www.arabnubia.com

Modern Mining

December 2015

• History of Mining.• Modern Mining. • Mining Codes.• Establishing

feasibility study for a proposed mine project.

• Modern Mining techniques.

Contents

The earliest records of organized mining are those of the Egyptians dating from 3000 BC.

They mined for gold, silver, copper and turquoise in near surface deposits.

In 50 BC they using underground mining to extract gold.

The Turin mining papyrus depicts mines in the Wadi Hammamat and is the oldest known map of its kind.

The next race of people to advance the spread of mining were the Romans.

The use of explosives which began around 1627.

History of Mining

Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed.

Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types: surface mining and sub-surface (underground) mining.

Modern Mining

Exploration

Mine Life Cycle

Exploration• Exploration is the

process and science of locating valuable mineral deposits, i.e. those which have commercial value.

• Exploration is commonly the longest and riskiest "stage" on the road to establishing a mine, and can take up to several years for each project.

• Exploration activity is largely conducted by geologists and geophysicists, assisted by field samplers, drillers, and laboratory personnel (for chemical assays).

Exploration

Today exploration avails itself of many technological advances that

allow the ground and what is below it (up to a depth of several

kilometers) to be evaluated in great detail.

Geophysical method:• Magnetic, Radiometric, Gravity , Seismic surveys , etc.Geochemical method:• Sampling (soil, chip, rock, etc.).• Chemical assays.Geological Method:• Geological mapping Includes (Lithology, Mineralization, Alteration , Structures, etc.)Sources of Data:Historical maps, Remote Sensing, Field data collections, Drilling (RC, diamond, etc.).

Using GIS (geographic information system) is the best way to compile and

mange all your data together

Mineral Exploration Techniques

Exploration Results include results of outcrop sampling, assays of drill hole

intersections, geochemical results

and geophysical survey results.

3D Geological Modeling

The 3D underground geological model for

ore deposit structures interpolated from detailed surface

geological map & cross-sections derived from

downhole drilling data .

• Exploration Results

• Mineral ResourceMineral resource estimation has changed considerably in the past

25 years.

The fundamental key to successful mineral project is resource

estimation with a clear understanding of the resource geology and

mining aspects of deposit.

Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological

confidence, into Inferred, Indicated and Measured categories..

Example of Resource Estimation

• Mineral ReserveOre Reserves are those portions of Mineral Resources that, after the application of all Modifying Factors, result in an estimated tonnage and grade

Ore Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Ore Reserves and Proved Ore Reserves.

Most abandoned 3D modeling software's for mining sectors:

SurpacGEOVIA Surpac™ is the world’s most popular geology and mine planning software. It delivers efficiency and accuracy through ease-of-use, powerful 3D graphics, and workflow automation.

GEMSGEOVIA GEMS™ provides collaborative geology and mine planning capabilities that support cross-functional teams involved in exploration, modelling, mine design, long-term planning, and production scheduling.

MinexGEOVIA Minex™ provides the best geology and mine planning tools for coal and other stratified deposits, ensuring resources are evaluated accurately and mined efficiently.

WhittleGEOVIA Whittle™ is the world’s most trusted strategic mine planning software used to determine and optimise the economics of open pit mining projects.

MineSchedGEOVIA MineSched™ is the most innovative scheduling software experience for mining puts you back in the driver’s seat to maximize productivity and profits. 

PCBCGEOVIA PCBC™ is used by virtually every major mining company involved in block caving who rely on its comprehensive functionality to assist with feasibility studies, design, and production management. 

GEOVIA Gemcom software package.

Vulcan, the premier 3D mining software solution in the world, allows users to validate and transform raw mining data into dynamic 3D models, accurate mine designs and operating plans from Maptek.

Leapfrog Geo, is a workflow solution for geological modelling. It harnesses the full power of the Leapfrog engine, to create the time and opportunity to reduce risk

associated with geological modelling..

Micromine, is a modular solution that allows you to capture, manage and interpret critical mining and exploration data. As an explorer, Micromine provides you with an in-depth understanding of your project so you can target prospective regions more accurately, increasing the chance of your project’s success. As a miner, Micromine gives you easy-to-use modelling, estimation, and design tools to simplify your day-to-day design and production tasks.

• Is a professional code of practice that sets minimum standards for Public Reporting of minerals Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.

• This reports are prepared for the purpose of informing investors or potential investors and their advisors.

• Any Public Reporting must be based on and fairly reflect documentation prepared by a Competent Person in accordance with the Code.

• A Competent Person must adhere to the Code and Government regulations.

Mining Codes

Resource vs. Reserve

Establishing feasibility study for a proposed mine project

“Mining is more prone to risk than most businesses and often projects initiated fail to achieve their expectations in terms of cost and timing of project or operational performance such as

the size of reserves or grade recovery”• Collecting more data about your mine project at

the exploration stage could reduce the risk of your mining stage and help taking the right decision about your investment direction.

• The Feasibility study should defines the ore reserves, the mining methods, the mineral processing concepts and the scale of the project.

Project Evaluation Phases of the development of a mineral project• Scoping Studies• Pre-feasibility studies• Full Feasibility studies

Mine Planning

For open pit mining , software allows you to consider such things as fleet optimization, haulage and dump efficiency and

final landform design. you commonly carry out pit shell optimization work in metal mines as well as margin ranking to

define economic pit limits for stratigraphic deposits.For underground operations, you can assess optimum

sequencing and layout for development and extraction for a variety of underground mining methods.

• Mine Construction & OperationPrepare mine sites, build complete facilities, manage

mine operations

• Mine ReclamationsIs the process of restoring land that has been mined to

a natural or economically usable state