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Module 2 : Part 2Module 2 : Part 2
INTRODUCTION
TO HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION
TO HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
Module ObjectivesModule Objectives
• At the end of the module, students should be able to: – identify the two major components of operating system
software– understand why a computer isn’t useful without an
operating system– describe the five basic functions of an operating system– describe what happens when the computer is turn on – state three major types of user interfaces– describe the concept of software versions and systems
requirements– identify the differences between types of software
Operating System SoftwareOperating System Software
• System software includes all of the programs needed to keep a computer and its peripheral devices running smoothly
• Two major components of system software are:– Operating systems (OS)– System utilities
The Operating System (OS):The Computer’s Traffic CopThe Operating System (OS):The Computer’s Traffic Cop
• The operating system is a set of programs that perform certain basic functions with a specific type of hardware
• Among the functions of the OS are:– Starting the computer
– Managing programs
– Managing memory
– Handling messages from input and output devices
– Enabling user interaction with the computer
OS Starting the ComputerOS Starting the Computer
• Booting – The process of loading or reloading the operating system into the computer’s memory
• The booting processes are:– Cold boot – Loads the OS when the power
is turned off– Warm boot – Reloads the OS when the
computer is already on
The step-by-step booting process (click for each step):
BIOS is loaded
Power-on Self-test is completed
OperatingSystem is
loaded
System configuration
isaccomplishedSystem
Utilities areloaded
Users areauthenticated
Starting the ComputerStarting the Computer
Step 1: The BIOS and Setup ProgramStep 1: The BIOS and Setup Program
• ROM (Read Only Memory) – Permanent and unchanging memory
• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) – The part of the system software that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input and output
• Load – To transfer from a storage device to memory• ROM loads BIOS into the computer’s memory• Setup program – A special program containing settings
that control the computer’s hardware• The program can be accessed while the BIOS information
is visible
Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
• POST (Power-On-Self-Test) – A series of tests conducted on the computer’s main memory (random access memory or RAM), input/output devices, disk drives, and the hard disk
• BIOS conducts a POST to check the input/output system for operability
• The computer will produce a beeping sound and an error message will appear on the monitor if any problems are encountered
Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads
Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads
• BIOS searches for the OS• Settings in the CMOS (Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) determine where to look for the OS
• The operating system’s kernel is loaded into the computer’s memory
• The OS takes control of the computer and begins loading system configuration information
Step 4: System ConfigurationStep 4: System Configuration
• Registry – A database that stores information about peripherals and software
• Peripheral – Device connected to a computer
• Driver – A utility program that makes peripheral devices function properly
• The system is configured from the operating system’s registry
• Drivers are loaded into memory
Step 5: System Utilities LoadsStep 5: System Utilities Loads
• System utilities are loaded into memory
– Volume control
– Antivirus software
– PC card unplugging utility
Step 6: Users AuthenticationStep 6: Users Authentication
• Authentication or user login occurs– User name– Password
• The user interface starts, enabling user interaction with computer programs
OS Managing ApplicationsOS Managing Applications
• Single-tasking operating systems run one application program at a time
• Multitasking operating systems have the ability to run more than one application program at a time
• Multitasking is accomplished by:
– A foreground application – The active program or program in use
– One or more background applications – Inactive program(s) or program(s) not in use
OS Managing MemoryOS Managing Memory
• Computers use memory to make processing more fluid
• The operating system allocates memory areas for each running program; it keeps programs from interfering with each other
• The operating system uses virtual memory as an extension of random access memory (RAM)
Managing Virtual MemoryManaging Virtual Memory
least recentlyused data or
program instructions
pageswapped
out
swap file
Virtual memorymanagement
hard diskpage
swapped in
most recentlytransferred data or
program instructions
memory
OS Handling Input and OutputOS Handling Input and Output
• Input and output devices generate interrupts, or signals, that tell the operating system that something has happened
• The OS provides interrupt handlers or mini-programs that begin when an interrupt occurs
• Interrupt request (IRQ) lines handle the communications between input/output devices and the CPU
• An IRQ conflict causes system instability when two devices try to use the same IRQ line
OS Providing the User InterfaceOS Providing the User Interface
• The user interface is that part of the operating system with which the user interacts with a computer
• User interface functions:
– Start application programs
– Manage disks and files
– Shut down the computer safely
Command-Line InterfaceCommand-Line Interface
• Command-line:– The user is required to type keywords or
commands in order to enter data or give instructions
Menu-driven User InterfaceMenu-driven User Interface
• Menu-driven:– Text-based menus are used to show all of
the options available to the user
Graphical User Interface (GUI)Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Graphical user interface (GUI):
– Uses graphics to create a desktop environment
– Icons (small pictures) represent computer resources
– Programs run within on-screen windows
System Utilities: Tools for Housekeeping
System Utilities: Tools for Housekeeping
• System utilities are programs that help the operating system manage the computer system’s resources
• Types of utilities:
– Backup software
– Antivirus software
– Disk scanning
– Disk de-fragmentation
– File management
– File-searching software
– File compression
• Application software refers to programs that enable the user to be productive when using the computer
Application SoftwareApplication Software
Personal Productivity
Word Processing
Spreadsheets
Address Books
Multimedia/Graphics
Desktop Publishing
Photo Editing
3D Rendering
Internet
Web Browsers
Home/Education
Personal Finance
Tax Preparation
Reference
Games
• General Purpose applications are applications used by many people to accomplish frequently performed tasks
General-Purpose ApplicationsGeneral-Purpose Applications
Microsoft Office
WordPerfect Office 12
Lotus SmartSuite
Word processing
Microsoft Word WordPerfect Word Pro
Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel Quattro Pro Lotus 1-2-3
Database Microsoft Access Paradox Lotus Approach
Presentation Graphics
Microsoft PowerPoint
Corel Presentations
Freelance Graphics
Personal information managers
Microsoft Outlook Corel Central Lotus Organizer
Software SuitesSoftware Suites
System RequirementsSystem Requirements
• System requirements refers to the minimum level of equipment needed to run a program
– Platform– PC or MAC– Microprocessor– Drive– 3.5 Floppy or CD-ROM– RAM– Available hard disk space
Sample Minimum System Requirements• IBM compatible PC with a 486 PC processor or better (Pentium®
recommended)• Microsoft Windows® 95• 12 MB RAM (16 MB recommended)• Hard disk space (standard installation approx. 100 MB)• CD-ROM drive (2x or better)• Mouse or other pointing device
• Software producers include a version number with their products
• Version numbers identify the release of the program being used
• Recent releases have numbers greater than earlier releases (Recent Ver. 6.0; Earlier Ver. 1.0)
– Whole numbers are major revisions (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, etc.)
– Decimal numbers refer to maintenance releases or updates and fixes (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.)
Software VersionSoftware Version
Commercial Software, Shareware, Freeware and Public Domain Software
Commercial Software, Shareware, Freeware and Public Domain Software
• Most computer software is copyrighted
• Software piracy – Infringing on a program’s copyright– Copyrighted software can not be:
• Copied• Altered• Used on more than one computer
• Types of copyrighted software:– Commercial – Buy before using it– Shareware – Try it before you buy it– Freeware – Free software, but it can’t be copied and/or
sold
• Public domain software is not copyrighted. There are no restrictions on using, copying, altering, or selling the software Open Source
Commercial Software, Shareware, Freeware and Public Domain Software
Commercial Software, Shareware, Freeware and Public Domain Software