Module Five (based on “New Headway” units 9 & 12, Cutting Edge, Total English and PET reading and writing tests)

PART 1: Grammar structures TIME CLAUSES

Look at this sentence: I‟ll give her a ring when I get home.

It consists of two clauses: a main clause I‟ll give her a ring and a secondary clause when I get home. These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses:

when while as soon as after before until/till

They are NOT usually followed by a future form – they refer to future time, but we use a present tense. Some examples:

When I get home, I‟ll give you a ring. While we‟re away, I‟ll think of you every day. As soon as I hear from you, … Wait here until I get back.

Remember that WILL expresses a decision or intention made at the moment of speaking (see Mod. 4) but it also expresses a future fact in a neutral way. We use it to predict the future without expressing an intention, plan or personal judgement. EXERCISE 1 Complete the sentences with when, before, while or until. 1. I‟ll have a bath _______ I go to bed. 2. I‟m coming to London tomorrow. I‟ll ring you _______ I arrive. 3. Wait here _______ I get back. 4. I hope to see Tom _______ I‟m in London next week. 5. I want to get home _______ it gets dark. 6. I‟m going to have driving lessons _______ I pass my test. 7. Give me your address _______ you go home. 8. _______ I phone Bill tonight, I‟ll invite him to the party. 9. I won‟t pay him _______ he finishes the job. 10. I usually like to listen to the radio _______ I do the housework in the morning. FIRST CONDITIONAL FORM if + Present Simple, will + infinitive without to (or vice-versa but without the comma*) USE The first conditional is used to express a possible condition + a probable result in the future. Some examples: If my cheque comes, I‟ll buy us all a meal. You‟ll get wet if you don‟t take an umbrella. What will happen to the environment if we don‟t look after it?

Remember to use a present tense in the condition clause, NOT a future form. (Se domani piove/Se domani pioverà = If it rains tomorrow … NOT If it will rain …) EXERCISE 2 When I get to New York (p.72). Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense . Put if, when, while or as soon as into each box.

SECOND CONDITIONAL : FORM if + Past Simple, would + infinitive without to (or vice-versa but without the comma*) Note: were is often used instead of was in the condition clause. If I were you, I‟d go to bed. If he were cleverer, he‟d know he was making a mistake.

USE The second conditional is used to express an unreal and improbable condition and + its probable result in the present or future. The condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We can always say “But…” Some examples: If I were Prime Minister, I‟d increase tax for rich people. (But I‟m not Prime Minister.) If I lived in a big house, I‟d have a party. (But I live in a small house.) What would you do if you saw a ghost? (But I don‟t expect that you will see a

ghost.)

Remember that the use of the past tense and of would does not refer to past time. Both the first and the second conditional refer to the present and the future. The past verb forms are used to show that „This is different from reality‟. If I win the tennis match, I will be happy. (=I think I have a good chance of winning) If I won £1000, I would be happy. (=but I don‟t think I will)

Don‟t use would in the condition clause. If I had more money, … NOT If I would have more money, …

EXERCISE 3: Make about seven sentences from this chart .

SOME COMMON PROBLEMS Do not confuse „I used to do sth‟, „I‟m used to doing sth‟ and „I use sth‟‟ etc.

A) used + to + infinitive (the same in all persons) positive and negative I you he, she we they

used to didn‟t use to

smoke like cooking have long hair

question What did you use to do?

short answers Did you use to smoke a lot? Yes, I did. No, I didn‟t.

USE 1. Used to expresses a past habit, something that happened regularly, but not now: He used to go jogging twice a week, but now he doesn‟t.

2. Used to is also used to express a past state, something that was the case in the past, but not now: They used to be happy together, but now they fight all the time.

3. Used to cannot be used in the present. We use the Present simple for habits and states. She lives in New York and often comes to London on business.

B) to be used to + something / doing something 1. To be used to sth / to be used to doing sth is used to talk about something that you are familiar with, that no longer seems new or strange (essere abituato a …) We are used to the noise from the traffic now.

2. We also use to get used to sth (abituarsi a …) Don‟t worry, you‟ll soon get used to his sense of humour. I can‟t get used to living in the city, I prefer the country.

C) to use something You will also be familiar with “I use/used/will use” and so on; these are simply the present, past, future, etc. of the regular verb “to use” (usare, utilizzare). Don‟t beat the eggs by hand, use a mixer! I won‟t ask for a loan to buy the apartment, I‟ll use my savings. We used a brush with a very long handle to remove all the cobwebs.

