Modul Aras Rendah

Modul 1 BK2-Intervensi Aras Rendah

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSTRUKTUR ATOM

1 (a) What is meant by matter?Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jirim?

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of particles in a substance.Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan zarah-zarah suatu unsur.

Diagram / Rajah 1

(i) What is the physical state of this material?Apakah keadaan fizik bagi bahan ini?

……………………………………………………………………………………......

[1 mark]

(ii) Describe the characteristic of solid, liquid and gas.Complete the table below.Huraikan ciri-ciri bagi pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

State of matterKeadaan jirim

SolidPepejal

liquidCecair

GasGas

Draw the arrangement of particles Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah

Arrangement of particles Susunan zarah

Particles are arranged ....................and in orderly manner.Zarah tersusun sangat ......................... dan teratur.

Particles are arranged closely but not .................................... Zarah tersusun padat tetapi

Particles are ...................................Zarah terletak

...................................

KIMIA SPM 2014 AKRAM


tidak ..................................

Movement of particles Pergerakan zarah-zarah

Particles vibrate at a fixed position.Zarah bergetar pada kedudukan yang tetap.

Particles ....................., rotate and move freely.Zarah ........................., berputar dan bergerak bebas.

Particles vibrate, rotate and move ............................Zarah bergetar, berputar dan bergerak ............................

Attractive forces between the particlesDaya tarikan antara zarah

Forces of attraction between particles are very strong.Daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah sangat kuat.

Forces of attraction are ....................................

Daya tarikan yang...................................

Forces of attraction are very weak.

Daya tarikan yang sangat lemah.

Energy content Kandungan tenaga

Very low.Sangat rendah. ..............................

Very high.Sangat tinggi.

[10 marks]

(c) Table below shows five substances and its formula.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan lima bahan dan formula masing-masing.

SubstanceBahan

Formula

SodiumNatrium

Na

WaterAir

H2O

OxygenOksigen

O2

Sodium chlorideNatrium klorida

NaCl

AmmoniaAmmonia

NH3

Classify the substances into atom, ion and molecule.Kelaskan bahan-bahan di atas kepada atom, ion dan molekul.


Melting / Peleburan


[3 marks]

2 Diagram 2 shows the inter-conversion of the three states of matter of substance X Rajah 2 menunjukkan perubahan tiga keadaan jirim bagi bahan X.

Solid / Pepejal Liquid / Cecair ....................

Diagram / Rajah 2

(a) Name the Process Q.Namakan proses Q.

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(b) What type of particle is found in water ?Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam air?

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(c) What is the physical state for X after Q process.Apakah keadaan fizikal X selepas proses Q.………………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(d) Under the room temperature, at what temperature is the boiling point of water?Di bawah suhu bilik, pada suhu berapakah takat didih bagi air?

……..........................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(e) When solid X changes to liquid X, state the changes in:Apabila pepejal X berubah kepada cecair X, nyatakan perubahan bagi:

(i) The energy of the particles Tenaga zarah-zarah


Gel Gel

Solid potassium manganate (VII)Pepejal kalium manganat (VII)


........................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii) The forces of attraction between the particles.Daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah itu.

.......................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(f) When heating, what happen to the particles?Apakah yang berlaku kepada zarah apabila dipanaskan?

................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

3 Diagram 3 shows the results of an experiment to investigate the movement of solid potassium manganate (VII) in solid. The purple colour of solid potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 spreads slowly throughout the gel after two hours.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan keputusan suatu eksperimen untuk mengkaji pergerakan zarah-zarah kalium manganat (VII) di dalam pepejal. Warna ungu pepejal kaliummanganat (VII), KMnO4 tersebar sangat perlahan ke seluruh bahagian gel selepas dua jam.

After two hours/

Selepas dua jam

Diagram / Rajah 3

(a) State the name of the process involved in this experiment Nyatakan nama proses yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini

.................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(b) The smell of durian spreads very rapidly in a room. Explain the situation based on the kinetic theory of matter.Bau durian tersebar dengan sangat cepat di dalam sebuah bilik.Terangkan pemerhatian anda berdasarkan teori kinetik jirim.

