PowerPoint Presentation13-*
6th Edition
13-*
In this chapter, you learn:
How to use regression analysis to predict the value of a dependent variable based on an independent variable
The meaning of the regression coefficients b0 and b1
To make inferences about the slope and correlation coefficient
To predict individual values
13-*
Correlation vs. Regression
A scatter plot can be used to show the relationship between two variables
Correlation analysis is used to measure the strength of the association (linear relationship) between two variables
Correlation is only concerned with strength of the relationship
No causal effect is implied with correlation
DCOVA
13-*
Regression analysis is used to:
Predict the value of a dependent variable based on the value of at least one independent variable
Explain the impact of changes in an independent variable on the dependent variable
Dependent variable: the variable we wish to
predict or explain
Independent variable: the variable used to predict or explain the dependent variable
DCOVA
13-*
Only one independent variable, X
Relationship between X and Y is described by a linear function
Changes in Y are assumed to be related to changes in X
DCOVA
13-*
13-*
13-*
13-*
13-*
(continued)
Y
X
Xi
13-*
The simple linear regression equation provides an estimate of the population regression line
Simple Linear Regression Equation (Prediction Line)
Estimate of the regression
Estimated (or predicted) Y value for observation i
Value of X for observation i
DCOVA
13-*
The Least Squares Method
b0 and b1 are obtained by finding the values of that minimize the sum of the squared differences between Y and :
DCOVA
13-*
DCOVA
13-*
b0 is the estimated average value of Y when the value of X is zero
b1 is the estimated change in the average value of Y as a result of a one-unit increase in X
Interpretation of the
13-*
Simple Linear Regression Example
A real estate agent wishes to examine the relationship between the selling price of a home and its size (measured in square feet)
A random sample of 10 houses is selected
Dependent variable (Y) = house price in $1000s
Independent variable (X) = square feet
DCOVA
13-*
DCOVA
Square Feet (X)
13-*
House price model: Scatter Plot
DCOVA
Chart2
1400
1600
1700
1875
1100
1550
2350
2450
1425
1700
245
312
279
308
199
219
405
324
319
255
Sheet1
13-*
1. Choose Data
13-*
(continued)
DCOVA
13-*
The regression equation is:
13-*
House price model: Scatter Plot and Prediction Line
Slope
= 0.10977
Intercept
= 98.248
DCOVA
Chart2
1400
1600
1700
1875
1100
1550
2350
2450
1425
1700
245
0
312
0
279
0
308
0
199
0
219
0
405
0
324
0
319
0
255
0
Sheet1
13-*
Simple Linear Regression Example: Interpretation of bo
b0 is the estimated average value of Y when the value of X is zero (if X = 0 is in the range of observed X values)
Because a house cannot have a square footage of 0, b0 has no practical application
DCOVA
13-*
Simple Linear Regression Example: Interpreting b1
b1 estimates the change in the average value of Y as a result of a one-unit increase in X
Here, b1 = 0.10977 tells us that the mean value of a house increases by .10977($1000) = $109.77, on average, for each additional one square foot of size
DCOVA
13-*
Predict the price for a house with 2000 square feet:
The predicted price for a house with 2000 square feet is 317.85($1,000s) = $317,850
Simple Linear Regression Example: Making Predictions
DCOVA
13-*
Simple Linear Regression Example: Making Predictions
When using a regression model for prediction, only predict within the relevant range of data
Relevant range for interpolation
Do not try to extrapolate beyond the range of observed X’s
DCOVA
Chart2
1400
1600
1700
1875
1100
1550
2350
2450
1425
1700
245
0
312
0
279
0
308
0
199
0
219
0
405
0
324
0
319
0
255
0
Sheet1
13-*
Total Sum of Squares
Regression Sum of Squares
Error Sum of Squares
Yi = Observed value of the dependent variable
= Predicted value of Y for the given Xi value
DCOVA
13-*
SST = total sum of squares (Total Variation)
Measures the variation of the Yi values around their mean Y
SSR = regression sum of squares (Explained Variation)
Variation attributable to the relationship between X and Y
SSE = error sum of squares (Unexplained Variation)
Variation in Y attributable to factors other than X
(continued)
13-*
(continued)
Xi
Y
X
Yi
13-*
The coefficient of determination is the portion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by variation in the independent variable
The coefficient of determination is also called r-squared and is denoted as r2
Coefficient of Determination, r2
13-*
Perfect linear relationship between X and Y:
100% of the variation in Y is explained by variation in X
DCOVA
13-*
Weaker linear relationships between X and Y:
Some but not all of the variation in Y is explained by variation in X
DCOVA
13-*
No linear relationship between X and Y:
The value of Y does not depend on X. (None of the variation in Y is explained by variation in X)
Y
X
13-*
Simple Linear Regression Example: Coefficient of Determination, r2 in Excel
58.08% of the variation in house prices is explained by variation in square feet
DCOVA
13-*
Standard Error of Estimate
The standard deviation of the variation of observations around the regression line is estimated by
Where
n = sample size
13-*
DCOVA
13-*
Y
Y
X
X
SYX is a measure of the variation of observed Y values from the regression line
The magnitude of SYX should always be judged relative to the size of the Y values in the sample data
i.e., SYX = $41.33K is moderately small relative to house prices in the $200K - $400K range
DCOVA
13-*
Independence of Errors
Normality of Error
Error values are normally distributed for any given value of X
Equal Variance (also called homoscedasticity)
The probability distribution of the errors has constant variance
DCOVA
13-*
Inferences About the Slope
The standard error of the regression slope coefficient (b1) is estimated by
where:
= Standard error of the estimate
DCOVA
13-*
Is there a linear relationship between X and Y?
Null and alternative hypotheses
H1: β1 ≠ 0 (linear relationship does exist)
Test statistic
13-*
The slope of this model is 0.1098
Is there a relationship between the square footage of the house and its sales price?
DCOVA
Square Feet (x)
13-*
13-*
There is sufficient evidence that square footage affects house price
Decision: Reject H0
13-*
There is sufficient evidence that square footage affects house price.
Decision: Reject H0, since p-value < α
DCOVA
13-*
where
where FSTAT follows an F distribution with k numerator and (n – k - 1) denominator degrees of freedom
(k = the number of independent variables in the regression model)
DCOVA
13-*
p-value for the F-Test
13-*
There is sufficient evidence that house size affects selling price
0
= .05
13-*
Not knowing how to evaluate the assumptions
Not knowing the alternatives to least-squares regression if a particular assumption is violated
Using a regression model without knowledge of the subject matter
Extrapolating outside the relevant range
Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
13-*
the Pitfalls of Regression
Start with a scatter plot of X vs. Y to observe possible relationship
Perform residual analysis to check the assumptions
Plot the residuals vs. X to check for violations of assumptions such as homoscedasticity
Use a histogram, stem-and-leaf display, boxplot, or normal probability plot of the residuals to uncover possible non-normality
Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
13-*
the Pitfalls of Regression
If there is violation of any assumption, use alternative methods or models
If there is no evidence of assumption violation, then test for the significance of the regression coefficients and construct confidence intervals and prediction intervals
Avoid making predictions or forecasts outside the relevant range
(continued)
13-*
Reviewed assumptions of regression and correlation
Discussed determining the simple linear regression equation
Described measures of variation
Discussed possible pitfalls in regression and recommended strategies to avoid them
Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
13-*
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.
i
i
1
0
i
ε
X
β
β
Y