax, later known as Adolphe,was the son of an instrument designer,Charles Sax. Charles Sax made a widerange of musical instruments rangingfrom brass and wind to pianos andguitars. After studying music at theRoyal School of Singing in Brussels,Adolphe joined his father’s business anddreamt of making a new woodwindinstrument with a unique andresonating sound.
Working closely with his father,Adolphe initially improved the bassclarinet while testing a vast range ofother instruments in the workshop fortheir different sounds. This led to
several prototypes for a newinstrument. Finally, after much finetuning and hard work, Sax presentedthe world’s first saxophone to theFrench composer Hector Berlioz.Berlioz was immediately impressed andwrote a special part for the newinstrument in his Chant Sacrecomposition. This work is now famousprecisely because it is the first piece ofmusic in the world to have a sax part.Sax then presented his new instrumentto the general public at the BrusselsExhibition in 1841.
At the same time, Sax protected hisnew creation with no less than 14different patented variations. Today, thesaxophone commonly comes in fourstandard sizes, though some musiciansand composers occasionally call on arange of non-standard sax sizes. Thesaxophone’s sound comes from airpassing through a single reed. Key padsalong the body of the instrument alterthe amount of air in the instrument tomake the different notes sound.
All saxophones are made from brass,which contrasts to the clarinet which ispredominantly made of wood or resin.However, despite having a body ofmade of metal, the sax’s use of a reedplaces the instrument firmly in the
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Mellow (adj) soft and gentle.Resonate (v) to produce a clear sound that continues for a long time.
Resin (n) a transparent, sticky substance produced by trees.Pedigree (n) a list of past experiences and achievements.
equal in pride with any other instrumentwith a much older pedigree. The saxenjoys a cool image. As a result manyyoung musicians love to play the sax forits look as well as its sound. There is nosign that this is likely to change in thenear future. Heart throb musicians arelikely to play the sax for many centuriesstill to come! ✪
woodwind family alongside the flute and clarinet.
When the original patent for thesaxophone expired in 1866, Sax madesome alterations to the model to retainhis advantage in the market. At thesame time another French manufacturerplaced an extra key on the instrumentand altered the shape of the bell toextend its musical range.
Over time other instrument makersworked hard to develop and improve thesaxophone by adding more keys andadapting the fingerings to produce abetter sound. The modern saxophoneincorporates all of these modifications.As a result the saxophone today stands
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BUSINESS
How to Interview in a Downturn
BY HENRY WALLWORK
W hen the economy is buoyantmany people land a jobdespite the fact that they
come across poorly in the interviewprocess. Why? Because when times aregood many employers are desperate tofill jobs and will take whoever is on offer.In a downturn, however, the opposite istrue. Employers have their pick of thecandidates and most job-seekers aredesperate to take whatever work is onoffer. So, when times are tough, how doyou make sure you get the job offer?
Are you in work?If you are new to the job market or arelooking for work after being maderedundant you can expect a muchtougher interview process than if youare in work when you apply for a job.Why is this? Employers will do all theycan to find out if you have the skills,aptitude and attitude to fill the role onoffer. For new hires, they will want toknow why you have not found workalready. For those who have lost theirlast job, they will want to know exactly
why and how you feel about it. In eithersituation, you need to show that you aremotivated and interested in the job onoffer. Whatever happens, you must notcome across as blaming others for yourcurrent situation. Employers shy awayfrom whiners. They want to take on staffwho are positive, realistic and hard-working.
Are you fit for the role?Increasingly, employers are turning to avariety of interviewing techniques to findthe best person for the job on offer.Competency-based interviewing (CBI) isgaining ground as one such method. CBIasks a candidate to demonstrate thatthey have the core competencies to dothe job they are applying for effectively.Most roles break down into somewherebetween five and seven keycompetencies. To shine in acompetency-based interview you needto match yourself to each of these keycompetencies and show how, in aprevious job, you have delivered thatcompetency in full and made the most of
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your ability. The secret to success hereis to always show exactly how you havedone something real and practical. Say“I raised sales from X to Y” rather than“I raised sales by 2%”. And it is better ifyou can give a range of examples fromdifferent times in your past because thisshows you have a good range ofexperience. This is particularly true ifyou have just lost your last job. And ifyou are new to the job market, you needto find examples from other areas ofyour academic, leisure and social lifethat show you have the competenciesrequired.
