Module 1 1 Personality Mavis 2010B Student With Answers

8/2/2019 Module 1 1 Personality Mavis 2010B Student With Answers

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GE2203 Psychology

for Young Professionals

Module 1-1: Personality

Instructor: Dr. Mavis He


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Session Aim

At the end of this session,

you will describe yourpersonalities

by applying

major psychological approaches ofpersonality.


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Trait Theories of Personality

Trait

the relatively stable internally basedcharacteristics that describe a person

basic traits are the building blocks of

personality.


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The Big Five Personality

Trait DimensionsDimension High End Low End

Openness Independent, imaginative,broad interests, receptive tonew ideas

Conforming, practical, narrowinterests, closed to new ideas

Conscientiousness Well-organized, dependable,careful, disciplined

Disorganized, undependable,careless, impulsive

Extraversion Sociable, talkative, friendly,adventurous

Reclusive, quiet, aloof, cautious

Agreeableness Sympathetic, polite, good-natured, soft-hearted

Tough-minded, rude, irritable,ruthless

Neuroticism

Emotional, insecure, nervous,self-pitying

Calm, secure, relaxed, self-satisfied


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Trait Theories of Personality

Each trait is a dimension

It is a continuum ranging from one extremeto the other.

A person can fall at either extreme or

anywhere in between on the

continuum.


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Research in Big 5

The factors appear in personality profiles

in people of different countries around

the world

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Some interesting work

inspired by the big-five model

Openness is related toHigher IQ

Liberal values

Tolerance

Creativity and creative accomplishments

(King, McKee-Walker, & Broyles, 1996)

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Conscientiousness is linked toInterpersonal

Better-quality friendships (Jensen-Campbell &Malcolm, 2007)

Health More healthy behaviors and longevity(Mroczek, Spiro, & Griffin, 2006)

Extraversion is related toMore active engagement in socialactivities (Emmons & Dierner, 1986)

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Agreeableness has significantrelations toGenerosity

When asked to make a wish for

anything at all, they would make

wishes like

for world peach (King & Broyles, 1997)

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Neuroticism is related toFeeling Feeling negative emotion more often

Experiencing more lingering negative

states (Lucas & Fujita, 2000)

Psychosomatic

More health complaints,

though not necessarily more likely to be

physically sick (Goodwin, Cox, & Clara, 2006)

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Situational factor

Person situation debate.

Trait theorists suggested that personality determines the

expression of behaviour regardless of situation.

However, in reality, many of our behaviours suggested

that their expression is largely dependent on the current

situation.

Mischel suggested that only 7% of our behaviour could

be predicted by personality measure.


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Besides traits, we can describe

or analyze ones personality inother ways.

1. Humanistic approach2. Psychoanalytic approach


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Mini Lecture:

Concept of Self

The concept ofself concept isdeveloped by Carl Rogers, afounder of the school of humanistic

psychology.

Rogers viewed personality

structure in terms ofjust oneconstructthe self (theconcept of self)


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Carl Rogers view: self-concept is central to personality

It is a collection ofsubjective beliefs about ones own

nature, unique qualities, roles, and typical behaviors

Examples

Im easygoing,

Im pretty or

Im hardworking

Im a son/daughter

I like traveling

Humanistic Perspective on

Personality


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Personality

Two Selves

developed

Real/Actual Self

what we really arerelevant to self

Ideal Self

the person we think we should behighly valued by the individual

There is usually a gap.


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As the self-concept is subjective

Your self-concept may not be entirely

consistent with your experiences

Theres a gap Rogers calls this gap Incongruence

Everyone experiences some incongruence, the

crucial issue is how much


Personality

Self-

concept

Actual

experience

Congruence

Actual

experience

Self-

concept

Incongruence


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Childhood experiences

determine the gap size.

People have a strong need for

love, affection, and acceptance

from others.

ParentsParents provide most of thisaffection in childhood.


Personality


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Personality

Childhood Experience

Conditional

positive regard

love & praise is

withheld unless

one conforms to

othersexpectations

Unconditional

positive regard

accepting a

person regardless

of who they are or

what they do

Bigger gap Smaller gap


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Reflection Time

How large is your gap?

How does this gap size reflect your

personality?


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Psychoanalytic Approach

Developed by Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis is both an

approach to therapyand a

theory of personality

Emphasizes unconscious

the main causes of behavior lie

buried in the unconscious mind


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The Psychoanalytic Approach of

Personality

Conscious

Unconscious

Superego Preconscious

Id

Ego

Informationwhich caneasily bemadeconscious

Urges

feelings,and otherinformationthat is difficultto bring toconsciousawareness

Informationin yourimmediateawareness

Realityprinciple

Moralimperatives

Pleasureprinciple


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ego superego

id

self

Conscious

Freuds three-part personality structure

Unconscious

Pre-conscious


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id (The Child Ego State)

Instinctual drives present at birth Does not distinguish between reality &

fantasy Work on Pleasure Principle

release sexual energy in a way that ispleasurable seek immediate gratification

No sense of time, unreasonable, illogical. No self/outside world difference.

The child ego state: Acts on impulse, selfishly, obediently,spontaneously, in a carefree fun lovingway


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Ego (The Adult Ego State)

As children grow & interact with the world, part of Id develop

cognitive function to deal with outside world. Part related to

consciousness, while part of the ego was unconscious.

Operates according to the reality principle

Able to plan and evaluate information from the outside world

Seeks to delay gratification of the ids urges until

appropriate outlets and situations can be found

The adult ego state:

Process information, take objective action, organize, plan, solve

problem, estimate risk


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Superego (The Parent Ego State)

Superego internalization of societys moral

standards

responsible for guilt moral component

follow social standards

The parent ego state:

restricts, judges, blames,encourages, criticizes, nurtures,

command


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Id- seek to fulfill immediate

physical needs

Superego- look at the authority

Ego- look at the reality


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2 Conditions for

Unhealthy Personalities

1. dependent too much upon defensemechanisms,

2. the id or superego is unusually strong

or the ego is unusually weak


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Healthy Personalities


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Reflection Time

Whats the strength of yourid, ego, and

superego?

Have you experience any conflict between

these mental systems; Describe the

experience.

What defense mechanisms did you use?


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Summary on Personality

A persons general style ofinteracting with the world

People differ from one another inways that are relatively consistent

over time and placeTraitsSelf-concept

Ego states


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Reflection

Whats your personality?

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