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ObjectivesObjectives
Classify epithelial tissue based on cell type and tissue layers.
Identify location of tissue epithelium in the respiratory system.
Describe the major structures and functions of the upper and lower airways.
Contrast and compare mouth and nose breathing. Explain how placing an endotracheal tube in the
airway will affect the humidification and filtering process.
The lung is for gas exchange.The lung is for gas exchange.
John B. West
Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials
Function of the Lungs/HeartFunction of the Lungs/Heart
Provide Ventilation Provide Respiration
Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Humidify and Protect Pump oxygen to vital organs
Cellular metabolism
Failure of the Lungs/HeartFailure of the Lungs/Heart
Hypoxemia – low oxygen level in the blood Decreased PaO2
Hypoxia - low oxygen level at the tissue level Decreased oxygen at the cellular level can
cause death of the tissue Presence of anaerobic respiration
VentilationVentilation
Brain Muscles Lungs
Inability of the lungs to remove carbon dioxide leads to hypercarbia, which is an elevated amount of carbon dioxide in the blood stream (PaCO2)
ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYSARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
INTUBATION
Tracheotomy with tracheostomy tube:1 - Vocal cords2 - Thyroid cartilage3 - Cricoid cartilage4 - Tracheal cartilages5 - Balloon cuff
Anatomy of the Respiratory Anatomy of the Respiratory SystemSystem
Tissue Epithelium Upper Airway Lower Airway Site of Gas
Exchange Pulmonary Vascular
System
Neural Control Lungs Mediastinum Thorax Muscles of
Ventilation
Four Tissue TypesFour Tissue Types
Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue
Bone, Cartilage, Blood, Fibrous Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
Neurons conduct electrical impulses
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Epithelium Covers and protects the body surface Lines body cavities Forms many glands Specializes in moving substances into and
out of the blood
•Lots of Surface Area
•aka Pavement, Sunny-side up egg
•Great for Diffusion of Gases
•Lots of Volume
•Volume = Cytoplasm
•Cytoplasm means metabolism
•Less diffusion
•Height is 2x Width
•Usually associated with secretion or absorption of material
•Very little diffusion
HISTOLOGY 101HISTOLOGY 101
Classification of Epithelium Classification of Epithelium by Layersby Layers
Simple Epithelium – Single Layer Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar
Stratified Epithelium – Multiple Layers Pseudostratified – Single Layer but
appears stratified Pseudo means “false”
Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium
Associated with PROTECTION Anterior portion of nasal cavity Oral cavity Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Pseudostratified Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium
SECRETION OF AND SWEEPING OF MUCUS
Posterior 2/3 of nose Tracheobronchial tree Function of cilia
Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumSimple Cuboidal Epithelium
PRIMARY FUNCTION IS SECRETION, FILTRATION & ABSORPTION
Bronchioles Clara Cells
Non-ciliated cells that secrete “surface-active agents” which prevent collapse.
Simple Cuboidal also found in alveoli (Type II cells that secrete surfactant)
Simple Squamous Simple Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium
PRIMARY FUNCTION – GAS EXCHANGE
Alveoli (Type I pneumocytes) Pulmonary capillaries
Upper AirwayUpper Airway
Function of the Upper Airway Conduct Air To prevent foreign materials from entering
the lower airway Smell/Speech
Anatomy of the NoseAnatomy of the Nose Bone and Cartilage Partition in the nose is called the nasal septum Air enters through the nostrils or nares Two nasal passages are called choanae Vibrissae filter the incoming gas
Whiskers First 1/3 is stratified squamous epithelium (PROTECTION)
Posterior 2/3 is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (MUCUS SECRETION)
Anatomy of the NoseAnatomy of the Nose
Mucous secreting glands are found in the posterior 2/3 of nose
Bony Protrusions on the lateral wall are called nasal turbinates or conchae Separate incoming gas into turbulent
airstreams – more contact Extensive capillary network
Constrict or dilate to change blood flow
Deviated SeptumDeviated Septum
The nasal septum can be deviated to the right or left More often to
the left
Physiology of the NosePhysiology of the Nose
Nose can filter particles down to 5 microns in diameter
Two factors which decrease the humidification and filtering ability of the nose is: Mouth Breathing Placement of an ET (endotracheal) tube
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Empty air spaces found in the bones of the skull; Paired Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary
They contain mucous secreting goblet cells which drain into the nasal cavity
Anatomy of the Oral CavityAnatomy of the Oral Cavity
Roof of the mouth is formed by the hard and soft palate Hard – Bony portion Soft – Fleshy portion
Uvula is the soft fleshy structure Epithelium is stratified squamous
epithelium which is non-ciliated. Palatine (faucial) tonsils are located on
each side of the oral cavity.
NasopharynxNasopharynx
Located posterior to nasal cavity
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Includes pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
Eustachian Tubes (auditory tubes) Connects the middle ear and
nasopharynx Middle ear infection is called
otitis media Complication of ET tubes
OropharynxOropharynx
Lies behind the oral cavity
Lingual tonsils lie at the root of the tongue
Statified squamous epithelium
LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx
Lies between the base of the tongue and the entrance to the esophagus
Lies posterior to the epiglottis
Stratified squamous epithelium
aka Hypopharynx