………………………………………………………………………………………………


XA

Z


………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………[3 marks]

(c) Table 3 shows proton number and the number of neutrons for atom P, Q, R and S.Jadual 3 menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi atom P, Q, R dan S.

(i) State the nucleon number of atom P.Nyatakan nombor nukleon bagi atom P.

……………………………………………………………………………................[1 mark]

(ii) Write the symbol of atom Q in the form ofTuliskan simbol bagi atom Q dalam bentuk

[1 mark]

(iv) Which atoms have the same number of valence electrons?Atom manakah mempunyai bilangan elektron valens yang sama?

……………………………………………………………………………................[1 mark]

(v) Which atoms are isotopes? Explain why.Atom-atom manakah adalah isotop? Terangkan mengapa.

…………………………………..........…………………………………………......

…………………………………..........…………………………………………......[2 mark]


Table / Jadual 3

AtomProton number /Nombor proton

Number of neutrons /Bilangan neutron

P 3 4

Q 16 17

R 16 16

S 19 20


CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONSFORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

4 (a) Calculate the number of mole for the following substances:Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi bahan-bahan berikut:[Relative atomic mass : O = 16 ; Na = 23 ; Cl = 35.5 ]

(i) 11.5 g of sodium / natrium

[1 mark]

(ii) 58.5 g of sodium chloride / natrium klorida

[1 mark]

(iii) 8 g of oxygen gas/gas oksigen

[1 mark]

(b) Calculate the mass for the following substances :Hitungkan jisim bagi bahan-bahan berikut:[Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ; Cl = 35.5 ][Avogadro’s number ; NA = 6.02 × 1023 ]

(i) 2 mol of sulphur dioxide gas/gas sulfur dioksida, SO2.

[1 mark]

(ii) 2.5 mol of water/air, H2O.



[1 mark]

(iii) 2.25 mol of chlorine gas/gas klorin,Cl2.

[1 mark]

(c) Calculate the number of atoms for the following substances :Hitung bilangan atom bagi bahan-bahan berikut:[Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ][Avogadro’s number ; NA = 6.02 × 1023 ]

(i) 2 mol of aluminium

[1 mark]

(ii) 3 mol of magnesium

[1 mark]

(iii) 2 g of hydrogen gas/gas hidrogen

[2 marks]



(d) Calculate the number of molecules for the following substances :Hitungkan bilangan molekul bagi bahan-bahan berikut:[Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; O = 16 ; C = 12 ][ Avogadro’s number ; NA = 6.02 × 1023 ]

(i) 3 mol of nitrogen dioxide gas/gas nitrogen dioksida.

[1 mark](ii) 32 g of oxygen gas/gas oksigen, O2

[2 marks]

(iii) 64 g of methane gas/gas metana, CH4

[2 marks]



5 (a) Table 5.1 shows formula of several ions.Jadual 5.1 menunjukkan formula bagi beberapa ion.

Ion nameNama ion

Silver ionion argentum

Zinc ionion zink

Nitrate ionion nitrat

Chloride ionion klorida

Formula of ionFormula ion Ag+ Zn2+ NO3

- Cl-

Table / Jadual 5.1

Write the formula for zinc chloride and zinc nitrate.Tuliskan formula kimia bagi zink klorida dan zink nitrat.

Zinc chloride zink klorida : …………………………………………………..............................

Zinc nitrate zink nitrat : …………………….……………………………….....................................

[2 marks]

(b) When silver nitrate solution is added to zinc chloride solution, a white precipitate silver chloride and zinc nitrate solution produced. Apabila larutan argentum nitrat ditambahkan kepada larutan zink klorida, mendakan putih argentum klorida dan larutan zink nitrat terhasil.

(i) Name the reactants.Namakan bahan-bahan tindak balas.

