Module 4 power point presentation 20140520

Module 4

Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation

One UN Training Service Platform

on Climate Change: UN CC:Learn



Learning Objectives

1. Explain the importance of climate change mitigation and low carbon

development

2. Describe relevant policy approaches and strategic

frameworks

4. Define main international mechanisms to support climate

change mitigation and low carbon development

3. Identify key sectors for low carbon development and outline

relevant mitigation options

By the end of the module

participants will be able to:

Module 4: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation

2



Overview


3

OVERVIEW

Section 1

Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation and Low Carbon Development

Section 2

Strategic Frameworks and

Policy Approaches for

Mitigation and Low Carbon

Development

Section 3

Sectors with High Mitigation Potential

Section 4

International Initiatives to Support

Climate Change Mitigation



Section 1Introduction to Climate

Change Mitigation and

Low Carbon Development


4



What is Climate Change Mitigation?

Source: UNFCCC 2009. Further info: UNEP

Website

Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation

and Low Carbon Development

Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce/prevent

emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) or

to enhance their removal from the

atmosphere

by sinks.

5

http://www.unep.org/climatechange/mitigation/



Key Concepts Related to Climate Change Mitigation

• A technology, practice, or policy that reduces or limits emissions of GHGs or increases their sequestration

Mitigation Option

• Low carbon development refers to economic development with minimal output of GHG emissions

Low Carbon/Emission Development

• An economy that results in “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities” (UNEP 2010)

Green Economy

6



Further info: UN Sustainable Development Knowledge

Platform

http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1445



Major Greenhouse Gases Contributing to Climate Change

Source: Reproduced from IPCC 2007, UNEP 2012, and FERN

Greenhouse Gas Human Source (Examples) % of Total Global

GHG Emissions

(2010)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fossil fuel combustion, land use

changes, cement production, …

76%

Methane (CH4) Fossil fuel mining/distribution,

livestock, rice agriculture, landfills, …

16%

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Agriculture (fertilisers) and

associated land use change, …

6%

Hydrofluorocarbons

(e.g. HFCs)

Liquid coolants, … < 2%

Perfluorocarbons

(e.g. PFCs)

Refrigerant, electronics industry and

aluminium industry, …

< 2%

Sulphur hexafluoride

(SF6)

Insulator in electronics and

magnesium industry, …

< 2%

Nitrogen trifluoride

(NF3)

Electronics and photovoltaic

industries, …

< 2%

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http://www.fern.org/pt-br/node/5188



Global “Carbon Budget” to Avoid Warming Beyond 2°C

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Total budget of anthropogenic

CO2 emissions to limit warming to

2°C

appr. 1,000 GtC

Total anthropogenic CO2

emissions 1870-2011

appr. 500 GtC

Remaining “carbon budget” appr. 500 GtC

If no action is taken,

carbon budget will be exhausted in 30 years

Source: Based on IPCC 2013





Emission Reduction Pledges

Source: UNEP 2012, p2

9





Estimated and Projected Levels of Annual GHG Emissions


10





Mitigating Greenhouse Gases: A Shared Global Responsibility

Global emissions need to be

reduced by at least 50% by

2050

The emission pledges made,

if fully met, place the world

on a trajectory for a global

warming of well over 3°C

Without emission reduction in

developing countries it will

not possible to stay within the

maximum temperature

increase of 2ºC

Global average surface temperature increase compared to pre-

industrial levels (source: World Bank 2012)

YEAR

Source: Reproduced from IPCC 2007 and World Bank 2012

11





Total GHG Emissions of G20 Countries


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GHG Emissions of G20 Countries per Unit of GDP


13





GHG Emissions of G20 Countries per Capita


14





Co-Benefits Resulting from Mitigation and Low Carbon Development

• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems

• Improved water and air quality

• Restoration of degraded land

• …

Environmental

• Employment creation

• Energy security

• New economic opportunities

• Potential cost savings

• …

Economic

• Access to better services

• Health benefits

• Lifestyle benefits

• …

Social

15





Co-Benefits from Biogas Energy Production in Rural China

16

Video: Example of a project for biogas energy

production in China.