Have you done your homework?To shine in any interview you need toshow that you know and care about thework on offer. This means you need toshow a good understanding of what theemployer does as whole and what theyrequire you to do in the specific role onoffer. For a competency-basedinterview, you need to break the roledown into its component parts andmatch yourself to each of those rolerequirements. The more you can linkyour past experience to the way therole on offer links to what the employerdoes, the more informed you comeacross about why the work matters interms of delivering value to theorganisation. If you are not sure aboutsomething, do not be afraid to askquestions of clarification. Listencarefully to everything that theinterviewer says – especially inresponse to any questions you ask. Youwill pick up vital clues about what theinterviewer is looking for.
Have you prepared your own questionswell?Most interviews end with a chance toask the interviewer some questions. Thisis your chance to really stand out fromthe crowd. Do not ask about pay, holidayand other such matters. Leave thosequestions for when you get a final joboffer. Use this time to ask questions thatshow you have really thought about thejob and the organisation. If any part ofthe interview has not gone as well asyou wanted, you can use this time toaddress anything that you think theinterviewer may not have fullyunderstood or appreciated about you.However, you must always do thispositively by asking a question thatallows you to bring up the point you needto make in a way that the interviewer willsee as helpful and to the point in termsof the job in hand.
Are you listening?Go in to the interview with an open mind.It is amazing how many job seekers fail toanswer the precise questions they areasked because they are not listening fullyor because their assumptions about whatis required get in the way. Always answerthe question you are asked. If you do notunderstand the question, ask forclarification. Do not simply plunge ahead.Most importantly, do not launch in to along description of what you have done inthe past without this to the demands ofthe job in hand. Most interviewers try toget you to speak as much as possible.However, do not simply babble on. It cannever harm for you to ask “does thatanswer your question?”, or “do you want
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any further examples or informationaround this?” The more you can make theinterview flow as a natural conversationwith questions and interest coming fromboth sides, the more employable you aregoing to seem.
Are you networking?Finally, you are more likely to get a job ifthe interviewer or organisation has somesense of contact or prior knowledge ofyou. Most employers read through a CVor resume in less than 30 secondsnowadays. In this climate, it is hard tostand out from a cold application. So, nomatter what, writing a good, conciseletter of introduction is important. Evenbetter is to make sure that you getyourself in front of the organisations youwant to work with. You can do this byvisiting their stands at exhibitions. Thisallows you to ask a lot of questions thatgive you the understanding about whatthe organisation is all about and thechallenges it faces that can give you theedge in an interview. You can also askstaff you meet for an introduction to theHR department or someone they knowworking in the area of the organisationthat interests you. Networking is a keybusiness skill and it never hurts to showthat you are good at this. However, donot simply name drop and expect theinterviewer to be impressed. If you referto someone you know in the organisation
or someone who has helped you gatherinformation, do so in a way which showshow this contributes to your ability to dothe job, rather than that you expect toget the job because of who you know!
Five tips to getting the job you want1. Make an honest list of your strengths
and weaknesses – this will help youmatch yourself to the requirements ofthe jobs you apply for
2.Identify the organisations that couldbenefit from your experience, skills orenthusiasm – fitting in with theculture of an organisation is alwaysgoing to be important, so finding outthe organisations that appeal to youcan be helpful here
3.Network wisely – identify theexhibitions, conferences or otherevents where you can meet staff fromthe organisations that interest you, orapproach the people you alreadyknow who may be able to help youwith an introduction
4.Research what you need to know –the aim here is for you to be able toshow how you can add value to theorganisation through the role on offer.
Don’t be afraid to ask – ask questionsthat help clarify what the interviewer’sexpectations are for the role and showthat you are keen, enthusiastic and rightto take the job on! ✪
Buoyant (adj) successful and confident.Aptitude (n) a natural ability.