………..............................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii) Name the products.Namakan hasil-hasil tindak balas.

………..............................................................................................................[1 mark]

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction take place.Tuliskan persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

………..............................................................................................................[1 mark]



(c) Silver nitrate decomposed when it is strongly heated according to equation below: Argentum nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan dengan kuat mengikut persamaan di bawah :

2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

(i) When 1 mol of silver nitrate is heated, calculate number of mole of silver and number of mole of oxygen gas produced.Jika 1 mol argentum nitrat dipanaskan, hitungkan bilangan mol argentum dan bilangan mol gas oksigen yang terhasil.

[2 marks]

(ii) In an experiment, a student heated 85 g of silver nitrate.Calculate number of mole of silver nitrate and volume of nitrogen dioxide released at room condition.[Relative atomic mass: N, 14 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108][1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at room condition]

Dalam satu eksperimen, seorang pelajar telah memanaskan 85 g argentum nitrat. Hitungkan bilangan mol argentum nitrat dan isipadu gas nitrogen dioksida yang terbebas pada keadaan bilik[Jisim atom relatif : N, 14 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108][1 mol gas menempati 24.0 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]



[3 marks]

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTSJADUAL BERKALA UNSUR

6 Diagram 6 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements.Rajah 6 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur.

Diagram / Rajah 6

Based on Diagram 6, answer the following questions:Berdasarkan Rajah 6, jawab soalan-soalan berikut:

(a) What is name of the element represented by the following symbol?Apakah nama bagi unsur yang diwakili oleh simbol berikut?

SymbolSimbol

NameNama

H

He

O

Mg

Al

Fe

[3 marks]

(b) State the position of the following elements in the periodic table :Nyatakan kedudukan unsur-unsur berikut dalam jadual berkala :

ElementUnsur

GroupKumpulan

PeriodKala

O



Mg

Al

[3 marks]

(c) Based on your answer in (b), write the electron arrangement for the atom of the following elements:Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (b), tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur-unsur berikut:

Symbol of the elementSimbol unsur

Electron arrangement of atomSusunan elektron bagi atom

O

Mg

Al

[3 marks]

(d) Classify all the elements in Diagram 4 into metal and non-metal.Kelaskan semua unsur dalam Rajah 4 kepada logam dan bukan logam.

MetalLogam

Non-metalBukan logam

[2 marks]

(e) (i) State the transition element in Diagram 6.Nyatakan unsur peralihan dalam Rajah 6.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) State one specific characteristic of the transition element.Nyatakan satu sifat istimewa bagi logam peralihan tersebut.

……………………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(f) Which element exists as monoatomic? Explain why.Manakah unsur yang wujud sebagai monoatom? Terangkan mengapa

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………...



[2 marks]

7 Table 7.1 shows the electron arrangement of lithium, oxygen and sodium atoms.Jadual 7.1 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom litium, oksigen dan natrium.

Element Symbol Electron arrangement

LithiumLitium

Li 2.1

SodiumNatrium

Na 2.8.1

ChlorineKlorin

Cl 2.8.7

Table / Jadual 7.1

(a) Based on the information in Table 7.1; Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 7.1;

(i) Identify one metal and one non-metal element.Kenal pasti satu unsur logam dan satu unsur bukan logam. [2 marks]

(ii) State the group and period of chlorine in the Periodic Table of Elements.Nyatakan kumpulan dan kala bagi klorin dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.

[2 marks]


Gas jarBalang gas

LithiumLitium Chlorine gas

Gas klorin

Gas jar spoonSudu balang gas

Gas jarBalang gas

SodiumNatrium Chlorine gas

Gas klorin

Gas jar spoonSudu balang gas


(b) Table 7.2 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the reactions between lithium and sodium with chlorine gas.Jadual 7.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat tindak balas antara litium dan natrium dengan gas klorin.

Apparatus set-up Observation

Lithium burns slowly with a red flame.A white fume is produced.

