Module 2: Gender and ageing UNECE Sub-regional workshop on gender statistics Tbilisi, Georgia 27-29...

Module 2: Gender and ageing

UNECESub-regional workshop on gender statisticsTbilisi, Georgia 27-29 September 2010

Eszter Zólyomi

Structure of the presentation

I. The gender dimension of poverty – an example for the use of gender-disaggregated data for making and monitoring ageing-related policies

II. Gender-specific mainstreaming ageing indicatorsIII. Data collection and related challenges

I. The gender dimension of poverty

An example for the use of gender-disaggregated data for making and monitoring ageing-related policies

The context

Women

• in general spend less time in the formal labour market

• are more likely to work in atypical forms of employment (i.e. part-time, temporary work)

• more likely to engage in unpaid work (due to caring resposibilities)

• earn on average less over their life

• face occupational segregation

• in general retire earlier

Women typically live longer than men

Build up lower entitlements to pension benefits

Many women face a real threat of poverty and social exclusion in their post-retirement phase of life

Data and poverty measures

• EU-SILC 2007

• Reference year: 2006

• Sample size: 513,907 (total), 82,958 (65+)

• Country coverage: EU 24 (RO, BG, MT – not part of EU-SILC; IS, NO – not EU)

Poverty measures and indicators:

• Income poverty: At risk of poverty rate

• Material deprivation: Material deprivation rate

Definitions of poverty indicators used

Defined as the enforced lack of at least three of the nine following items• ability to face unexpected expenses,• ability to pay for one week annual holiday away from home,• existence of arrears (mortgage or rent payments, utility bills, or hire purchase installments or other loan payments),• capacity to have a meal with meat, chicken or fish every second day,• capacity to keep home adequately warm,• possession of a washing machine, a colour TV, a telephone or a personal car (4 items)

At risk of poverty rate:

Material deprivation rate:

It shows the share of people with equivalised disposable income below the at risk of poverty threshold set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers.

Risk of poverty among the elderly is generally higher than that of the overall population and of the working age

populationbut there are a few exceptions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CZ HU LU PL SK NL SE FR AT DE DK SI FI IT EL BE PT ES IE LT UK EE LV CY

65+ 18-64 Total pop

EU27 65+

Source: Own calculations based on EU-SILC 2007

%

Elderly women face a higher risk of poverty than menSignificant differences across countries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Women 65+ Men 65+ Total population


%

The older the poorer?


%

Poverty risk for women is higher than for men both in the age groups of 65-74 and 75+

After 75:

Significant increase for both women and men in DK, BE, UK and CY

More so for women in SK, SE, AT, SI, FI, IE, LT, EE, LV

Larger increase for men in EL, PT, ES,

Decrease for women in NL, for men in HU, IT and LV

For both in LU and PL80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80

CY

LV

EE

UK

LT

IE

ES

PT

BE

EL

IT

FI

SI

DK

DE

AT

FR

SE

NL

SK

PL

LU

HU

CZWomen Men

Living alone increases the risk of povertyboth for older women and men

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Women Men


Some 59% of all single-person households in the EU are made up of women

Elderly women account for between 43 and 72% of female single-person households in the EU

Women make up two thirds of elderly single households in the EU

%

Gender differences are important, but...

Gender Age Education HH type Marital status BE 4 6 21 8 5 CZ 6 2 8 11 12 DK 2 9 22 6 -4 DE 6 1 14 11 7 EE 19 12 18 58 43 IE 9 10 22 43 31 EL 4 14 18 12 13 ES 4 7 18 22 7 FR 2 4 10 9 9 IT 7 2 20 15 14 CY 7 24 45 25 28 LV 17 5 13 53 38 LT 22 10 28 47 56 LU 1 -1 1 6 14 HU 5 1 8 7 8 NL 1 0 8 1 2 AT 8 5 18 15 10 PL 4 -4 10 3 11 PT 3 10 17 11 19 SI 14 7 32 32 29 SK 9 5 14 12 24 FI 7 12 20 28 21 SE 7 9 8 13 9 UK 5 8 22 13 5


Note: Values show percentage points

There are larg(er) variations in poverty rates within the elderly population when looking at

• educational attainment (tertiary vs. primary/lower secondary• hh type (single vs. couple households)• marital status (married vs. never married)

How changes in educational attainment (higher for younger age cohorts), household composition (single households on the rise), or in marital status (growing share of never married or divorced population) will affect poverty levels of

future women and men retirees?