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This origami flower starts out as a square, but with afew folds it turns in to a flower shape. Curling theends of the petals gives the flower a natural beauty.
Make lots of flowers in different colours, using straws orpipe cleaners for stems. Then you can arrange your flowersin a vase or bouquet.
2 Fold up the bottom two corners to meet thetop two corners and make a sideways fold.
Crease and unfold. Then fold the paper in halfthe other way. Now your horizontal folds aremountain folds and your diagonal folds arevalley folds.
3 Hold the ends ofa sideways fold
with both hands as shown. Move yourhands in together until the paperforms a square with two flaps oneach side.
YOU NEEDSquare of brightly
coloured paper 10 x 10cm.
Pencil or cocktail stick.
ACTIVITY
Folded FlowerFrom ‘Origami’ by Fresh Minds Publishing
© Fresh Minds Publishing. For more information contact: +44 (0)1285 640045
1Fold the square diagonally. Crease itfirmly and open up. Then fold it on the
other diagonal and open up the paper asshown above. Your diagonal folds must bemountain folds.
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4 Turn the square the other way up sothat the open point is at the top. Fold
the front flaps as shown, bringing theedges into the middle. Crease firmly. Turnover and repeat on the other side.
6Open out theflower. Use a
pencil or a cocktailstick to roll the tops ofall four points down tocreate the natural curlof a petal.
MORE IDEASMake much bigger
flowers, and then makesmaller flowers withoutcurling the petals. Use
the small shapes to makethe centres for the big flowers.
5 Unfold one of thesmall flaps.
Reverse thefold so that itbecomes avalley foldinstead of amountain fold.Repeat with theother threeflaps.
57
Openend
Openend
Open end
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4. A large body of sea water.5. A unit for measuring distance.6. Megan Fox owns one as a pet.7. People use these when dowsing.
LANGUAGE QUIZ
Just For FunTry our questions and puzzles – no prizes, just for fun!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A Write the answers to the questions inthe grid. The letters in the shaded
squares will spell the name of a famousactor. Reading the articles in the magazinewill help you find the right answers.
1. This artist was voted the greatestartist of the twentieth century.
2. This children’s doll is fifty years old.3. An informal name for someone or
something.
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U59Photos © istockphoto.com & dreamstime.com
B Unscramble these words that appearin the magazine articles:
1. IONTPCEIN2. LOBEG3. LIABLEER4. DALISEVAN5. LERHOW6. SERACHRE
C Find a letter that will complete thefirst word and the start of the second:
A. MEDICIN ( ) XERCISEB. AILMEN ( ) ONEC. POSTUR ( ) XISTD. STRES ( ) TUDYE. SYMPTO ( ) INDF. THERAP ( ) OGA
JUST FOR FUN SOLUTIONS ON PAGE 63
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Modern
Iconic
Artist
Critic
Genius
Masterpiece
Painting
Gallery
Reputation
Judge
Exhibit
School
1. Find and circle all words associated with Art and Design.The words lie along, up, down and diagonally across thecolumns. The words can run forwards or backwards.
2. Translate or explain the words for yourself.
FIND A WORD
Art and DesignQ E A R T I S T C D F G H J K LW W W V W E O W T R E L O X C LE L E E G T E P M W I G R L I ZR P X D R N U T A E Q T H V N IZ O U C T T M I S R M W I B O XY J R N V Y Y K T N S L F C C AO Y R E L L A G E O H J W M I SZ P Z V C V E Y R I E E A A M DX A P O B R E M P T S X S P O FC H Q A T R B A I A R H D R D SV S G Y I Q E H E T E I F E E AB U E L E N G A C U V B G W R SN I E R I F T O E P A I H Q N DM N T A S D F I J E R T J A T FB E Y S O C O Z N R T E K M J GN G U L O O H C S G K L K P U H
FIND A WORD ANSWERS ON PAGE 63
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Photos © istockphoto.com & dreamstime.com