Litium terbakar perlahan-lahan dengan nyalaan merah.Wasap putih terhasil.

Lithium burns brightly with a yellow flame.A white fume is produced.

Litium terbakar terang dengan nyalaan kuning.Wasap putih terhasil.

Table / Jadual 7.2

(i) Complete the chemical equation below that shows the reaction between lithium and chlorine gas.Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah yang menunjukkan tindak balas antara litium dengan gas klorin.

..... Li + Cl2 → ..... LiCl[1 mark]

(ii) Compare the reactivity of lithium and sodium when react with chlorine. Explain your answer.Bandingkan kereaktifan antara litium dan natrium apabila bertindak balas dengan klorin. Terangkan jawapan anda.

[4 marks]



CHEMICAL BONDIKATAN KIMIA

8 Diagram 8 shows the position of element X and Y in The Periodic Table.Rajah 8 menunjukkan kedudukan unsur X dan Y dalam Jadual Berkala.

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

X

12 13 14 15 16 17

Y

18

Diagram / Rajah 8

Element X and element Y can form a compound with formula of XY. Compound XY can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous form. Unsur X dan unsur Y boleh membentuk sebatian berformula XY. Sebatian XY boleh mengkonduksi elektrik dalam keadaan lebur atau akueus.

(a) Write the electron arrangement of X atom.Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom X.

…………………………………………………………...……………………………….…[1 mark]

(b) State the formula of ion formed from element Y.Nyatakan formula bagi ion yang terbentuk dari unsur Y.

…………………………………………………………...……………………………….…[1 mark]

(c) Draw the diagram of electron arrangement for compound XY Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan elektron bagi sebatian XY.



[2 marks]

(d) State why compound XY can conduct electricity in molten and aqueous only.Nyatakan mengapa sebatian XY boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam keadaan lebur dan akeous sahaja.

…………………………………………………………...……………………………….…[1 mark]

(e) (i) State another physical properties of compound XYNyatakan satu sifat fizikal lain bagi sebatian XY.

…………………………………………………………………………………….…[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in (e) (i).Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (e) (i).

…………………………………………………………………………………….…

…………………………………………………………………………………….…[2 marks]

9 Table 9 show the proton number for element X and Y.Jadual 9 menunjukkan nombor atom bagi unsur X dan Y

Element Proton number

X

Y

19

11

Table / Jadual 9

Element X and Y react with oxygen. The reactivity of reaction between X and oxygen is higher than the reactivity of reaction between Y and oxygen. Unsur X dan Y bertindak balas dengan oxygen. Kereaktifan tindak balas unsur X dengan oksigen adalah lebih tinggi daripada kereaktifan tindak balas unsur Y dengan oksigen.


O Ox C x

x

x

x x


Draw a diagram of electron arrangement for the compound form from reaction between element Y and oxygen. Lukiskan gambar rajah bagi susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk antara unsur Y dan oksigen. [Proton number of oxygen is 8 // Nombor proton oksigen adalah 8]

[2 marks]

10 Diagram 10 shows the electron arrangement of compound L formed when oxygen reacts with carbon.Rajah 10 menunjukkan susunan electron bagi sebatian L yang terbentuk apabila oksigen bertindak balas dengan karbon.

Compound / Sebatian L

Diagram / Rajah 10

(a) (i) State the type of bond in compound L.Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian L.

………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Write the chemical formula for compound L.Tulis formula kimia bagi sebatian L.

………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(b) Oxygen can also react with sodium to form another compound with formula Na2O.Oksigen juga boleh bertindak balas dengan natrium untuk membentuk sebatian lain dengan formula Na2O.

(i) Compare the melting point of compound Na2O with melting point of compound L in Diagram 3.Bandingkan takat lebur bagi sebatian Na2O dengan takat lebur sebatian L di Rajah 10.