D) it‟s no use doing something ( = it‟s no good doing something) This idiomatic expression simply means that it‟s useless /pointless to do something (è inutile …) There‟s nothing you can do about the situation, so it‟s no use worrying about it. It‟s no good/ no use trying to persuade me. I won‟t change my mind.

EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences with one of the verb forms above in the correct tense. You may have to use more than one word. 1. The Greeks …………….. have a monarchy but it was abolished in 1975. 2. Why don‟t you ……………. the dishwasher instead of washing up by hand? 3. When I first came to live in Italy it all seemed a little strange, but I soon ………. to it. 4. She ………….. colour her hair, but now she leaves it grey. 5. Did you always …………….. have a beard? 6. I …………..doing quite a lot of sport, I play tennis twice a week and go to the gym too. 7. I never drive when I‟m in England, I‟m ……………….. driving on the left. 8. He‟s always cold. Even in summer he‟s ……………….wearing a wool vest! 9. It‟s ……….. waiting anymore, he won‟t come. Let‟s go home. Infinitives to express purpose We use the infinitive to express purpose and to answer the question Why? Why are you learning English? To get a good job. She‟s saving her money to buy a car. I‟m going to Scotland to visit my parents.

Some languages (including Italian) express this idea of purpose with for. English does not use for in this way. NOT She‟s saving her money for to buy/for buying a car. (= to buy an new car) I came here for learn English. (= to learn)

Prepositions in time expressions „at‟ is often used for a time or a period, „on‟ to refer to a day or date, „in‟ for months, seasons & years. Here is a list of useful time expressions with the prepositions they take: at in no preposition

at six o‟clock at midnight at Christmas at the weekend at night

in the morning/ afternoon/ evening in December in summer in 2002 in two weeks‟ time

today/ yesterday/ tomorrow the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday last night/ week/ month two weeks ago next month yesterday evening tomorrow evening this evening tonight

on

on Saturday on Monday morning on Christmas Day on January 18

and finally…Adjectives ending in –ed and -ing -ing adjectives describe a situation, person or thing.

an interesting life, a boring teacher, an exciting film. -ed adjectives describe how people feel.

I‟m very interested in modern art. We were bored at the end of the lesson. She‟s excited about going on holiday tomorrow.

EXERCISE 5:There is one mistake in every sentence. Find it, underline it, and write the correction at the end of the line. N.B. This kind of exercise is the one that students usually find the most difficult! 1. I‟m learning English for to teach „maths in English‟ in the fifth year. ………………….….. 2. I‟ll come and see you in Friday morning, maybe we can have a coffee together. ………... 3. If I‟d have more time, I‟d learn a third language, probably Spanish. ………………………. 4. Later in this evening there‟s a good film with Andy Garcia. ………………………………… 5. I failed my exam. I worked really hard for it. I‟m so disappointing. ……………………….. 6. I‟m used to go swimming twice a week, but I don‟t anymore. ……………………………… 7. I‟ll send you a message when I will arrive in London. ……………………………………… 8. In this area we use to eat bread with everything, even with pasta! ………………………. 9. „I met a famous film star today‟. „Really? How excited!‟ …………………………………… 10.At Easter Monday, people in Italy usually go out for a picnic. …………………………… 11. I just can‟t get used to get up so early in the morning. ……………………………………. 12. If I find some money in the street, I think I would keep it! …………………………………. PART 2: Practice for PET Tests Type 1 - Transformations (producing variations on simple sentences). Here are some sentences about crime. For each question, finish the second sentences so that it means the same as the first. Use no more than three words. Example: Over 300,000 cars are stolen every year. Thieves……………………….. 300,000 cars every year. Answer: …steal over/more than …. 1. If possible a car should be kept in a garage at night. If possible you ……………………….. your car in a garage at night. 2. Always take the car keys with you when you park the car. Don’t ……………………….. car keys in the car when you park it. 3. Some stolen cars are driven by young people just for fun. Young people ……………………….. cars just for fun. 4. This behaviour is considered to be criminal. People ……………………….. to be criminal. 5. There is great danger in driving too fast. Driving too fast ……………………….. .

Type 2 Reading - Understanding short texts (three-option multiple choice). Look at the text in each question.What does it say? Choose the correct letter a, b or c.

Type 3 Reading – Understanding vocabulary & grammar in short texts (four-option multiple choice cloze). Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space a, b, c or d.

PART 3: EXTRA PRACTICE ON THE GRAMMAR STRUCTURES IN Mod. 5 (taken from Total English& Cutting Edge, pre-intermediate level, Longman/Pearson)