KNOW THE ISSUE
The ModernEnglish Digest Quiz
Find the answers to our quiz
1. What does the famous phrase, “It’sjust not cricket!” actually mean?
2. According to new evidence, wheredoes cricket originate?
3. Wikipedia, the onlineencyclopaedia, took many of itsfirst entries from which existingencyclopaedia?
4. Who are Wikipedia’s maincontributors and where do theycome from?
5. What do the crops Tamarind anAmaranth has in common?
6. Why are Cowpeas such a goodsource of food?
7. Where did Megan Fox grow up?
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62Photos © istockphoto.com & dreamstime.com
8. List three of Megan Fox’s favouritehobbies.
9. What is “eco-therapy”?
10. Why is it important to keep drinkingwater when exercising?
11. Who invented the saxophone?
12. Where was the saxophone firstformally exhibited?
13. What is dowsing used for?
14. Is it true that we now have ascientific explanation for howdowsing works?
15. Explain two ways of how to makehomework easier.
16. According to a recent poll, who isthe greatest artist of the twentiethcentury? 17. Who painted iconic American
products such as Campbell’s soupcan and a Coco-Cola bottle?
18. What is the Gulf Stream?
19. What is Barbie’s full name?
20. How old is Barbie?
21. If you have old toys to sell, list twoways of disposing of them.
22. Is it true that the most valuable oldtoys are those which are in goodcondition?
Send your answers with your name and address to:The EditorModern English DigestKeyways PublishingPO Box 100ChichesterWest Sussex, PO18 8HD, UK.
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Editor: SARA HALL
Contributing Editor: STAN POWELL
Design: GEORGIA DAVEY, www.taurus-graphics.net
Editorial Director: PETER COLLIN,[email protected]
Advertising Sales: SOPHIE DICKSONMAINLINE MEDIA
Tel: +44 (0)1536 747333 Fax: +44 (0)1536 746565,
Writers KESTA ALLEN, ILKA BRADSHAW,
ANGIE BROTHWELL, RORY GEAR, ASTRID GOWER,SARA HALL, MARY HUBER, JOE ST CLAIR,
HENRY WALLWORK
Photographers/Illustrators STAN POWELL, GEORGIA DAVEY
PublishersKEYWAYS PUBLISHING
(PART OF THE OLM GROUP)
PO Box 100, Chichester, West Sussex PO18 8HDTel: +44 (0)1243 576444 Fax: +44 (0)1243 576456
Title & arrangement © 2009, KEYWAYS PUBLISHING
Text and layout © 2009, SARA HALLImages and photographs © 2009, as noted above
PUBLISHED six times each yearISSN 1478-9019
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PUZ Z L E SOLUT IONFROM PAGE 60
A
Just for Fun Answers from page 58
B1. IONTPCEIN (INCEPTION)2. LOBEG (GLOBE)3. LIABLEER (RELIABLE)4. DALISEVAN (VANDALISE)5. LERHOW (HOWLER)6. SERACHRE (RESEARCH)
CA. MEDICIN (E) XERCISEB. AILMEN (T) ONEC. POSTUR (E) XISTD. STRES (S) TUDYE. SYMPTO (M) INDF. THERAP (Y) OGA
Q E A R T I S T C D F G H J K LW W W V W E O W T R E L O X C LE L E E G T E P M W I G R L I ZR P X D R N U T A E Q T H V N IZ O U C T T M I S R M W I B O XY J R N V Y Y K T N S L F C C AO Y R E L L A G E O H J W M I SZ P Z V C V E Y R I E E A A M DX A P O B R E M P T S X S P O FC H Q A T R B A I A R H D R D SV S G Y I Q E H E T E I F E E AB U E L E N G A C U V B G W R SN I E R I F T O E P A I H Q N DM N T A S D F I J E R T J A T FB E Y S O C O Z N R T E K M J GN G U L O O H C S G K L K P U H
P I C A S S OB A R B I E
N I C K N A M EO C E A N
K I L O M E T R ES Q U I R R E L
S T I C K
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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