………………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in 3(b)(i)Terangkan jawapan anda di 3(b)(i)



………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

11 Table 11 shows electron arrangement for element W, X and Y.

Element Electron arrangement

W

X

Y

2.6

2.8.2

2.8.7

Table / Jadual 11

Explain using the electron arrangement how the chemical bond is formed between:Terangkan dari segi susunan elektron bagaimana ikatan kimia terbentuk antara:

(a) W and W / W dan W [5 marks]

(b) X and Y / X dan Y[8 marks]



ELECTROCHEMISTRYELEKTROKIMIA

12 The diagram 12 shows list of the substances. The substances can be classified into electrolyte and non-electrolyte.Rajah 12 menunjukkan senarai bahan-bahan. Bahan-bahan tersebut boleh dikelaskan kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit.

Diagram / Rajah 12

(a) What is meant by electrolyte?Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan elektrolit?

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(b) Explain why a sugar solution does not conduct electricity while a common salt solution conducts electricity.Terangkan mengapa larutan gula tidak dapat mengalirkan elektrik manakala larutan garam biasa dapat mengalirkan elektrik.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 marks]

(c) Classify the substances above into electrolytes and non-electrolytes.Kelaskan bahan-bahan di atas kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit.

Electrolytes / Elektrolit Non-electrolytes / Bukan elektrolit


Hydrochloric acid, HCl Molten leadAsid hidroklorik , HCl. Leburan plumbum

Solid sodium chloride, NaCl Molten lead(II) bromide,PbBr2

Pepejal natrium klorida , NaCl Leburan plumbum(II) bromide, PbBr2

Molten sodium chloride, NaCl Sodium chloride, NaCl solutionLeburan natrium klorida, NaCl Larutan natrium klorida , NaCl.

Naphthalene, C10H8 AsetamideNaftalena Asetamida


[2 marks]

(d)

(i) Based on the above compounds listed, state the name of particles in the compounds.Berdasarkan sebatian yang disenaraikan di atas , nyatakan nama bagi zarah dalam sebatian itu.

Lead(II) bromide : ………………………………………………………………Plumbum(II)bromida

Sodium chloride : ………………………………………………………………Natrium klorida

[2 marks]

(ii) Why does lead(II) bromide in the solid state cannot conduct electricity but can conduct electricity in molten state ?Mengapakah plumbum(II) bromida dalam keadaan pepejal tidak bolehmengkonduksikan elektrik tetapi boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam keadaan leburan?

…………………………………………………………………………………….....

……………………………………………………………………………………….[2 marks]

(iii) Complete the equations in the table below to show melting process for each of the substances.Lengkapkan persamaan dalam jadual di bawah untuk menunjukkan proses peleburan bagi setiap bahan itu.

CompoundSebatian

EquationPersamaan

Lead(II) bromidePlumbum(II)bromida PbBr2(s) → ...........(ℓ) + ...........( ℓ)

Sodium chlorideNatrium klorida. .............(s) → Na+( ℓ) + Cl- (ℓ)


Lead(II) bromidePlumbum(II) bromida

Sodium chlorideNatrium klorida


[ 2 marks]

ACID AND BASESASID DAN BES

13 Hydrochloric acid ia a strong acid. Table13 shows two solutions of hydrochloric acid, P and Q, of different concentrations.Asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat. Jadual 13 menunjukkan dua larutan asid hidroklorik, P dan Q, dengan kepekatan yang berlainan.

Hydrochloric acid solutionLarutan asid hidroklorik

Concentration ( mol dm-3 )Kepekatan ( mol dm-3 )

P 0.100

Q 0.001

Table / Jadual 13

(a) State the meaning of an acid.Nyatakan maksud asid.

................................................................................................................................... [1 mark]

(b) Why hydrochloric acid is a strong acid?Mengapakah asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat?

...................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(c) Solutions P and Q have different pH values.Larutan P dan Q mempunyai nilai pH yang berbeza.

(i) Which solution gives a lower pH value?Larutan yang manakah memberikan nilai pH yang lebih rendah?

