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Module 11
Types of Memory
INTRODUCTION
• Definitions– Memory
• ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving
– Encoding• refers to making mental representations of
information so that it can be placed into our memories
INTRODUCTION
• Definitions– Storing
• process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall
– Retrieving• process of getting or recalling information that has
been placed into short-term or long-term storage
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY
• Sensory memory– refers to an initial process that receives and holds
environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds
• Short-term memory– also called working-memory, refers to another
process that can hold only a limited amount of information, an average of seven items - 2 to 30 seconds
• Long-term memory– refers to the process of storing almost unlimited
amounts of information over long periods of time
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)
• Memory processes– sensory memory– do not pay attention, information is forgotten– pay attention, information is automatically transferred
into short-term memory– short-term memory– do not pay attention– information is not encoded and is forgotten– long-term memory– encoded information will remain on a relatively
permanent basis
SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING
• Iconic memory– form of sensory memory that automatically holds
visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears
• Echoic memory– form of sensory memory that holds auditory
information for 1 to 2 seconds
SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING (CONT.)
• Functions of sensory memory– prevents being overwhelmed– gives decision time– provides stability, playback, and recognition
SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING
• Short Term or Working Memory Definition– refers to a process that can hold a limited amount of
information-an average of seven items-for a limited period of time –2 to 30 seconds
• Two features– limited duration– maintenance rehearsal– refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or
rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory
SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)
• Two features– limited capacity
• Interference– results when new information enters short-term
memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there
• Chunking– combining separate items of information into a larger
unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items
SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)
• Functions of short-tem memory– Attending
• selectively attend to information that is relevant and disregard everything else
– Rehearsing• allows you to hold information for a short period of
time until you decide what to do with it– Storing
• helps to store or encode information in long-term memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING• Putting information into long-term memory
– Long-term memory• refers to the process of storing almost unlimited
amounts of information over long periods of time with the potential of retrieving, or remembering, such information in the future
– Encoding• process of transferring information from short-term to
long-term memory by paying attention to it, repeating or rehearsing it, or forming new associations
– Retrieving• process of selecting information from long-term
memory and transferring it back into short-term memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Separate Memory Systems• Primacy Versus Recency
– primacy effect• better recall, or improvement in retention, of
information presented at the beginning of a task– recency effect
• better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task
– primary-recency effect• better recall of information presented at the
beginning and end of a task• Short-Term Versus Long-Term Memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative– Declarative memory
• involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events
– Semantic memory• type of declarative memory and that involves
knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative– Episodic memory
• type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants or hobbies
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative– Procedural or nondeclarative memory
• involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning
ENCODING: TRANSFERING
• Two kinds of encoding– Automatic encoding
• transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness
• personal events• interesting facts• skills and habits
ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
• Two kinds of encoding– Effortful encoding
• involves the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making associations between new and old information
ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
• Rehearsing and encoding– Maintenance rehearsal
• refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the information rather than forming any new associations
– Elaborative rehearsal• involves using effort to actively make meaningful
associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long-term memory
ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
• Levels of processing– theory says that remembering depends on how
information is encoded– shallow processing: poor recall– deeper and deepest processing: encode by making
new association
REPRESSED MEMORIES
• Definition of repressed memory– the process by which the mind pushes a memory of
some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind
• Implanting false memories– studies on implanting false memories simply show
that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory
Unusual Memories
• photographic memory– occurs in adults, is ability to form sharp, detailed
visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date
• eidetic imagery– Form of photographic memory that occurs in children,
is the ability to examine a picture or page for 10-3 seconds and then for several minutes hold in one’s mind a detailed visual image of the material
Unusual Memories
• flashbulb memories– vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic
or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the person
– encoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of time
Unusual Memories (CONT.)