Trends in elderly female poverty - 2005 and 2008Significant increase in the Baltic countries

UK

SE

FI

SK

SIPT

PL AT

NLHU

LU

LT

LV CY

IT

FR

ES

EL IE

EE

DEDK

CZ

BE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

At-risk-of-poverty rate, 2005 (%)

At-r

isk-

of-p

over

ty r

ate,

200

8 (%

)

Increase

Decrease

Source: Eurostat – EU-SILC

At risk of poverty rate vs. Material deprivation rate Relative vs. Absolut measure

Source: Eurostat and Own calculations based on EU-SILC 2007

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Women Men

% Poverty rate

Objective measure vs. Subjective measure At risk of poverty rate vs. Personal perception

Note: Poverty data refer to total populationSurvey question (QA44.2): Select what best describes the situation of your household (poor , neither poor nor rich, rich)Source: Eurobarometer Special Survey on Poverty and Social Exclusion - 72.1 (2010), and own calculations based on EU-SILC 2007

CZ

NL

SK

DK

SE

SI

HU

AT

FR

LU

FIBE

DE

IECY

PL

PT

ITUK

EE

ES

LT

EL

BG

ROLV

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

At risk of poverty rate, %

Shar

e of

thos

e w

ho c

onsi

der t

hem

selv

es to

be

poor

, %

Why the higher old age poverty of women?• Age effect – indexation of pensions in payments important for women because

they tend to live longer than men (adequate safety nets in retirement)

• Cohort effect – shorter labour market history, unpaid work, career breaks (provision of pension credits for caring responsibilities – children, elderly relatives)

Lower pension ages for women result in fewer years of pension contributions (equalisation of pension age)

• Compositional effect – many widows among older age groups of women (survivors´ benefits)

Lowest gender differentials in poverty - the case of the Netherlands

• universal, residence-based basic pensions

• wage indexation

• periods of childcare are automatically covered

• same pension age for women and men

• generous survivors´ benefits

II. Gender-specific mainstreaming ageing indicators

The Project:Mainstreaming Ageing: Indicators to Monitor Implementation(MA:IMI), Phase II (2008-2012)

The Task:Developing a set of gender-specific mainstreaming ageingindicators and Collecting data on them

Further Information

European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research (Affiliated to the United Nations)Bergasse 17 I A-1090 Viennawww.euro.centre.orgwww.monitoringRIS.org

E-mail: [email protected]

The social and economic situation of women and men is not the same since they are affected differently by social and demographic changes.


Regional Implementation Strategy (RIS) for the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA)Commitment 8: “To Mainstream a Gender Approach in an Ageing Society“

Four main policy objectives:1. Achieve full gender equality2. Realise full equality between women and men and in their

contribution in the economy3. Ensure gender equality of access to social protection and

social security systems4. Promote shared responsibilities of women and men within

their families.

Developing the indicators

Women

• in general spend less time in the formal labour market

• are more likely to work in atypical forms of employment (i.e. part-time, temporary work)

• more likely to engage in unpaid work (due to caring resposibilities)

• earn on average less over their life

• face occupational segregation

• in general retire earlier

Build up lower entitlements to pension benefits

Many women face a real threat of poverty and social exclusion in their post-retirement phase of life

At the same time…• change in traditional family and gender roles• change in individual and family life formation• increase in women´s participation in higher education• increase in women’s participation in the formal labour market • decline in fertility rates

• labour market participation

• earnings

• work and family life reconciliation

• parental leave and benefit

• childcare

• transition from work to retirement

• pensions

poverty indicators

• individual and family life• education• demographic context

Women typically live longer than men


1. Demographic context1.1. Gender gaps in longevity, and life expectancy gains1.2. Individual and family life patterns

2. Education and labour market participation2.1. Educational attainment2.2. Participation2.3. Time use2.4. Labour market segregation and the earnings gap

3. Reconciliation of work and family life3.1. Work flexibility3.2. Parental leave and benefit payment3.3. Childcare

4. Retirement and Pensions

5. Poverty






5. Poverty

Group/Subgroup Definition Source Notes

GDEM Longevity

GDEM1aGender gap in life expectancy at birth and at age 65

UN life tables, UN World Population Prospects

1950-2005

GDEM1bLife expectancy gains, by gender

UN life tables,UN World Population Prospects

1950-2005(gains in number of years and days)

1. Demographic context1.1. Gender gaps in longevity, and life expectancy gains

Life Expectancy at Birth - the Gender Gap, 2006

UN-European Region (incomplete)

In Marin, B./ Zólyomi, E. (Eds.) (2010)