........................................................................................................................ [1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for the answer in (c) (i).Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan di (c) (i).



.......................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

14 (a) Table 14.1 shows the ionisation and the colour of phenolphthalein of the solution P, Q and R.Jadual 14.1 menunjukkan pengionan dan warna larutan fenolftalein bagi larutan P, Q dan R.

SolutionLarutan

IonisationPengionan

Colour of phenolphthalein in the solutionWarna fenolftalein dalam larutan itu

PIonises completelyMengion lengkap

ColourlessTanpa warna

QIonises partiallyMengion separa

ColourlessTanpa warna

RIonises completelyMengion lengkap

PinkMerah jambu

Table / Jadual 14.1

(i) Which solution has the lowest pH value?Larutan manakah yang mempunyai nilai pH paling rendah?

………………………………………………………………………….........…….. [1 mark]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i).Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di (a) (i).

…………………………….........…………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(iii) Solution P, Q and R might be acid or alkali. Classify the solutions into acid or alkali.Larutan P, Q dan R mungkin asid atau alkali. Kelaskan larutan itu kepada asid atau alkali.

Acid / asid : ……………………………………………….........………………..

Alkali / alkali : ………………………………………………..........………………[2 marks]


Hydrogen chloride in tetrachloromethaneHidrogen klorida dalam tetraklorometana

Hydrogen chloride in solvent XHidrogen klorida dalam pelarut X

Zinc Zink

Zinc Zink


(b) Diagram 14.2 shows the observations in test tube I and test tube II when hydrogen chloride in tetrachloromethane and hydrogen chloride in solvent X are reacted with zinc.Rajah 14.2 menunjukkan pemerhatian dalam tabung uji I dan tabung uji II apabila hidrogen klorida dalam tetraklorometana dan hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut X bertindak balas dengan zink.

Test tubeTabung uji

I II

Apparatus set-upSusunan radas

ObservationPemerhatian

No changeTiada perubahan

Bubbles of gas are producedGelembung gas terbebas

Diagram / Rajah 14.2

(i) State the name of solvent X.Nyatakan nama pelarut X.

………………………………………………………………………….........……..[1 mark]

(ii) Write the formula of ion that causes an acid shows its acidic properties.Tuliskan formula ion yang menyebabkan asid menunjukkan sifat asid.

………………………………………………………………………….........……..[1 mark]



(iii) Explain the differences in observation in test tube I and II.Terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian dalam tabung uji I dan II.

………………………………………………………………………….........……..

………………………………………………………………………….........……..

………………………………………………………………………….........…….. [2 marks]

(c) Vinegar consists of an ethanoic acid. Describe briefly a chemical test to verify the acid without using an indicator.Cuka mengandungi asid etanoik. Huraikan secara ringkas satu ujian kimia untuk mengenal pasti asid tanpa menggunakan penunjuk.

……………………………..........………………………………………………………...

……………………………..........………………………………………………………...

……………………………..........………………………………………………………... [2 marks]



SALTSGARAM

15 (a) What is the meaning of salt?Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan garam?

……………………………………………………………………………………...............

……………………………………………………………………………………...............[1 mark]

(b) Complete the table below:Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Type of saltJenis garam

Colour in solid stateWarna dalam keadaan pepejal

Colour in aqueous solutionWarna dalam larutan akues

Sodium carbonate Natrium karbonat ………………………

ColourlessTidak berwarna

Copper(II) nitrate Kuprum(II) nitrat

BlueBiru …………………….

[2 marks]

16 Table 16 shows the positive and negative ions in three salt solutions.Jadual 16 menunjukkan ion-ion positif dan negatif di dalam tiga larutan garam.

