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MODERNELEMENTARY5TATI5TIC5

TWELFTH EDITION

John E. Freund. Arizona State University

Benjamin M. PerlesSuffolk University

IIUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

.CONTENTst

- PREFACE xi

- CHAPTER 1

1.11.21.3

INTRODUCTION 1

TheGrowth of Modern Statistics 2Sourcesof StatisticalData 5The Nature of StatisticalData 7Checklistof Key Terms 10References 10

.. CHAPTER 2 SUMMARIZING DATA: LISTING- AND GROUPING 12 .

2.12.22.32.42.5

ListingNumerical Data 13Stem-and-LeafDisplays 16FrequencyDistribution 21Graphical Presentations 30SummarizingTwo-VariableData 37Checklistof Key Terms 41References 41

- CHAPTER 3 - SUMMARIZING DATA: MEASURESOF LOCATION 43

3.13.23.33.43.53.6

*3.73.8

Populationsand Samples 44TheMean 45

. TheWeighted Mean 49TheMedian 54Other Fractiles 57TheMode 59The Descriptionof Grouped Data 63TechnicalNote (Summations) 70Checklistof KeyTerms 73References 73

t All sections marked * are optional; they can be omitted without loss of continuity.

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.. CHAPTER4 SUMMARIZING DATA: MEASURES -

OF VARIATION 74

4.14.24.3

*4.44.5

The Range 75TheStandard Deviationand the Variance 75Applicationsof the Standard Deviation 79The Descriptiohof Grouped Data 86Some FurtherDescriptions 88Checklistof KeyTerms 93References 93 .

Review Exercises for Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4 94

- CHAPTER5 POSSIBILITIESAND PROBABILITIES 100

5.15.25.35.4

Counting 101Permutations 104

.Combinations 107Probability 114 -

Checklist of Key Terms 122References 123 -

- CHAPTER6 SOME RULESOF PROBABILITY 124

6.16.26.36.46.56.6

*6.7

Sample Spaces and Events 125The Postulatesof Probability 132Probabilitiesand Odds 135AdditionRules 139ConditionalProbability 145MultiplicationRules 147Bayes' Theorem 152Checklistof KeyTerms 157References 157

. -- CHAPTER7 EXPECTATIONSAND DECISIONS 159

7.1*7.2*7.3

MathematicalExpectation 160DecisionMaking 164StatisticalDecisionProblems 168Che_cklistof KeyTerms 171References 171 .

Review Exercises for Chapters 5,6,& 7 172

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- CHAPTER 8 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 177

8.1 RandomVariables 1788.2 Probability Distributions 1798.3 The Binomial Distribution 1818.4 The HypergeometricDistribution 1898.5 The PoissonDistribution 193

*8.6 TheMultinomial Distribution 1978.7 TheMean of a Probability Distribution 1988.8 TheStandard Deviation of a Probability Distribution 201

Checklistof KeyTerms 205References 205- CHAPTER9 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 206

9.1 ContinuousDistributions 2079.2 The Normal Distribution 209

*9.3 A Check for Normality 2189.4 Applications of the Normal Distribution 2199.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial

Distribution 222 .

Checklistof Key Terms 228References 228- CHAPTER 10 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTIONS 22910.1 .

*10.2*10.3*10.4*10.510.610.710.810.9

*1O.10

RandomSampling 230SampleDesigns 236SystematicSampling 237StratifiedSampling 237ClusterSampling 239Sampling Distributions 242 .TheStandard Errorof the Mean 245TheCentral limit Theorem 248SomeFurtherConsiderations 249TechnicalNote (Simulationl 252Checklistof KeyTerms 254References 255

Review Exercises for Chapters 8, 9, & 10 256- CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMSOF ESTIMATION 262

11.1 TheEstimationof Means 26311.2 TheEstimationof Means (a unknownl 26811.3 The Estimationof Standard Deviations 27411.4 TheEstimationof Proportions 279

Checklistof Key Terms 286References 286

- - - - - - - -

.. CHAPTER 12 TESTS OF HYPOTHESES: MEANS 287

12.1 Testsof Hypotheses 28712.2 SignificanceTests 29312.3 TestsConcerningMeans 30012.4 TestsConcerningMeans (a unknown) 30412.5 DifferencesBetweenMeans 307.12.6 DifferencesBetweenMeans (a's unknown) 31112.7 DifferencesBetweenMeans (Paireddatal 313

Checklistof Key Terms 315References 315- CHAPTER 13 TESTSOF HYPOTHESES: STANDARD

DEVIATIONS 317

13.1 TestsConcerning Standard Deviations 31713.2 TestsConcerningTwo Standard Deviations 321

. Checklistof KeyTerms 325References 325

.. CHAPTER 14 TESTSOFHYPOTHESES.BASEDON COUNT DATA 326

14.114.214.314.414.5

TestsConcerning Proportions 327TestsConcerning Proportions(LargeSamples) 328Differencesbetween Proportions 329.TheAnalysisof an r x c Table 333Goodnessof Fit 345Checklistof Key Terms 350References 350

Review Exercises for Chapters 11, 12, 13,.& 14 351

- CHAPTER15 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 357

15.1 DifferencesAmong k Means: An Illustration 35815.2 The Designof Experiments:Randomization 36215.3 One-Way Analysisof Variance 36315.4 .Multiple Comparisons 37015.5 The Designof Experiments:Blocking 37615.6 Two-Way Analysisof Variance 377 -. ..15.7 Two-Way Analysisof Variance without Interaction 37815.8 The Designof Experiments:Replication 38215.9 Two-Way Analysisof Variance with Interaction 38215.10 The Designof Experiments:FurtherConsiderations 387

Checklistof KeyTerms 394References 395

- CHAPTER16 REGRESSION 396

16.116.216.3

*16.4*16.5

Curve Fitting 397The Method of LeastSquares 399RegressionAnalysis 410Multiple Regression 418Nonlinear Regression 422Checklistof Key Terms 430References 430- CHAPTER 17 .CORRELATION 431

17.117.217.3

*17.4

The Coefficientof Correlation 432

The Interpretationof r 438Correlation Analysis 443Multiple and PartialCorrelation 447Checklistof Key Terms 450References 451- CHAPTER 18 NON PARAMETRIC TESTS 452

18.118.2

*18.3*18.4

18.518.618.718.818.918.10

18.1118.1218.13

The Sign Test 453The Sign Test(LargeSamples) 455The Signed-RankTest 458The Signed-RankTest(LargeSamples) 462The U Test 465The U Test(LargeSamples) 469The H Test 471Testsof Randomness:Runs 475Testsof Randomness:Runs(LargeSamples) 476Testsof Randomness:RunsAbove and Belowthe Median 477

RankCorrelation 479SomeFurtherConsiderations 483Summary 483Checklistof KeyTerms 484References 484

Review Exercises for Chapters 15,16, 17, & 18 486

. STATISTICALTABLES 493

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES. 5 19

INDEX 557