Life Expectancy Gains of Women and Men Over the Last 50 Years: A Global ComparisonAdditional Number of Years from 1950-1955 to 2000-2005


1. Demographic context1.2. Individual and family life patterns


GLIFEIndividual life patterns

GLIFE1aTiming of fertility (% of women having a first live birth by age 25)

UNECE Family and Fertility Surveys (FFS)

Different birth cohorts from late 1940s onwards to mid 1990s

GLIFE1bThe postponement of first marriage and motherhood


1980-2001

GLIFE1cExpected ultimate family size by gender


Women aged 20-24 with no children

GLIFE1d

Important demographic events that happened to women and men by age 25


Different birth cohorts

The Postponement of First Marriage and Motherhood, 1980-2001Change of Mean Age at First Marriage and Mean Age of Women at the Birth of the First Child in Years


1. Demographic context1.2. Individual and family life patterns


GLIFEFamily life patterns

GLIFE2a

Extramarital births (number of births outside marriage as a % of total live births)

Eurostat 1960 and 2009

GLIFE2b Divorce rate Eurostat 1960 and 2009,1960-2009

GLIFE2c

Number of lone parent families as a % of families with dependent children

Eurostat, EU-SILC Whiteford (OECD)

2003-20071980-2005

Lone Parent Families, 1980-2005


II. Gender-specific mainstreaming ageingindicators





5. Poverty

2. Education and labour market participation2.1. Educational attainment

Governments should promote the advancement and empowerment of women to achieve sufficient education.


GEDUEducational attainment

Tertiary educational graduates (women per 100 men)

UNECE Gender Statistics Database,Eurostat

1980-20081998-2007

The Silent Revolution in Tertiary Educational Attainment Young Women Graduates Outperforming Young Men - By Very Far, 2000 and 2006

Tertiary Educational Graduates, Women per 100 Men


Measures should be taken to promote the economic rights of women including their access to employment and appropriate working conditions, and to encourage and increase the participation of women in the labour market.

2. Education and Labour market participation2.2. Participation


GLM Participation

GLM1aFull-time equivalent (FTE) employment rate

Eurostat; UNECE Gender Statistics Database, ILO

1999-2009

GLM1bGender employment gap by age groups

Eurostat, LFS; UNECE Gender Statistics Database, ILO

1980-2007

GLM1c

Employment rate of women and men by number of children and by age of youngest child

UNECE Gender Statistics Database Eurostat, LFS,

1980-2007

GLM1dEmployment gap of women and men with children

UNECE Gender Statistics Database Eurostat, LFS,

1980-2007

GLM1eGender unemployment gap by age groups

Eurostat, LFS; UNECE Gender Statistics Database, ILO

1980-2007

GLM1f

Average actual and usual weekly working hours of employed persons, by gender (full-time and part-time)

ILOEurostat, LFS

1999-20082008-2009

The Gender Employment Gap, 2008


Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) employment, 2007

59.7

73.2

36.9

0 20 40 60 80

Malta

Italy

Greece

Croatia

Poland

Hungary

Romania

Slovakia

Spain

Luxembourg

Belgium

Czech Republic

Bulgaria

EU15

France

Ireland

Portugal

Lithuania

Cyprus

Slovenia

Germany

Austria

Latvia

United Kingdom

Estonia

Finland

Netherlands

Sweden

Denmark

32.5

49.2

64.1

0 20 40 60 80

Malta

Italy

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Greece

Croatia

Belgium

Germany

Spain

Poland

EU15

Hungary

Ireland

Austria

United Kingdom

Slovakia

Romania

France

Czech Republic

Bulgaria

Portugal

Cyprus

Slovenia

Lithuania

Sweden

Denmark

Latvia

Finland

Estonia

Female employment rate (15-64) Female full-time equivalent employment rate (15-64)

2. Education and Labour market participation2.3. Time use


GLM Time use GLM2

Time spent in paid vs. unpaid work activities by gender, age groups, economic activity and household type

UNECE Gender Statistics Database,Eurostat, EU-SILCHarmonised European Time use Survey

1980-20082003-2007

Promote measures to facilitate equal sharing of family and care responsibilities between women and men.

Time Use of Employed Women and Men by Paid and Unpaid Work, 2000-2006In Hours per Day


2. Education and Labour market participation2.4. Labour market segregation and the earnings gap


GLM

Horizontal segregation

GLM3aPersons employed in private vs. public sector

UNECE Gender Statistics Database 1990-2001

GLM3b Employment by sector of activity, by gender

UNECE Gender Statistics Database 1990-2006

Vertical segregation

GLM4Gender gap in socio-economic power

Eurostat, LFS; UNECE Gender Statistics Database 1980-2007

Earnings gap GLM5

Gender pay gap, and earnings difference by age, occupation, length of service

Eurostat, Structure of Earnings Survey UNECE Gender Statistics Database

2002, 20061990-2008

Ensure equal pay for equal work or work of equal value for women and men, and protect women against any form of gender-related discrimination in the labour market.

