Modern BiologyTerm 1/3Review

This review is not comprehensive!!Make sure you go over all of your learning targets.

Chapter 1Characteristics of lifeScientific Method Hypothesis vs. TheoryMicroscope techniques

What are the characteristics of life?

BiologyThe study of life

•Characteristics of Life▫Organization▫Cells▫Response to Stimuli▫Homeostasis▫Metabolism▫Growth and

Development▫Reproduction▫Change Through Time

What are the levels of organization?

Organization and CellsATOM BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE ORGANELLE

CELL

TISSUEORGAN

What is Homeostasis?What is Metabolism?

Homeostasis

Metabolism• The maintenance of a

stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

• The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

Homeostasis & Metabolism

What is the Scientific Method?

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observation: the act of perceiving a natural occurrence

2. Forming a Hypothesis1. A statement that explains observations and data and can

be tested

3. Test Hypothesis1. Experimenting -Control group vs Experimental group

2. Independent variable vs dependent variable 4. Record and Study Data5. Write a conclusion

How do I determine the magnification of a microscope?

What’s my power?To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective.

What are the powers of magnification for each of

the objectives we have on our microscopes?

Chapter 2

•Atoms•Periodic Table of Elements•Enzymes and Activation Energy•Properties of Water

What is an atom and what 3 things make up an atom?

ATO

MS

the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element

How do I use the Periodic Table?•I can determine the atomic number?

▫I can determine the number of protons?•I can determine the atomic mass?

▫I can determine the number of neutrons and electrons?

•I can find the chemical symbol?

Periodic Table of the Elements▫ Atomic number:

number of protons in the nucleus

▫ Chemical symbol: consists of 1,2, or 3 letters and is usually derived from the name of the element

▫ Atomic mass: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

2

HeHelium

4

What is Activation Energy?

•Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed to make a reaction begin. Abbrev = Eact

What do cells use to reduce the activation energy?

•Enzymes ▫Made of protein▫biological catalysts

reduce the Eact to cellular temperatures speeds the reaction to maintain life

What is Polarity? What molecule is polar? Why?

POLARITY• In covalent bonds where

the “sharing” is unequal (like in water).Because of this uneven pattern of charge, water is a polar compound.

Chapter 3

•Lipids•Carbohydrates•Proteins•Nucleic Acids

What are carbohydrates?

CarbohydratesSimple sugars

What are lipids?

Lipids

•Are made up of fatty acids and glycerol▫Examples: saturated fats, waxes,

cholesterol, hormones•Lipids are made up of long CH2 or Carbon

chains•This is how we store excess glucose

What are proteins?

ProteinsLong chains of amino acids

What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic Acids

•Are made up of nucleotides•Examples are DNA and RNA

▫DNA is are genetic information and stores all of the instructions the cells needs to do its job

▫RNA help get the instructions to the cell

Chapter 4The Discovery of Cells Organelles of a cellTwo basic types of cells – Prokaryotic vs EukaryoticRelationships between size, shape, function, etcDistinguish between plant and animal cellsMakeup of a multicellular organism – cells – tissues – organs – organ systems - organism

Who had great hair and who didn’t?

The History of Cell Robert Hooke Anton von Leeuwenhoek

• 1665• Created the first

microscope• Studied cork and saw

“little boxes”

• 1673• Dutch trader, considered

to be the father on microbiology

• Made better lens

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells•What are prokaryotic cells?•What are eukaryotic cells?•How are the same and how are they

different?

Comparing Cells: Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

Plant and Animals Cells

•What type of cell are plant and animals cells?

•How are they different?

 Comparing Cells: Plant to AnimalOrganelles unique to each

PLANTS ANIMALS

plastids like chloroplasts centrioles

cell wall

central vacuole

Why do cells stay small?

Chapter 5Passive and active transportDiffusion and OsmosisHypo-, hyper-, and iso- tonic solutionsEndocytosis vs Exocytosis

What is Passive Transport? Give examples

“Passive Transport” • Crossing cell membrane

using NO energy. • EXAMPLES

▫ Diffusion▫ Osmosis▫ Facilitated Diffusion▫ Diffusion through ion

channels

Explain diffusion

Diffusion

Explain osmosis

Osmosis

Solutions

•What is an isotonic solution?•What is a hypotonic solution?•What is a hypertonic solution?•What happens to plant and animals cells

in each type of solution?

What is Active Transport? Give examples

Active Transport

•Uses energy; against concentration gradient

What are endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Chapter 6The chemical equationThe role of chlorophyll & accessory pigmentsThe Light Reaction – roles of reactants and productsThe Dark Reaction – roles of reactants and products * The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration*

Obtaining Energy

•What is an autotroph?•What is a hetertroph?

Obtaining Energy

Gets energy directly Gets energy indirectly

AUTOTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

Visible Spectrum• Light can be reflected,

transmitted or absorbed by the object

• Pigments: compounds that absorb light. This subtracts them from the visible spectrum

Why are plants green? Why do the leaves of trees change color in the fall?

Visible Spectrum•Chlorophyll is a pigment

▫Reflects green▫Absorbs blue and red

•Carotenoids are accessory pigments▫Absorb green▫Enable plants to capture more energy

What does this reaction represent?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The process of photosynthesis

•I can describe what is happening during light reactions

•I can describe what is happening during dark reactions

Chapter 7The chemical equationThe major events of glycolysisCompare the types of fermentationPathways of aerobic respirationAerobic vs. anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

The process which cells release energy (from food molecules) by producing ATP without oxygen

Anaerobic

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation