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Module 25
Storage: Retaining Information
Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Sensory Memory
Storage: Sensory Memory
Visual persistence the beginning of memory
Characteristics of Sensory Memory: Large Capacity Very brief in duration (3-5 sec.) Two types visual (iconic) and auditory
(echoic)
Storage:Retaining Information
Iconic Memory a momentary sensory memory of
visual stimuli a photographic or picture image
memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory momentary sensory memory of
auditory stimuli
SPERLING (1960) SENSORY MEMORY
On the next slide, you will first see a letter X which will disappear and be replaced by 12 letters and numbers flashed briefly on the screen. To prepare to see the
letters and numbers, focus on the X. As soon as you see the letters and numbers, write down all of the
letters and numbers you remember.
X X X XX X X XX X X X
WHOLE REPORT
Here’s where the letters and numbers will appear when I flash them. The next slide will provide you a place to focus your attention. Keep your eyes on the “X” on the next slide and I will flash the letters and numbers.
X
B 5 Q T2 H S 9O 4 M Y
B 5 Q T2 H S 9O 4 M Y
> X X X X <X X X XX X X X
PARTIAL REPORT – NO DELAY.
For the next demonstration, I will ask you to report only the Top, Middle, or Bottom row. The row to report will be identified by arrows IMMEDIATELY when you see the letters.
> REPORT THIS ROW <
X
2 V 9 RQ M 7 L
> K H 5 F <
2 V 9 RQ M 7 L
> K H 5 F <
2 V 9 RQ M 7 L
> K H 5 F <
> X X X X <X X X XX X X X
> > X X X X < <X X X XX X X X
> > X X X X < <X X X XX X X X
X X X XX X X X
> X X X X <
X X X XX X X XX X X X
X X X X> X X X X <X X X X
PARTIAL REPORT – SLIGHT DELAY.
For the next demonstration, I will ask you to report only the Top, Middle, or Bottom row. The row to report will be set off by arrows ONLY AFTER you have seen the letters.
> REPORT THIS ROW <
X
G 1 W KZ A 3 87 U X P
G 1 W K> Z A 3 8 <7 U X P
G 1 W KZ A 3 87 U X P
National Geographic - Memory Game
Short Term Memory Test
National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com
AttentionIn order to get information from sensory
memory to STM must pay attention.
Ability to ignore lots of information Ability to automatically process information
0
STROOP EFFECT
On the next slide, you will see a column of letters in green, red, and blue. Your task is
to whisper the names of the COLORS as fast as you can from the top to the bottom
of the column. Ignore the letters themselves, just WHISPER THE NAME THE
COLORS. When you finish, note the number at the bottom of the screen, which represents the time, in seconds, it took you
to finish the list.
1234567891011121314151617181920
0
LIST 1 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1234567891011121314151617181920
0
LIST 2 CUPDESKTABLECUP TABLETABLECUPDESKTABLEDESKDESKCUP
1234567891011121314151617181920
0
LIST 3 GREENREDGREENREDBLUEGREENBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUE
1234567891011121314151617181920
0
LIST 4 GREENREDBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUEBLUEGREENREDGREEN
1234567891011121314151617181920
LIST 1XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
LIST 2
CUPDESKTABLECUP TABLETABLECUPDESKTABLEDESKDESKCUP
LIST 3
GREENREDGREENREDBLUEGREENBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUE
LIST 4
GREENREDBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUEBLUEGREENREDGREEN
Stroop Effect
With experienced adult readers, automatic processing tends to occur causing interference in the processing of information and a significant increase in the time required to name the colors.
Attention
In order to get information from sensory memory to STM must pay attention.
Ability to ignore lots of information Ability to automatically process
information
Storage:Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
limited in duration and capacity
“magical” number 7+/-2
0102030405060708090
3 6 9 12 15 18
Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Percentagewho recalledconsonants
SHORT-TERM MEMORY SPAN
You will see a series of letters, one at a time, followed instructions to write
down the letters you saw in the exact order they appeared. Do not write
anything until you see the instructions.
*
TRIAL 1
B
Z
T
K
Write the letters in exact order
B Z T K
*
TRIAL 2
D
J
R
N
Q
P
Write the letters in exact order
D J R N Q P
*
TRIAL 3
M
T
X
V
L
C
S
R
F
H
Write the letters in exact order
M T X V L C S R F H
*
TRIAL 4 (Can you remember 14 letters?)
F
R
O
G
B
A
T
P
I
G
D
U
C
K
Write the letters in exact order
F R O G B A T P I G D U C K
Storage: Short-term Memory
Number Activity
Storage:Long-Term Memory
How does storage work? Karl Lashley (1950)
rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory
Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention
Storage:Long-Term Memory
Amnesia--the loss of memory Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
also called declarative memory hippocampus-(HM)-neural center in limbic
system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Implicit Memory retention independent of conscious recollection also called procedural memoryClive Wearing
Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems
Types oflong-termmemories
Explicit(declarative)
With consciousrecall
Implicit(nondeclarative)
Without conscious recall
Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)
Personally experienced
events(“episodic memory”)
Skills-motorand cognitive
Dispositions-classical and
operant conditioning
effects
Storage:Long-Term Memory
MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
Hippocampus