Gender Pay Gap, 2006

Percentage Difference of Average Gross Hourly Payment of Female/ Male Paid Employees







5. Poverty

Appropriate measures to facilitate the reconciliation of family life with paid work for both women and men.

3. Reconciliation of work and family life3.1. Work flexibility


CoWF Work flexibility

CoWF1aPart-time employment, by gender and age groups (voluntary/involuntary)

Eurostat, LFSUNECE Gender Statistics Database

1980-2009

CoWF1bTemporary employment, by gender and age groups

Eurostat, LFS 1998-2009

CoWF1cRemuneration of special leave days

Eurostat, LFS, Ad-hoc modules 2005

Part-time Employment Rates for Women, 2006

As a Percentage of Total Employment and Its Breakdown to Voluntary / Involuntary Part-time Employment


3. Reconciliation of work and family life3.2. Parental leave and benefit payment


CoWFParental leave and benefit payment

CoWF2aLength of parental leave (paid / unpaid)

International Review of Leave Policies, 2008

2008

CoWF2bParental benefit in % of AW (net benefit as a % of net earning)


2008

CoWF2cPaternity leave (length and benefit )


2008

CoWF2dParental benefit (individual / family right)

International Review of Leave Policies, 2008, MISSOC Database, 2008

2008

CoWF2e Parental leave flexibility

International Review of Leave Policies, 2008, MISSOC Database, 2008

2008

Parental/Maternity Leave: Length of Leave and Benefit Payment, 2008


3. Reconciliation of work and family life3.3. Childcare


CoWF Childcare

CoWF3a Main type of childcare used Eurostat, EU-SILC 2006 2005-2007

CoWF3bChildren in formal childcare by age and duration

Eurostat, EU-SILC 2006 2005-2007

CoWF3cAvailability of childcare (number of kindergartens, public and private)

National Administrative Sources

Provision of affordable and high-quality care facilities for children.

Main Type of Childcare Used, 2005

Childcare Used by Employed Persons for Own/Spouse's Children







5. Poverty

Ensure that women and men can participate and benefit from full and equal access to social protection systems.



GPEN Retirement and Pensions

GPEN1aActual retirement and seniority by gender

SPC Report (2006, 2009)

GPEN1bMain reasons for retirement, by gender

Eurostat, LFS, Ad-hoc module 2006

GPEN1cEarly/late retirement, by gender


GPEN1dAverage service time of new old age pensioners by gender


GPEN1e

Net theoretical pension replacement rates for women, by number of years out of labour market due to childcare

SPC Report (2009)

GPEN1d Pension credits

OECD,MISSOC,National sources

Pension Costs of Career Breaks for Childcare, 2009

Cumulative Difference in Net Theoretical Pension Replacement Rates for a Woman, Average Earner Who Makes a Career Break for Childcare Years Compared with One with a Full Career


Women Experienced Negative Consequences for the Career because of Staying at Home to Care for the Child by Duration, 2004







5. Poverty

Alleviate poverty in old age for all.

5. PovertyIncome poverty and Material deprivation


GPOV Poverty

Income poverty

GPOV1aGender gap, by age groups and household type

Eurostat, EU-SILC 2003-2007

Material deprivation GPOV1b

Gender gap, by age and household type

Eurostat, EU-SILC 2003-2007

• Understanding the problem or issue is half the battle. - Identifying the scope and objectives

III. Data collection and related challenges

• Comparability - Making use of existing international indicators• Survey vs census; research-administered vs self-administered surveys; In-home,

postal or telephone? - Some issues may require special surveys• Consistent surveys to be undertaken periodically - Monitoring change, measuring results• Transparency - ‘Opening the books’ - Documentation of data, methodologies and assumptions• Capability and expertise - Training of staff• Building greater institutional capacity - Developing a `research culture` - Strenghtening links with acedemic and research bodies, and other stakeholders (i.e. NGOs)• Dissemination – Meeting users' needs - Making results available using various forms and techniques of dissemination• Policy-environment that is receptive to evidence

Not everything that can be

counted counts, and

not everything that counts can

be counted.

Albert Einstein

Thank you for your attention !

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