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIda6HiXc4k



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIda6HiXc4k

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIda6HiXc4k



Section 2Strategic Frameworks and

Policy Approaches for

Mitigation and Low

Carbon Development


17



Low Carbon Development Requires:

Political thinking to develop and implement plans and strategies resulting in less carbon intense economic development

Patterns of consumption and production, which are resource and energy efficient

Redirection of investments towards clean technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable management of water, agriculture and forests

Section 2: Strategic Frameworks and Policy Approaches for

Mitigation and Low Carbon Development

18

Further info: EU

and UNPD Low

Emission Capacity

Building

Programme

http://www.lowemissiondevelopment.org/work-areas/namas-and-leds



Low-Emission Development Strategy (LEDS)

LEDS

Green growth

strategy

National development

plan

Poverty reduction strategy

Other national

strategies

Sectoralstrategies

National sustainable

development strategy

Source: Reproduced from GIZ 2012

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http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/factsheet_minderung_leds_en_2012-03-19.pdf



Examples of LEDS

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Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy

Bangladesh‘s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

Korea’s National Strategy for Green Growth



Further info: UNDP website, UNCSD

website

http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/287CRGE Ethiopia Green Economy_Brochure.pdf

http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/287CRGE Ethiopia Green Economy_Brochure.pdf

http://www.moef.gov.bd/climate_change_strategy2009.pdf

http://www.moef.gov.bd/climate_change_strategy2009.pdf

http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/201004_unep_national_strategy.pdf

http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/201004_unep_national_strategy.pdf

http://www.undp.org/content/seoul_policy_center/en/home/korean-development-knowledge/green-growth/

http://www.uncsd2012.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=287&menu=45



Elements of LEDS

Economy-wide, long-term mitigation goals and vision

Emissions data and projections

Survey of cost-efficient mitigation options and their prioritization

Identification of mitigation policies, actions and related targets

Further info: Mitigation Partnership website

21



http://mitigationpartnership.net/low-emission-development-strategies-and-plans-leds-0



Policy Instruments to Foster Low Carbon Development

• Emission trading schemes

• Payment for ecosystem servicesMarket based instruments

• Subsidies

• Access to capitalFinancial incentives

• Taxes and tariffs• Sector-specific fiscal stimulus package

Fiscal instruments

• Research, development and demonstration activities

• Environmental and social standards

• Skills development and awareness-raising

Other

22





Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

Source: GIZ 2012

23



http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/factsheet_minderung__namas_en.._2012-02-17.pdf



Examples of NAMAs Underway

For more information on

planned and

implemented NAMAs

please visit the NAMA

Database or the NAMA

registry

24

Mexico

• Building

• Transport

Indonesia

• Peat Land

Tunisia

• Solar Plan

Chile

• Transport Sector



http://www.nama-database.org/

https://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/nama/items/7476.php

http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/NAMA_for_sustainable_housing_in_Mexico

http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/NAMA_based_on_the_Federal_Mass_Transit_Programme

http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/Sustainable_peatland_management_in_Indonesia

http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/Plan_Solaire_Tunisia_NAMA

http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/E-mobility_readiness_plan



Section 3Sectors with High

Mitigation Potential


25



Sectors with High Mitigation Potential


Section 3: Sectors with High Mitigation Potential

26

* Power generation,

refineries, coke ovens.

** Including non-

combustion CO2 from

limestone use and from

non-energy use of fuels

and N2O from chemical

production.

*** Including waste water.



Selected Mitigation Options: Energy


27

Use of renewable heat and power

(hydropower, solar, wind,

geothermal and bioenergy)

Improved supply and distribution

efficiency

Carbon capture storage (CCS)

Combined heat and power

…

Source: UNEP

http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2649&ArticleID=8831



Case Example Energy: Renewable Energy in Bhutan


Rural electrification has been an integral part of the Royal Government of

Bhutan’s strategy to reduce poverty and stimulate economic activities in rural

areas. In order to improve national energy security, the Department of Energy

of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Bhutan developed a Renewable Energy

Policy in 2011.

28

Further info: UNESCAP Green Growth

Website

http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/RE-Policy-65.pdf

http://www.greengrowth.org/?q=initiatives/rural-renewable-energy-development-project



Selected Mitigation Options: Transport


29

More fuel efficient vehicles

Use of alternative energy sources

(biofuels, cleaner diesel, etc.)