Name of saltNama garam

Positive ionIon positif

Negative ionIon negatif

Potassium chlorideKalium kloride K+ Cl-

Iron(II) sulphateFerum(II) sulfat

Fe2+ SO42-

Silver nitrateArgentum nitrat

Ag+ NO3-

Table / Jadual 16

Use the information in Table 16 to answer the following questions:Gunakan maklumat dalam Jadual 16 untuk menjawab soalan-soalan berikut:



(a) State the name of ions in iron(II) sulphate solution.Nyatakan nama ion-ion dalam larutan ferum(II) sulfat.

..................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(b) Write the chemical formula for:Tuliskan formula kimia bagi:

(i) Potassium chlorideKalium klorida : ……………………………....................................

(ii) Silver nitrateArgentum nitrat : ……………………………....................................

[2 marks]

(c) When 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium chloride solution is added to excess silver nitrate solution, a white precipitate is formed.Apabila 50 cm3 larutan kalium klorida 1.0 mol dm-3 dicampurkan kepada larutan argentum nitrat berlebihan, satu mendakan putih terbentuk.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

.........................................................................................................................[2 marks]

(ii) Describe the chemical equation in (c) (i) quantitatively.Perihalkan persamaan kimia dalam (c) (i) secara kuantitatif.

......................................................................................................................... [1 mark]

(iii) State the name of the white precipitate.Nyatakan nama mendakan putih itu.

.........................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(iv) Calculate the number of mole of potassium chloride in the solution.[Use the formula : Number of mole = ]Hitungkan bilangan mol kalium klorida dalam larutan itu.[Gunakan rumus : Bilangan mole = ]



[1 mark](v) Calculate the mass of precipitate formed.

Given that the relative atomic mass of Ag=108, Cl=35.5[Use the formula: Mass = Number of mole × Molar mass]Hitungkan jisim mendakan yang terbentuk.Diberi jisim atom relatif Ag=108, Cl=35.5.[Gunakan rumus : Jisim =Bilangan mol × Jisim molar]

[2 marks]

17 Table 17 shows four types of salts.Jadual 17 menunjukkan empat jenis garam.

Sodium carbonate Natrium karbonat

Lead(II) chloridePlumbum(II) klorida

Zinc nitrate Zink nitrat

Copper(II) sulphate Kuprum(II) sulfat

Table / Jadual 17

With reference to the salts given above, answer the following question :Dengan merujuk kepada garam-garam di atas, jawab soalan berikut :

(a) Write the chemical formula of sodium carbonate.Tuliskan formula kimia bagi natrium karbonat.

..................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(b) State the name the salt which is insoluble in water.Nyatakan namakan garam yang tidak larut dalam air.

.................................................................................................................................. [1 mark]

(c) (i) What is observed when zinc nitrate salt is heated.Apakah yang diperhatikan apabila zink nitrat dipanaskan.



.........................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(ii) Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction.Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk menunjukkan tindak balas itu.

.........................................................................................................................[2 marks]

(d) State the type of reaction in the preparation of lead(II) chloride salt.Nyatakan jenis tindak balas dalam penyediaan garam plumbum(II) klorida.

..................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(e) State two uses of salt in daily life.Nyatakan dua kegunaan garam dalam kehidupan harian.

..................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................[2 marks]

18 The following are three examples of sulphate salts that can be prepared in the laboratory.

Berikut adalah contoh-contoh garam sulfat yang boleh disediakan di dalam makmal.

Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4

Natrium sulfat, Na2SO4

Barium sulphate, BaSO4

Barium sulfat, BaSO4

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4

Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4

(a) From these examples, identify the soluble and insoluble salts.Dari contoh-contoh tersebut, kenalpasti garam larut dan garam tak larut.

[2 marks]

(b) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in (a).Nyatakan bahan-bahan tindak balas bagi penyediaan garam tak larut di (a).

[2 marks]


Soluble salts / Garam larut

Sodium salts / Garam natriumPotassium salts /Garam kaliumAmmonium salt /Garam ammonium

Other salts /Garam lain

Asid + alkali salt + waterAsid + alkali garam + air

Reaction / Tindak balas X

Reaction / Tindak balas Y

Reaction / Tindak balas Z


19 Diagram 19 shows the reactions involved in the preparation of soluble salts.Rajah 19 menunjukkan tindak balas-tindak balas dalam penyediaan garam larut.