Better land-use and transport

planning

Shift from individual transport to

public transport systems

More efficient driving practices

Non-motorized transport (cycling,

walking)

…

Source: City Fix

http://thecityfix.com/blog/unep-brt-key-to-sustainable-urban-development-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/



Case Example Transport: Co-Benefits of Bogotá’s Bus Rapid Transit System

Source: UNFCCC


30



Efficient lighting and day lighting

More efficient electrical

appliances and heating and

cooling devices

Improved insulation

Integrated design of buildings

including technologies such as

intelligent meters that provide

feedback and control

Solar photovoltaic systems

integrated in buildings

…

Selected Mitigation Options: Buildings


31

Source: UN-Habitat

http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9599&catid=7&typeid=46&subMenuId=0&AllContent=1



Case Example Buildings: Energy Efficient Housing in Bulgaria


32

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym-WAJSqjAY

Video: This video presents an example of work by

UNECE on efficient housing in Bulgaria

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym-WAJSqjAY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym-WAJSqjAY



Process-specific technologies that

improve efficiency and reduce

emissions

Material recycling and substitution

Heat and power

recovery/cogeneration

Control of greenhouse gas

emissions

…

Selected Mitigation Options: Industry


33

Source: UNIDO

http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/Green_Industry_Initiative_UNIDO.pdf



New emission removal and

control system

Investment costs:

USD 2,210

Annual net savings:

USD 14,400

Payback period:

less than 2 months

Case Example: Emission Reductions in the Cement Industry in Mongolia


34

Source: UNEP/Yurtcimento. Further info: Green Industry

Platform

http://www.yurtcimento.com/

http://www.greenindustryplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Erel-Cement-Company-case-study.pdf



Manure and livestock management

to reduce CH4 emissions

Improved fertilizer application

techniques to reduce N2O

emissions

Improved crop and grazing land

management to increase soil

carbon storage

Restoration of cultivated peaty

soils and degraded lands

Agro-forestry practices

…

Selected Mitigation Options: Agriculture


35

Source: Succow-Stiftung

http://www.succow-stiftung.de/peatland-restoration-in-russia.html



In Focus: FAO Climate-Smart Agriculture

Agriculture faces

intertwined challenges

Ensuring food security

Adapting to climate

change

Contributing to climate

change mitigation


36

http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmartpub/en/

http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf



Selected Mitigation Options: Forestry


37

Reduced deforestation

Afforestation/reforestation

Forest management

Tree species improvement to

increase biomass productivity and

carbon sequestration

… Source: UN-REDD

http://www.un-redd.org/AboutREDD/tabid/102614/Default.aspx



Case Example Forestry: UN-REDD in Indonesia


38

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fia4RxqU4Sk

Video: This video present the UN-REDD

programme in Indonesia

http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/Indonesia/tabid/987/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fia4RxqU4Sk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fia4RxqU4Sk



Selected Mitigation Options: Waste


39

Landfill methane recovery

Waste incineration with energy

recovery

Composting of organic waste

Controlled wastewater

treatment

Recycling and waste

minimization

Biocovers and biofilters to

optimize CH4 oxidation

Source: UNEP

http://www.unep.org/NewsCentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2752&ArticleID=9637



Case Example: Waste Management in South Africa

Mariannhill Landfill -

South Africa’s first Clean

Development Mechanism

(CDM) project

Landfill electricity

generation from methane

The project is made

possible via the flexible

mechanisms for carbon

funding


Source: Africa Trust

40

http://www.dbnlandfillgas2elec.co.za/

https://cdm.unfccc.int/

http://www.afristruct.co.za/landfill.html



International Initiatives to

Support Climate Change

Mitigation

Section 4


41



International Mechanisms to Promote Climate Change Mitigation

Section 4: International Initiatives to Support Climate

Change Mitigation

42

Source: IGES 2013, slide 10

http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/3352/attach/new_mech_charts.pdf



Kyoto Flexible Market Mechanisms


Change Mitigation

43

Three Kyoto Mechanisms

Joint Implementation

(JI)

Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM)

Emission Trading

http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/joint_implementation/items/1674.php

http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php

http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/emissions_trading/items/2731.php



New Market Mechanism (NMM)


Change Mitigation

44

Recognized limits of CDM

implementation (project focus)

Decision at COP 17 to create a New

Market Mechanismto account for sector-wide emissions

NMM will operate under COP and will

be voluntary –details to be negotiated

How Does the European Emissions Trading Scheme Work?