Diagram / Rajah 19

(a) Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts can be prepared using reaction between acid and alkali. State the reaction X, Y and Z.Garam natrium, kalium dan ammonium dapat disediakan melalui tindak balas antara asid dan alkali. Nyatakan tindak balas X, Y dan Z.

[3 marks]

(b) By choosing one of the reactions in (a) (i), suggest example of reactants used and products formed. Write the chemical equation for the reaction based on your suggestion.Dengan memilih satu daripada tindak balas dalam (a) (i), cadangkan contoh bahan- bahan tindak balas yang digunakan dan hasil-hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk.Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas berdasarkan cadangan anda itu.

[3 marks]


Stage / Peringkat I Stage / Peringkat II

Stage / Peringkat III

Stage/Peringkat IV

Sulphur / sulfur

Oxygen /oksigen

SO2 SO

3

Concentrated H2SO4 /H2SO4 pekat

H2O

H2SO4

Catalyst /Mangkin X

Oleum / Oleum


MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRYBAHAN BUATAN DALAM INDUSTRI

20 Diagram 20 shows the flow chart for the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.Rajah 20 menunjukkan carta alir dalam industri pembuatan asid sulfurik.

Diagram / Rajah 20

(a) Name the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid.Namakan proses pembuatan asid sulfurik.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that takes place at Stage II.Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada Peringkat II.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 marks]

(c) Name catalyst X in Stage II.

Namakan mangkin X dalam Peringkat II.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(d) Write the chemical formula of oleum.



Tuliskan formula kimia bagi oleum.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(e) State a uses of sulphuric acid.Nyatakan satu kegunaan asid sulfurik.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

21 (a) Diagram 21 shows an Industrial preparation of sulphuric acid by the Contact Process.Rajah 21 menunjukkan penyediaan secara Industri bagi asid sulfurik melalui Proses Sentuh.

Diagram / Rajah 21

Write the chemical equation for the reaction in Stage I, II, III and IV.Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas dalam Peringkat I, II, III dan IV.

[8 marks]


Volume of gas / cm3Isipadu gas / cm3

Time / minMasa / min

1 2 3 4 5 6

30


RATE OF REACTIONKADAR TINDAK BALAS

22 An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of reaction of excess zinc with 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid. The volume of gas collected at regular intervals is shown in Diagram 22.Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas antara zink berlebihan dengan 50 cm3asid hidroklorik. Isipadu gas yang terkumpul pada sela masa yang sama ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 22.

Diagram / Rajah 22

(a) State the meaning of the rate of reaction.



Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.

…………………………………………………………………………………………......[1 mark]

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.

…………………………………………………………………………………………...…[2 marks]

(c) From the graph in Diagram 22, determine:Daripada graf dalam Rajah 22, tentukan:

(i) The concentration of hydrochloric acid used. [1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]Kepekatan asid hidroklorik yang digunakan. [1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3pada keadaan bilik]

[3 marks]

(ii) The average rate of reaction.Kadar tindak balas purata.

[1 mark]

(d) Based on collision theory, explain why does the rate of reaction decrease with time.Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas berkurangan dengan masa.



……………………………………………………………………………..........…………

……………………………………………………………………………..........…………

……………………………………………………………………………..........…………

……………………………………………………………………………..........………… [3 marks]

(e) The experiment is repeated by using sulphuric acid with the same volume and concentration as the hydrochloric acid.Sketch an expected curve to be obtained on Diagram 22.Eksperimen itu diulangi dengan menggunakan asid sulfurik yang mempunyai isipadu dan kepekatan yang sama dengan asid hidroklorik.Lakarkan satu lengkungan yang dijangka dapat diperolehi pada Rajah 22.

[1 mark]



END OF MODULE


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