URL:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReOj12UAus4

Video: This video provides more detailed information on the Emission Trading Scheme




Change Mitigation

45

45

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReOj12UAus4



Some UN Work Programmes and Initiatives to Support Mitigation

Nairobi Framework

• To assist countries with CDM implementation

• To enable countries to identify, develop and submit and process CDM projects

UN REDD Program

• Seeks to create a financial value for carbon stored in trees

• Offers incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands

NAMA Registry

• Web based platform linking developers and facilitators


Change Mitigation

46

https://cdm.unfccc.int/Nairobi_Framework/index.html

http://www.un-redd.org/

https://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/nama/items/7476.php



Annex Additional Resources

47




Module Summary48

Additional Resources

Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce greenhouse gases emissions or to

enhance their removal from the atmosphere by sinks.

Implementing mitigation actions can bring social, economic and

environmental co-benefits.

The sectors with the biggest mitigation potential are: energy, industry,

transport, agriculture, forestry and waste.

Given the fundamental changes required to achieve low carbon

development, mitigation actions needs to be integrated with broader

development goals and plans.

Many countries have made pledges to reduce their emissions.

However current pledges are not sufficient to prevent dangerous

climate change (global temperature increase beyond 2°C).

There are several international mechanisms to support mitigation,

many of them created under the Kyoto Protocol.



Useful Links

UNEP CDM Methodologies &

Technologies Selection Tool

Green Growth Knowledge

Platform

CDM Bazaar

International Partnership on Mitigation and

MRV

CIFOR – Forest Carbon Database

NAMA Partnership

WBI e-Courses on Low Carbon Development

UNESCAP Green Growth Online e-Learning Facility

ClimateTechWiki

49


http://www.cdm-meth.org/

http://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/Pages/GGKPHome.aspx

http://www.cdmbazaar.net/

http://www.mitigationpartnership.net/

http://carbonstock.cifor.org/user/HomeMap

http://www.namapartnership.org/

http://einstitute.worldbank.org/ei/CourseTheme

http://www.greengrowth-elearning.org/lms/

http://climatetechwiki.org/



Recommended Readings

FAO (2013). Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook

IPCC (2011). Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change

Mitigation

UNIDO (2011). Policies for Supporting Green Industry

UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable

Development and Poverty Eradication

UNEP (2012). The Emissions Gap Report

Olivier J., Janssens-Maenhout G. and Peters J. (2012). Trends in

Global CO2 Emissions 2012 Report

OECD (2010). Low-Emission Development Strategies (LEDS):

Technical, Institutional and Policy Lessons

World Bank (2012). Turn Down the Heat

50


http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_smart_agriculture_sourcebook

http://www.uncclearn.org/renewable_energy_sources_and_climate_change_mitiga

http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Green_Industry/web_policies_green_industry.pdf

http://www.uncclearn.org/towards_green_economy_pathways_sustainable_develop

http://www.uncclearn.org/emissions_gap_report_2012

http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/CO2REPORT2012.pdf

http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/46553489.pdf

http://www.uncclearn.org/turn_down_heat_why_4%C2%B0c_warmer_world_must_be_avoide



Main References

UNEP (2012). The Emissions Gap Report

UNFCCC. CGE Training Materials – Mitigating Climate Change

UNFCCC. Official Website – Mitigation

UNITAR (2013). Climate Change Diplomacy: Negotiating Effectively

under the UNFCCC, Module IV Mitigating Climate Change

51


http://www.uncclearn.org/emissions_gap_report_2012

http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/training_material/methodological_documents/items/349.php

http://unfccc.int/focus/mitigation/items/7173.php

http://www.unitar.org/event/fr/climate-change-diplomacy-negotiating-effectively-under-unfccc

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